贵州惠水农作物-土壤剖面重金属污染评价

为研究贵州省惠水县农作物-土壤重金属污染现状,采集农作物-根系土、土壤剖面-成土母岩样品,测定Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和pH的含量,选用富集系数、健康风险评估、单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法对农作物-土壤重金属污染现状进行了评价。研究表明：（1）农作物中水稻、玉米和油菜中以Cd累积为主,其次为Pb、Cr、Hg;金钱橘无重金属超标;农作物富集系数中Cd是Pb、As、Cr的几倍至上百倍;经玉米、油菜、金钱橘摄入重金属的人体健康风险很低;水稻中Cd的THQ大于1,对人体的健康有一定的风险;（2）单因子污染指数研究结果说明根系土以Cd污染为主;Ig揭示根系土中Hg、Cd、Cr超标可能受人类活动影响较大;（3）从土壤剖面-成土母岩系统来看,As、Cd、Cu具有继承性,尤其Cd含量在成土母岩、土壤剖面、根系土、农作物中含量超标,有部分来源于成土母岩高背景值。     

中国西南典型地质背景区土壤重金属分布及生态风险特征

中国西南有22.3%的耕地重金属含量超标,区内广泛分布的峨眉山玄武岩和碳酸盐岩被认为是土壤中重金属的主要母质来源。目前,中国西南地区,尤其是峨眉山玄武岩分布区土壤重金属生态风险的研究程度仍有待提升,不同地质背景区(成土母岩)土壤中重金属含量、空间分布与生态风险缺乏对比。本文选择四川省典型地质背景区采集土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱等方法测定重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量和pH数据,结合地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,研究了重金属元素的含量、空间分布特征和土壤重金属生态风险。结果表明:(1)玄武岩区土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的含量高于碳酸盐岩区,也高于四川和全国背景值。各元素含量分别为四川背景值的3.25、1.08、5.08、1.72、1.55、1.63倍和全国背景值的2.60、1.40、6.87、1.47、1.87、1.91倍;(2)As、Cr、Pb的高含量区域与碳酸盐岩分布区对应,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的高含量区域与峨眉山玄武岩的空间分布对应;(3)地累积指数表明玄武岩分布区土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn污染程度高于碳酸盐岩区;(4)研究区内生态危害程度较高的元素为Cd、Cu和Hg;其在玄武岩分布区"强生态危害"及以上的比例比碳酸盐岩区分别高出22.4%、1.15%和26.0%。本研究揭示:(1)研究区内土壤中重金属元素的含量、分布及生态风险与地质背景密切相关;(2)产生这一规律的原因在于母岩中元素含量的差异、成土过程中元素的地球化学行为及元素次生富集等因素综合作用的结果;(3)研究区土壤酸碱度偏低(pH平均值为5.5),需预防土壤进一步酸化引起的重金属活化风险。     

福建龙海土壤重金属含量特征及影响因素研究

为有效预防土壤重金属生态风险,以福建龙海市表层土壤为研究对象,应用经典统计分析、随机森林等方法,研究重金属元素含量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)第四纪冲洪(海)积成因水稻土中多数重金属元素含量较高;(2)燕山期中酸性岩风化形成的残坡积红壤中重金属元素活动态含量较高;(3)As、Cu、Ni形态含量与全量相关性较好,而Cd、Cr、Hg的多数形态含量与全量相关性较差;(4)除元素全量外,土壤有机质对弱有机结合态重金属(不包括Ni、Pb元素)以及离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态Cd、Zn有重要影响,阳离子交换量对各形态Ni,(Fe×Al)/Si对各形态Cu具有重要影响,而土壤成因、土壤类型对重金属形态组成的影响较小。研究表明土壤重金属形态组成及其富集区与其全量不尽一致,土壤重金属生态风险评价应考虑土壤重金属形态分布特征。     

