桩基础施工诱发岩溶地面塌陷与防治措施

本文对岩溶区桩基施工技术及多种常遇问题的处治进行了探讨,并针对某些特殊情况,提出了若干既能解决工程实际问题,又较经济合理的岩溶区桥梁桩基的处治方法,可供类似工程参考。     

但渡大桥缺陷桩处治及承载力估计

缺陷桩基处理是工程建设中常见的困难问题。以但渡大桥工程出现的桩基混凝土强度等级不满足设计要求为例,以工程规范和桩土参数经验取值为依据,提出缺陷桩基处治方案。并详细计算和分析了缺陷桩基处治前后的竖向和水平承载力对比,为该工程处治的设计和施工提供参考依据。     

岩溶隧道开挖对溶洞处治结构影响的数值模拟分析

结合清连高速公路白须公特大岩溶隧道施工过程,采用三维有限元软件(ANSYS)对白须公隧道的处治结构与隧道开挖的相互作用进行了数值模拟。以隧道开挖中处治结构和围岩稳定性为研究对象,从而分析处治结构在隧道开挖过程中的受力特性,以及隧道围岩在隧道开挖过程中的位移。通过计算结果,对处治结构在岩溶隧道中的支护效果进行了评价,采用桩-承台-单边支撑墙-联系梁的处治方式是安全可靠的。在隧道开挖过程中,开挖面附近的桩基应变、支撑墙压力都加速变大,随后逐渐稳定,说明处治结构承担了一部分围岩压力,在岩溶隧道施工开挖中发挥了重要作用。分析结果与工程实测数据比较吻合,可为隧道穿越大型溶洞提供设计和施工方面的借鉴和参考。     

岩溶区建筑场地桩基平均入岩高程预测

嵌岩桩入岩位置在岩溶场地具有很大的不确定性,成桩难度和桩基方案技术经济性论证缺乏可靠依据,这是目前岩溶场地桩基础、筏板基础和复合地基优选时的常见问题。本文将基桩入岩起始位置处的高程定义为基桩入岩高程,岩溶场地所有基桩入岩高程的平均值称为场地桩基平均入岩高程。场地桩基平均入岩高程决定了场地基桩入岩深度的变化范围,反映了场地桩基成桩难度及其技术经济性。以柳州市金盛广场4#楼桩基工程为背景,基于岩溶区已有的桩基入岩概率模型建立了场地桩基平均入岩高程预测模型,所需数据来源于岩溶场地丰富、廉价的勘察钻探资料,无需补充其他额外测试或勘测数据,合理考虑了岩溶地基溶蚀特征和桩径大小等两个影响因素。研究表明,岩溶场地桩基平均入岩高程预测值与实测值误差一般不大于0.5 m,满足岩溶地区嵌岩桩技术经济性论证的精度要求,可作为岩溶场地基础方案优选和成桩工艺选择的基本依据。     

岩溶地区高层建筑桩基的桩型选择与施工

根据数十项工程实践经验,在分析目前岩溶地区桩基施工存在问题及原因的基础上,对岩溶地区桩基工程中的场地工程地质勘察、桩型选择以及施工工艺、缺陷处理等问题进行了详细的论述和归纳总结。     

岩溶地区桩基检测与缺陷处理研究

桩基是岩溶地区建筑基础最常用的形式之一,由于地质条件的复杂性、特殊性和无规律性,岩溶地区的桩基施工质量问题频发。针对岩溶地区桩基施工,采取科学合理的检测手段,形成及时有效的反馈机制,对桩基缺陷采取经济合理的处理措施,是保证岩溶地区建筑物基础质量的重要手段。本文总结了岩溶地区桩基检测的主要方法,提出了针对桩基缺陷的处理措施,并结合深圳市龙岗区一岩溶强发育地区的工程实例,对岩溶地区桩基检测和缺陷处理的技术进行了深入的探讨。岩溶地区基桩的质量问题最常见的就是桩基持力层的缺陷,钻芯法不仅可以探明桩身范围内的缺陷程度和相对位置,更有利于查明桩底持力层范围内是否存在溶洞、破碎带以及软弱夹层。岩溶地区检测出桩基缺陷后,采用高压旋喷注浆的方式对缺陷桩进行加固处理,可使得原本破碎的持力层变得稳固,经再次检测合格后,能够继续满足原有荷载条件下的安全使用要求,可为类似岩溶桩基问题提供借鉴。     

