青藏高原祁漫塔格古生代以来主要岩浆活动及其意义

采用LA-ICP-MS方法对青藏高原祁漫塔格山西部枯草沟地区花岗岩和闪长岩进行锆石U-Pb测年,获得405.7±1.3Ma、420.8±1.6Ma、423.9±1.5Ma和421.0±1.7Ma四个年龄,属于晚志留世—早泥盆世。这些锆石具有高Th/U值,是典型的岩浆锆石,其结晶年龄代表岩石形成年龄。综合统计目前已有锆石U-Pb年龄数据表明,该地区主要存在2期岩浆活动:350~500Ma和200~350Ma,分别对应早古生代和晚古生代—早中生代。祁漫塔格早古生代岩浆活动年龄数量占统计的60%以上,为主要岩浆活动期,主要分布于祁漫塔格北部和西部。东昆仑晚古生代—早中生代的岩浆约占古生代以来岩浆总量的77%以上,为东昆仑主要岩浆活动期。祁漫塔格晚古生代—早中生代岩浆活动主要分布于其东南部,靠近东昆仑山,暗示其可能受东昆仑主要岩浆活动的影响。以上结果暗示,早古生代期间祁漫塔格洋的活动性强于东昆仑洋的活动性,祁漫塔格和东昆仑可能自晚古生代以来才逐步形成统一的造山带。     

东昆仑哈日扎多金属矿区花岗斑岩与闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

哈日扎多金属矿区具有多期成矿作用,成矿母岩为闪长岩、花岗斑岩和花岗岩。通过对闪长岩和花岗斑岩进行LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得3个样品锆石年龄。样品TC22-3为闪长岩,年龄集中在413±5.4~433±5.5Ma之间,年龄加权平均值为424.7±4.8Ma;DK19-1为花岗斑岩,年龄集中在233±2.4~251±2.9Ma之间,年龄加权平均值为242.6±2.6Ma;DK23-1为花岗斑岩,~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄集中在235±4.0~262±6.5Ma之间,年龄加权平均值为245.8±3.4Ma。样品DK23-1和DK19-1的锆石年龄代表印支期岩体年龄,与东昆仑地区印支期发生过较大规模岩浆活动事件相耦合,并且指示了哈日扎矿区主要的成矿年代;样品TC22-3形成时代为志留纪,记录了东昆仑早古生代的岩浆活动,也说明在志留纪该矿区已经发生了矿化现象。另外,东昆仑地区的晚志留世花岗岩可能与东昆仑早古生代洋盆闭合后的碰撞造山作用有关。     

东昆仑早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

应用激光烧蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)方法,对东昆仑五龙沟地区花岗岩样品进行了锆石 U-Pb 定年研究。结果表明,黄龙沟中部的糜棱岩化二长花岗岩(B20-14)中岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄平均值为(417.7±2.0) Ma,黄龙沟上部的糜棱岩化二长花岗岩(B21-2)中岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄平均值为(419.7±2.3) Ma,深水潭粗中粒二长花岗岩(B20-8)中岩浆锆石206Pb/238U 年龄平均值为(419.9±2.0) Ma,红旗沟中部的粗中粒二长花岗岩(B25-9)岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄平均值为(419.0±2.0) Ma。它们代表了五龙沟地区所研究花岗岩的形成年龄,其形成时代均为晚志留世,记录了东昆仑早古生代的岩浆活动。本文获得的东昆仑五龙沟地区的晚志留世花岗岩可能与东昆仑早古生代洋盆闭合后的碰撞造山作用有关。花岗岩中1861 Ma、1666 Ma古元古代继承锆石的发现,表明东昆仑造山带的基底物质为古元古代。     

东秦岭蓝田和牧护关岩体地球化学、锆石SIMSU-Pb年龄及Hf同位素特征:岩石成因及构造意义

蓝田和牧护关岩体位于东秦岭造山带西端,两者以洛南-栾川断裂为界。前者主要岩性为巨斑状二长花岗岩和中细粒二长花岗岩,而后者主要由二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和黑云母花岗岩组成。选自两岩体的锆石韵律震荡环带发育,Th/U大于0.1,属于岩浆成因锆石,其SIMS U-Pb年龄分别为147±2 Ma和149±1 Ma,均形成于晚侏罗世。蓝田和牧护关岩体锆石εHf(t)值分别集中于-16.9~-7.2和-9.3~-6.8,二阶段Hf模式年龄集中范围分别为1.7~2.3 Ga和1.6~1.8 Ga,指示它们的岩浆来源可能主要为新生的早-中元古代地壳物质。岩石地球化学进一步指示二者形成经历了古老地壳熔融、围岩混染、岩浆混合和结晶分异等复杂演化过程。综合研究表明,东秦岭地区约150 Ma的岩浆作用代表了该区晚侏罗世-早白垩世岩石圈伸展作用,其动力学背景很可能与晚中生代古太平洋板块向东亚大陆边缘俯冲有关。     

东昆仑阿牙克库木湖北巴什尔希花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及其地质意义

巴什尔希岩体分布在东昆仑西段白干湖断裂和阿尔金断裂之间,岩性主要为二长花岗岩和钾长花岗岩,其中二长花岗岩与白干湖钨、锡多金属矿床关系密切。对锆石内部结构、阴极发光图像特征和Th/U比值的研究表明,二长花岗岩中的锆石为岩浆锆石。锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb同位素分析结果显示,二长花岗岩形成年龄为(458.0±9.0)Ma。结合前人对巴什尔希钾长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年(432.3±0.8)Ma,初步认为该岩体为晚奥陶世—早志留世侵入体。元素地球化学特征显示,巴什尔希花岗岩为弱准铝质或弱过铝质A型花岗岩,是东昆仑地区加里东期局部弧后盆地拉张过程中,地幔底侵导致地壳物质熔融的产物。     