浙江省东部土壤元素地球化学特征及意义

为了研究土壤和稻米元素地球化学分布特征及影响稻米中重金属质量分数的主要因素,对浙江省东部农田根系土-稻谷样品进行了采集和分析。结果表明：各研究区均有重金属元素质量分数高于区域地球化学背景值,尤其是温州南郊地区的Hg、台州泽国地区Cd、绍兴北郊地区的Hg,其质量分数分别是背景值的6倍、5倍及9倍;7个研究区中,只有嘉兴新胜地区的As质量分数超过背景值。其原因是这些地区工业化进程迅速,人为活动频繁,污染较严重。绍兴北郊、嘉兴新丰、嘉兴新胜和桐乡崇福地区稻米中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Se和Pb质量分数均未超过标准限值。稻米对重金属元素的吸收富集主要受土壤有机质、pH、土壤阳离子交换量和黏粒组成等土壤理化性质的影响：土壤有机碳越丰富越有利于稻米对As、Cd、Cr和Ni的吸收;稻米对As、Cd、Mn和Ni的富集系数随着pH上升而下降;土壤阳离子交换量和黏粒组成与水稻As、Cu、Hg、Mn、Pb、Se和Zn的富集系数呈显著负相关。     

雄安新区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及源解析

研究雄安地区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及其来源,对于支撑新区土地资源和环境管理具有重要意义。基于雄安新区土壤环境调查,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS 技术分析模拟了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr等8种元素空间分布特征,综合运用空间分析、多元统计学方法和正定因子矩阵模型解析这些元素的主要来源。结果表明:（1）区内土壤质量总体良好,4.35 %的土壤样品Cd和Cu含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控值;与河北省背景值相比,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg存在不同程度中度和显著富集。（2）As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr含量呈现出由北部向南部逐渐增高的趋势,高值区主要分布在新区西南部;Hg元素分布分散,高值区主要分布在城镇及工业企业周边。（3）不同土地利用类型土壤剖面重金属和砷元素垂向分布受pH值、有机碳和铁铝氧化物等理化性质影响显著。（4）研究区土壤重金属和砷元素富集受人类活动影响明显,人为来源贡献率达67.12 %,Hg元素主要来源于人为排放的大气沉降富集,As元素富集受到废渣堆放和利用的影响,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素富集受工业生产、污水灌溉以及尾气排放等活动影响。研究成果可为雄安新区合理制定土地资源开发利用和生态保护措施提供技术支撑。     

首钢地区表层土壤重金属的分布特征及污染评价

利用多元统计分析和空间分析相结合的方法,分析了首钢地区表层土壤中Fe、Cr、Ni、V、As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg 10种重金属元素的地球化学特征。研究结果表明,10种元素可以归结为4类:第一类Ni、V、As的含量低于自然背景值,主要受成土母质等自然因素的影响;第二类Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量已经超出自然背景值,其中Cu、Pb、Zn属于轻度污染,Cd属于中度污染,这一类元素主要受到交通和冶炼等人为因素的影响,高值区主要分布于居民区;第三类为Fe、Cr,同时受到自然因素和人为因素的共同影响,高值区集中分布在厂区和部分居民区;第四类为Hg,Hg因其是一种非点源污染的元素而单独聚为一类,主要受到人为因素的影响且高值样点位于河流区。总体而言,首钢地区表层土壤已经受到部分污染,需密切关注其对环境的危害及人群的潜在健康风险。本研究对该区域土壤污染风险评价和土地利用规划等具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Trace metal assessment in soils in a small city and its rural surroundings,Pensacola, FL,USA

This study assesses the origin and pollution of trace metals in surface soils in a region with contrasting land uses (urban vs. rural). Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that Cr and Ni are predominantly of geogenic origin. These two trace metals are also the only ones with statistically significant correlations with soil particle size and organic matter content. Copper, Pb and Zn, and possibly Hg, are of anthropogenic origin, but their concentrations rarely reach levels described as strongly polluted by pollution indexes. The concentrations of these anthropogenic trace metals are statistically not different in urban and rural areas, except for Pb that is higher in the urban area. This general lack of a difference between the two land uses indicates that the influence of this small urban area on trace metal concentrations in soils is minor. Lead and Zn have the most, but still a modest number, of strongly polluted sites, mainly in an industrial part of the city. GIS analysis shows that, based on the pollution load index (PLI), overall concentrations of trace metals also reach their highest levels in that industrial area. These observations indicate that the influence of industry on trace metal pollution in soil exceeds that of other urban activities in the region. Local background concentrations were found to be very different from general crustal background concentrations. This demonstrates the importance of the careful selection of a background type in studies like this.     