麻驾高速公路岩溶勘察研究

麻尾至驾欧高速公路是西部交通建设科技项目“岩溶地区公路修筑成套技术研究”的依托工程．本文根据麻驾高速公路岩溶工程地质特征及工程地质问题,研究岩溶地区的工程地质分类及处治原则,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,将岩溶地区公路建设中“发现岩溶、评价岩溶、利用资源、处治病害、保护环境”等关键技术应用于本项目中,对岩溶地区高速公路建设具有重要的参考和指导作用。     

桩基施工中岩溶地质危害的治理

结合在岩溶地区进行桩基施工的实践 ,以典型工程实例介绍在桩基施工中岩溶地质危害的治理方法。     

浅埋盾构隧道水下岩溶处治与施工控制技术

长沙地铁5号线晚朝区间盾构下穿浏阳河,隧道覆土浅,洞身全风化砾岩及上部砂砾层工程性质较差。隧道底板中风化钙质砾岩中发育岩溶,溶腔最大高度达15.8 m,主要充填物为松散圆砾及砂土。盾构下穿施工前,通过搭建水上作业平台,采用快速可控袖阀管注浆技术,高效处治岩溶。盾构下穿施工过程中,面对浅覆土水下掘进、富水地层、底板发育岩溶及侧穿桥梁桩基的复杂条件下,采取多项关键技术,有效规避风险,工程顺利高效,相关技术经验值得借鉴参考。     

浅议岩溶发育区施工勘察对桩基施工的指导作用

某水泥厂生料均化库桩基工程施工中,通过施工勘察顺利地解决了岩溶发育区冲孔灌注桩施工中持力层选择、全断面入岩判断、溶洞处理及桩基施工顺序等一系列问题.措施行之有效,工程质量良好.     

Drying sewage sludge using flue gas from power plants in China

A lot of energy is required for drying the sewage sludge produced during the wastewater treatment process in China; however, on the other hand, the thermal energy in flue gas from power plants is usually wasted as it discharges into the atmosphere. In this study, a new technique for sludge drying is introduced. The key component of the new technique is equipment of a two-stage drying and granulation that utilizes thermal energy contained in the flue gas from power plants and extends sludge contact time with flue gas during the constant-rate evaporation stage. The primary results of the implementation in the Kangshun sludge treatment plant (daily treatment capacity of 100 tons of wet sludge) show that the new drying technique is very effective economically and environmentally. The water content in the sludge was reduced from 78% to less than 30%. The resulted sludge could be used either to co-incinerate with coal in a circulating fluidized bed or to mix with clay to make better bricks. Besides the saving in the direct heating cost in the sludge drying processes by 80%, the saving in fossil fuel consumption due to reuse of the dried sludge is also significant. As a result of the implementation of the new technique in a sludge treatment plant at the scale of the Kangshun plant, about 16,440 tons of CO₂ emission could also be reduced every year.     

世界能源转型背景下的地质调查工作建议

为应对全球气候变化,以新能源替代化石燃料和核燃料为特征的世界能源转型正快速推进,绿色、低碳、环保成为时代发展的代名词。在这场能源变革中,世界各国由于资源禀赋、能源消费结构、政策法律等方面的差异,应对能源转型的方式、做法也各不相同。英国以页岩气、地热等地下能源资源的利用及其相关基础设施建设和技术开发为重点;美国继续推进页岩气革命,加强天然气水合物预研究,同时强化传统化石能源利用的基础研究;欧盟则主要从整合区内市场、建立能源联盟的角度,增强自身能源安全保障。各国地调机构作为技术支撑力量,多聚焦于非常规能源资源的潜力评价、开发技术研究、关键技术装备研发、水力压裂的环境影响等,支撑服务于各国能源转型。鉴于中国的资源国情,提出以页岩气、天然气水合物、地热资源调查为重点,建世界顶级研发中心,推动非常规油气科技攻关,做好非常规油气开发前期技术储备,同时加强天然气定价机制研究,推动上海建立国际LNG交易中心等建议。     