东昆仑喀雅克登塔格杂岩体的SHRIMP年龄及其地质意义

喀雅克登塔格杂岩体位于东昆仑祁漫塔格山东南部,由辉长岩、闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩等岩石类型组成,具有典型的岩浆混合特征.通过对杂岩体中辉长岩和二长花岗岩的锆石进行SHRIMP测年,分别获得403.3±7.2 Ma和394±13 Ma两个极为接近的岩浆锆石年龄以及1 116 Ma的继承锆石年龄.锆石形态学特征显示辉长岩和二长花岗岩中锆石的大致结晶温度分别为850～900℃和600～850℃,提供了杂岩体形成的深度信息.测年结果为研究东昆仑造山带的演化历史提供了重要的年代学资料.     

大兴安岭东北部早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

大兴安岭东北部早古生代花岗岩属于Ⅰ型花岗岩。锆石的LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学研究表明,十八站岩体、内河岩体、白银纳岩体的形成年龄分别为499±1、500±1和460±1Ma,而查拉班河岩体为一多次侵入的杂岩体,其形成年龄在465～481Ma。结合本区和邻区其它早古生代花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄,限定了大兴安岭东北部地区早古生代花岗岩浆活动的时限为460～500Ma。锆石的LA-MC-ICPMS Hf同位素研究显示,本区早古生代花岗岩的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)多数介于 1.5～ 3.8之间,二阶段模式年龄介于1.1～1.4Ga,表明其主要起源于中-新元古代增生的地壳物质。结合兴安地块其它花岗岩的锆石Hf同位素资料,认为额尔古纳地块在中-新元古代时期曾发生一次重要的地壳增生事件,与兴安地块主要为显生宙地壳的特点明显不同。     

南秦岭东江口、柞水和梨园堂花岗岩类锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年代学与锆石Lu-Hf同位素组成

东江口、柞水和梨园堂岩体位于商丹断裂南侧。锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学分析表明,东江口花岗闪长岩、柞水花岗岩、梨园堂石英二长岩和梨园堂花岗岩等4个样品的岩浆结晶年龄分别为246.8±2.5Ma(早三叠纪),233.6±1.3Ma(中三叠纪),956.1±4.5Ma(新元古代),203.6±2.2Ma(晚三叠纪)。锆石的Lu-Hf同位素原位分析结果表明,锆石的两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)分别为1.4~1.6Ga、1.0~1.3Ga、1.0~1.3Ga和1.0~1.3Ga。勉略洋闭合(约250Ma)之后,扬子板块和华北板块发生碰撞,导致扬子陆块俯冲至南秦岭地块之下并发生小规模的部分熔融形成早-中三叠纪(246.8~233.6Ma)花岗岩类。碰撞结束(约220Ma)后,扬子陆块板片断离诱发软流圈物质上涌,同时俯冲的扬子陆壳开始折返,在地幔热和构造减压的条件下,俯冲陆壳及上覆岩石圈地幔发生广泛的部分熔融,形成不同程度具埃达克质地球化学特征的晚三叠纪(199.0~224.8Ma)花岗岩类及伴生的镁铁质包体。     

东昆仑都兰县可可沙地区加里东期石英闪长岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其意义

野外调研和室内综合分析表明,出露于东昆仑造山带东段都兰可可沙地区的加里东期石英闪长岩体包括4种岩石类型:①灰—深灰色中粒石英闪长岩;②灰色中粒片麻状石英闪长岩;③灰色中粗粒角闪石英闪长岩;④浅肉红色中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩。用LA-ICP-MS法进行了锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定,样品11013的锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为515.2Ma±4.4Ma(MSWD=2.5),限定该石英闪长岩体的形成时代为中寒武世,表明东昆仑造山带加里东早期存在一期岩浆活动事件。     

南岭地区诸广山复式岩体年代格架研究

诸广山岩体是南岭地区著名的大型复式岩体之一,但其研究程度存在南体高、北体低的不均衡现象,制约了对诸广山岩体年代格架及其岩石组成的整体性认识.本文对诸广山复式岩体(北体)进行锆石年代研究,测得早古生代汤湖岩体、寨前岩体、东洛岩体(黑云母二长花岗岩)锆石U-Pb年龄分别为444±2 Ma、448±3 Ma、440±2 Ma,桂东岩体和上堡岩体(黑云母花岗闪长岩)锆石U-Pb年龄分别为444±2 Ma、442±2 Ma;中生代淋洋岩体(二长花岗岩)和鹅形岩体(正长花岗岩)锆石U-Pb年龄分别为230±3 Ma、157±1 Ma.诸广山岩体(北体)是由晚奥陶世-早志留世、晚三叠世、晚侏罗世岩体组成的复式岩体.结合南体年代与岩石学资料,认为诸广山复式岩体的侵位可划分为晚奥陶世-早志留世、中-晚三叠世、晚侏罗世三个期次,相应的岩石组合大致由花岗闪长岩-二长花岗岩→二长花岗岩→二长花岗岩-正长花岗岩演变,与显生宙南岭地区地壳物质成熟度逐渐增高的总趋势一致,这可能为晚中生代该区发生钨锡铍铌钽铀等战略性矿产大规模、集群式成矿奠定了物质基础.汤湖岩体和寨前岩体中存在的新元古代继承锆石和捕获锆石暗示本区早古生代岩体形成过程中可能有新元古代物质的参与.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。