某矿区土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

为探究赣南某矿区土壤重金属污染状况及来源,以该矿区内40个土壤样品为研究对象,分析了土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg等8种重金属元素的含量,并采用频率直方图、相关性分析、主成分分析等多种统计方法探究了土壤重金属含量的分布特征及来源。研究结果表明:(1)研究区8种重金属中有7种不同程度地超过了江西省土壤重金属元素背景值;(2)Pb、Zn、As和Hg的含量接近正态分布,而Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd的含量则呈现出右偏分布的趋势,这可能与研究区矿山开采活动及土地利用类型等因素有关;(3)矿区土壤重金属相关性分析表明,Cu、Cr、Ni的同源性较高,可能具有相同的污染源,而Pb、Zn、Cd等元素与Cu、Cr、Ni相比,其来源可能存在一定的差异;(4)主成分分析结果显示,矿区内土壤中8种重金属元素含量可以由2个主成分来解释,所代表的实际意义按贡献率排序分别是成土母质和人为采矿活动;(5)矿区内土壤重金属污染物主要为Pb、Zn、Cd,人为采矿活动是这三种重金属污染的主要来源。     

Evaluation of ecological risk and source of heavy metals in vegetable-growing soils in Fujian province,China

Heavy metal pollution in vegetable-growing soils is of increasing concern due to the potential health risk via food chain. The present study aimed at assessing the potential ecological risk (RI) of heavy metals (HMs) in the vegetable-growing soils collected from Fujian Province, China, and identifying the potential sources with multivariable methods including correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA). The concentrations of HMs including Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni in 160 soils collected from 25 sites of vegetable-growing land in Fujian Province, China, are measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and hydrogen generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometer, respectively. Results show that most of the soil samples have been seriously contaminated with HMs, especially the metals of Hg, Cd, and Pb, compared with both of the background values of soils in Fujian Province and the limitation of total HMs in soil environmental quality for edible agricultural products set in China (HJ 332-2006). The indexes of RI indicate that only 8% of the 25 sites are environmentally safe, whereas according to the present study 28% of the sampling sites are heavily contaminated with HMs with 628–1,076 of the RI values. Based on PCA analysis, Zn, Cd, and Pb associated with PC1 are found to derive from anthropogenic sources, especially the local industrial activities, such as porcelain plants in Dehua, zinc metallurgical plants in Nan’an, and sewage irrigation from industrial estate in Taijiang. The concentrations of As, Ni, and Cu loaded in PC2 are found to be mainly controlled by natural factors (i.e., the lithogenic process of natural parent soils). Hg in PC3 is also found to originate from the anthropogenic sources, such as local coal combustion in Longhai and industrial activities in Cangshan. However, Cr in PC3 is mainly derived from the lithogenic sources.     

新庄孜矿塌陷区煤矸石中重金属迁移对覆土影响

针对淮南新庄孜矿覆土造地中煤矸石填充带来的重金属元素迁移污染进行了研究。结果表明:煤矸石中有毒元素Pb、As、Cd、Hg向覆土有一定迁移,且距离煤矸石越近的土壤中重金属含量明显增高;虽然覆土中重金属含量均超过淮南土壤的均值,但是该土壤中Pb、As和Cd含量均符合国家二级标准;其中土壤中Hg含量分别符合国家一级标准和二级标准。须对覆土中重金属元素进行跟踪研究。      

江苏省土壤重金属分布特征与污染源初步研究

以24 186个表层土壤(0～20 cm)和6 127个深层土壤(150～200 cm)样品之Cd、Hg、Pb、As等含量数据为基础,研究了江苏全省土壤环境的重金属分布与主要污染特征.结果表明.全省自然土壤环境与人为活动土壤环境的重金属元素分布都不均匀,但人为活动土壤环境中的不均衡程度远高于自然土壤环境:全省农田中有1.02%的土壤受到Cd、Hg、Pb等8种重金属的严重污染,苏州市、无锡市土壤环境被重金属污染的程度相对严重;工业化、城市化进程中的人为活动及自然地质作用都是引起江苏局部土壤重金属污染的重要原因,自然成因的重金属污染土壤多呈面状、多元素、低强度、双层污染等特点,从而与人为成因的重金属污染土壤有所区别.     