Mercury capture by selected Bulgarian fly ashes: Influence of coal rank and fly ash carbon pore structure on capture efficiency

Mercury capture by fly ash C was investigated at five lignite- and subbituminous-coal-burning Bulgarian power plants (Republika, Bobov Dol, Maritza East 2, Maritza East 3, and Sliven). Although the C content of the ashes is low, never exceeding 1.6%, the Hg capture on a unit C basis demonstrates that the low-rank-coal-derived fly ash carbons are more efficient in capturing Hg than fly ash carbons from bituminous-fired power plants. While some low-C and low-Hg fly ashes do not reveal any trends of Hg versus C, the 2nd and, in particular, the 3rd electrostatic precipitator (ESP) rows at the Republika power plant do have sufficient fly ash C range and experience flue gas sufficiently cool to capture measurable amounts of Hg. The Republika 3rd ESP row exhibits an increase in Hg with increasing C, as observed in other power plants, for example, in Kentucky power plants burning Appalachian-sourced bituminous coals. Mercury/C decreases with an increase in fly ash C, suggesting that some of the C is isolated from the flue gas stream and does not contribute to Hg capture. Mercury capture increases with an increase in Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and micropore surface area. The differences in Hg capture between the Bulgarian plants burning low-rank coal and high volatile bituminous-fed Kentucky power plants suggests that the variations in C forms resulting from the combustion of the different ranks also influence the efficiency of Hg capture.     

锰三角地区电解锰压滤渣高温可控脱硫生产活性微粉项目经济效益与社会效益分析

电解锰压滤渣是工业生产金属锰过程中采用湿法酸浸电解工艺产生的一种工业废渣。这种传统的废渣处理处置方式,极易造成严重的环境污染和地质灾害的发生。本次研究将电解锰压滤渣通过焙烧生产活性微粉、产生的脱硫烟气制硫酸,是一种能有效解决电解锰压滤渣处理处置和综合利用的方法。本文对"锰三角"地区拟建20万吨电解锰压滤渣焙烧生产活性微粉、脱硫烟气制硫酸生产示范线项目,进行了区域市场调研,对项目的经济效益与社会效益进行分析。该项目年均可实现销售收入4162.7万元,为当地循环经济和锰产业可持续发展探索了一条新的出路。     

Analysis of hydrogeolgical characteristics and water environmental impact pathway of typical shale gas exploration and development zones in Sichuan Basin,China

Studying the influence of shale gas exploration and development on groundwater environment is the basis of guiding water environment protection in the process of shale gas exploration and development.Groundwater environmental pollution is concealed,complex and persistent.Once it is difficult to control the pollution,the current commercial shale gas development zones in Sichuan Basin that are mostly located in karst areas and highly sensitive to groundwater will be vulnerable to the impact of shale gas exploration and development.Based on the hydrogeological conditions of shale gas exploration and development area and combined with engineering analysis of exploration and development,various risk pathways that may affect the groundwater environment during process of shale gas exploration,mining well construction,mining operations and other stages were identified in this paper.Some existing risk pathways were proved by verification of typical areas and should not be ignored.Based on the actual situation of typical areas,the countermeasures of groundwater environmental protection in the process of shale gas exploration and development in karst areas were discussed.It is believed that the groundwater environment can be better protected by strengthening administration,research and application of new technologies,precise design,hydrogeological conditions,and research and feedback of groundwater environmental protection.     

Analysis of hydrogeolgical characteristics and water environmental impact pathway of typical shale gas exploration and development zones in Sichuan Basin,China

Studying the influence of shale gas exploration and development on groundwater environment is the basis of guiding water environment protection in the process of shale gas exploration and development. Groundwater environmental pollution is concealed, complex and persistent. Once it is difficult to control the pollution, the current commercial shale gas development zones in Sichuan Basin that are mostly located in karst areas and highly sensitive to groundwater will be vulnerable to the impact of shale gas exploration and development. Based on the hydrogeological conditions of shale gas exploration and development area and combined with engineering analysis of exploration and development, various risk pathways that may affect the groundwater environment during process of shale gas exploration, mining well construction, mining operations and other stages were identified in this paper. Some existing risk pathways were proved by verification of typical areas and should not be ignored. Based on the actual situation of typical areas, the countermeasures of groundwater environmental protection in the process of shale gas exploration and development in karst areas were discussed. It is believed that the ground-water environment can be better protected by strengthening administration, research and application of new technologies, precise design, hydrogeological conditions, and research and feedback of groundwater environmental protection.     