福建铁观音茶园生态地球化学特征

东南沿海是铅等重金属的地球化学高背景区。该地区广泛分布酸性红壤,酸雨沉降、不适当施肥导致土壤酸化以及由此引发土壤重金属生态风险令人关注。以福建省铁观音主产区为研究区,采集了79个茶园的表层和亚表层土壤样、茶叶样品,测定了重金属元素以及土壤常量元素和理化指标。研究表明,福建铁观音茶园土壤中Hg、Pb、Se、Zn高含量主要由地质背景所引起,土壤常量组分、有机质、酸碱度等理化条件对土壤元素含量有一定的影响;铁观音茶树老叶中As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Se、Pb、F等非植物营养元素含量明显高于嫩叶,显示这些元素随植物生长逐渐累积的特征,而嫩叶中植物生长必需的营养元素Cu、(Ni)、Zn则高于老叶,反映出微量营养元素在茶叶生长部位相对富集的特征;多数情况下土壤与茶叶间元素含量相关性差,说明茶树对土壤元素的吸收累积受到多种复杂因素的影响。研究表明茶叶与土壤Pb、Cr具有显著正相关性,为建立铅污染土壤生态效应预测评价模型提供了基础依据。     

Using Multivariate Statistical and Geostatistical Methods to Identify Spatial Variability of Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils in Dongguan City,Guangdong,China

Dongguan (东莞) City, located in the Pearl River Delta, South China, is famous for its rapid industrialization in the past 30 years. A total of 90 topsoil samples have been collected from agricultural fields, including vegetable and orchard soils in the city, and eight heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd,Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and other items (pH values and organic matter) have been analyzed, to evaluate the influence of anthropie activities on the environmental quality of agricultural soils and to identify the spatial distribution of trace elements and possible sources of trace elements. The elements Hg, Pb, and Cd have accumulated remarkably here, incomparison with the soil background content of elements in Guangdong (广东) Province. Pollution is more serious in the western plain and the central region, which are heavily distributed with industries and rivers. Multivariate and geostatistical methods have been applied to differentiate the influences of natural processes and human activities on the pollution of heavy metals in topsoils in the study area. The results of cluster analysis (CA) and factor analysis (FA) show that Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, and As are grouped in factor F1,Pb in F2, and Cd and Hg in F3, respectively. The spatial pattern of the three factors may be well demonstrated by geostatistical analysis. It is shown that the first factor could be considered as a natural source controlled by parent rocks. The second factor could be referred to as "industrial and traffic pollution sources". The source of the third factor is mainly controlled by long-term anthropic activities ,ad a consequence of agricultural fossil fuel consumption and atmospheric deposition.     

水稻土中Hg,Cd,Pb和As的空间变异性特征及相关影响因素探讨--以四川孝泉地区为例

以四川孝泉地区水稻土为研究对象,利用地质统计学方法,系统地研究了水稻土中Hg,Cd,Pb和As含量的空间分布特征和空间变异性特征,就可能的影响因素进行讨论并得出结果:1)孝泉地区水稻土中Hg,Pb和As含量的空间自相关尺度分别为10.4km,3.8km和5.1km,且为中等程度相关;Cd在所研究的尺度上不表现明显的空间相关性。2)城镇生活、生产废弃物无序排放,铁路、公路运输,农业施肥、灌溉等因素对孝泉地区水稻土中Hg,Cd,Pb和As含量的空间变异性均有不同程度的影响。3)运用地质统计学方法处理多目标地球化学调查数据能有效地提取地球化学变量的空间结构信息并能在不同尺度上检验取样网度的合理性。     

Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of west-four Pearl River Estuary

Grain size parameters, trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ba, Zr and Sr) and total organic matter (TOM) of 38 surficial sediments and a sediment core of west-four Pearl River Estuary region were analyzed. The spacial distribution and the transportation procession of the chemical element in surficial sediments were studied mainly. Multivariate statistics are used to analyses the interrelationship of metal elements, TOM and the grain size parameters. The results demonstrated that terrigenous sediment taken by the rivers are main sources of the trace metal elements and TOM, and the lithology of parent material is a dominating factor controlling the trace metal composition in the surficial sediment. In addition, the hydrodynamic condition and landform are the dominating factors controlling the large-scale distribution, while the anthropogenic input in the coastal area alters the regional distribution of heavy metal elements Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn. The enrichment factor (EF) analysis was used for the differentiation of the metal source between anthropogenic and naturally occurring, and for the assessment of the anthropogenic influence, the deeper layer content of heavy metals were calculated as the background values and Zr was chosen as the reference element for Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn. The result indicate prevalent enrichment of Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr, and the contamination of Pb is most obvious, further more, the peculiar high EF value sites of Zn and Pb probably suggest point source input.     