吉林省天然气工业与21世纪可持续发展战略

２１世纪吉林省天然气工业将面临着经济、市场统一化,竞争白热化的挑战和矛盾,传统的能源将难以适应时代的要求。天然气工业面临三大机遇：环保的要求为天然气工业提供了巨大的发展空间;高新技术的快速发展为天然气工业提供了坚实的技术支持;天然气合成石油、天然气汽车、天然气发电等新用途为天然气工业展现了光明前景。正确处理好资源、市场、管道、价格和国家政策等方面的关系,对２１世纪天然气工业的可持续发展有着深远的意     

涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术

涪陵页岩气田是我国第一个投入商业化开发的国家级页岩气示范区,与北美相比,涪陵地区地表条件、地质条件和页岩气储层特征更加复杂、储层埋藏更深,开发初期钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、成本高。为此开展了涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术研究,形成了集水平井组钻井工程优化设计、水平井优快钻井技术、国产低成本油基钻井液、满足大型压裂要求的长水平段水平井固井技术、山地特点“井工厂”钻井技术以及绿色环保钻井技术为核心的页岩气水平井组优快钻井技术体系。在涪陵页岩气田推广应用了290口井,完井256口,平均单井机械钻速提高了182%,平均单井钻井周期缩短了55%,平均单井钻井成本降低了34%。为涪陵页岩气田年50亿m3一期产能建设的顺利完成提供了强有力的技术支撑,对我国页岩气规模开发提供了重要的借鉴和引领作用。     

Mercury in coal and the impact of coal quality on mercury emissions from combustion systems

The proportion of Hg in coal feedstock that is emitted by stack gases of utility power stations is a complex function of coal chemistry and properties, combustion conditions, and the positioning and type of air pollution control devices employed. Mercury in bituminous coal is found primarily within Fe-sulfides, whereas lower rank coal tends to have a greater proportion of organic-bound Hg. Preparation of bituminous coal to reduce S generally reduces input Hg relative to in-ground concentrations, but the amount of this reduction varies according to the fraction of Hg in sulfides and the efficiency of sulfide removal. The mode of occurrence of Hg in coal does not directly affect the speciation of Hg in the combustion flue gas. However, other constituents in the coal, notably Cl and S, and the combustion characteristics of the coal, influence the species of Hg that are formed in the flue gas and enter air pollution control devices. The formation of gaseous oxidized Hg or particulate-bound Hg occurs post-combustion; these forms of Hg can be in part captured in the air pollution control devices that exist on coal-fired boilers, without modification. For a given coal type, the capture efficiency of Hg by pollution control systems varies according to type of device and the conditions of its deployment. For bituminous coal, on average, more than 60% of Hg in flue gas is captured by fabric filter (FF) and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Key variables affecting performance for Hg control include Cl and S content of the coal, the positioning (hot side vs. cold side) of the system, and the amount of unburned C in coal ash. Knowledge of coal quality parameters and their effect on the performance of air pollution control devices allows optimization of Hg capture co-benefit.     

中国煤炭地质研究取得的重大进展与今后的主要研究方向

国务院关于加强地质工作决定发布以来,中国煤炭地质勘查技术研究与找矿取得了重大成就,保障了国家对能源资源的需求。但当前符合科学绿色开发的煤炭产能比例仍然偏低,在开发条件较好、已经逐渐成为煤炭主力产区的西部地区,水资源破坏和地表生态损伤严重仍制约着西部煤炭资源的绿色开发。煤炭利用面临着大气污染控制、温室气体减排和生态环境保护的多重压力。煤炭地质科学研究仍然存在着8个方面的研究重点亟待提升。