安徽省宣城市南部地区土壤重金属元素地球化学特征

利用1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查数据分析和研究了安徽省宣城市南部地区土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn 8种重金属元素的地球化学特征以及重金属异常来源。调查发现地质背景是土壤元素含量的主控因素,调查区表、深层土壤重金属元素含量空间分布特征与地质背景、沉积环境表现出显著的空间一致性,重金属高含量成土母岩(荷塘组、皮园村组、蓝田组等地层)是土壤重金属元素高异常的主要影响因素,此外矿山开采、大气干湿沉降也是土壤重金属高异常的影响因素之一,土壤中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr元素具有大气干湿沉降的输入来源。调查区土壤重金属污染风险主要影响指标为Cd,土壤Cd超过农用地土壤污染风险管制值的样品比例为2.56%,形态分析结果显示土壤Cd以离子交换态为主,结合农作物调查发现在土壤Cd高异常区存在一定的生态风险。     

浙西典型石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素

为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。     

The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey

The shelf area is the largest morphological unit of the Marmara Sea and is subjected to increasing population, urbanization, and industrial activities. Metal contents (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, Co and Hg) of the surface sediments from the shelf areas of the Marmara Sea generally do not indicate shelf-wide pollution. The variability of the metal contents of the shelf sediments is mainly governed by the geochemical differences in the northern and southern hinterlands. Northern shelf sediments contain lower values compared to those of the southern shelf, where higher Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn are derived from the rock formations and mineralized zones. However, besides from the natural high background in the southern shelf, some anthropogenic influences are evident from EF values of Pb, Zn and Cu, and also from their high mobility in the semi-isolated bay sediments. Anthropogenic influences are found to be limited at the confluence of Istanbul Strait in the northern shelf. However, suspended sediments along the shallow parts of the northern shelf were found to be enriched in Pb and Hg and to a lesser degree in Zn, reflecting anthropogenic inputs from Istanbul Metropolitan and possibly from the Black Sea via the Istanbul Strait.     

Temporal transport of major and trace elements in the upper reaches of the Xijiang River,SW China

This study investigated the temporal variations of major and trace element contents and controlling factors in the upper reaches of the Xijiang River, SW China. The results showed the major ions principally derived from the weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks, with a seasonal variation impacted by the monsoonal climate. The contents of dissolved trace elements also varied seasonally in the two main tributaries: the Nanpan and Beipan rivers. Most dissolved trace elements such as Mn, Zn and Pb being affected by anthropogenic contributions displayed a large seasonal variability, from onefold to hundred-fold, while V, Rb and U show a relative stable trend uncorrelated with the different seasons, suggesting a natural origin by rock weathering. Suspended particle matter in the Nanpan and Beipan rivers was depleted in Ca, Mg, Na, K and Sr, but enriched in Al, Fe and Sb compared to the upper crust (UC) values. A binary mixture of silicate-rich and carbonate-rich sources dominates the behavior of elements such as Ca and Sr in riverine sediments, while a third end-member with an anthropogenic signature influenced the content of trace elements like Mn, Sb, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu. The enrichments of Sb relative to the UC would be related to the mining activity in the studied area. The study highlights the importance of investigating temporal variations of major and trace element contents of rivers controlled by the monsoon climate and impacted by human activity.     

太原盆地土壤微量元素的地球化学特征

文章分析了太原盆地土壤微量营养元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo、B和有害重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb的含量变化特征.太原盆地土壤中微量营养元素与世界土壤和全国土壤的平均值相比趋于缺乏状态,而高于全国黄土和山西省土壤的平均含量.有害重金属元素在太原盆地表层土壤的富集已较明显,原有的地球化学特征已发生较大变化.Hg、Cd、Pb对环境的危害作用应引起重视.