扬子板块周缘MVT型铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素组成特征与指示意义:LA-ICPMS研究

扬子板块周缘铅锌多金属成矿带内分布着数以百计的沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿床,它们不仅是我国主要的铅锌矿产地,同时也是重要的稀散元素(Ge、Ga等)生产基地。本次研究采用LA-ICPMS技术分别测定了扬子板块西南缘的会泽铅锌矿床、金沙厂铅锌矿床、大梁子铅锌矿床,扬子板块北缘的马元铅锌矿床以及扬子板块东南缘的凤凰茶田锌(铅)汞矿床中闪锌矿的微量元素组成,以揭示闪锌矿中微量元素(稀散元素)的富集规律和赋存状态,并为矿床成因类型的厘定及稀散元素矿产资源综合利用提供更多依据。LA-ICPMS微量元素测定结果显示闪锌矿中不同微量元素(稀散元素)分布不均匀,但这些矿床中闪锌矿总体以富集稀散元素Ge、Ga、Cd,贫In、Se、Tl、Te为特征,其Fe、Mn含量要明显低于与岩浆热液有关的高温闪锌矿,指示了扬子板块周缘铅锌矿床可能形成于中-低温成矿流体,而与岩浆热液无直接的成因联系,此外这些矿床中闪锌矿富Ge贫In的特征与其他的密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床(MVT)一致。同时,本次研究综合分析了闪锌矿中不同微量元素(稀散元素)之间的相关关系,并与闪锌矿微量元素LA-ICPMS时间分辨率特征相结合,研究表明:这些铅锌矿床中稀散元素Ge可能主要通过3Zn2+?Ge4++2(Cu+,Ag+)和2Zn2+?Ge4++□(晶体空位)的替代方式进入闪锌矿,Ga在闪锌矿中富集机理主要为2Zn2+?(Cu,Ag)++(Ga,As,Sb)3+。此外,为进一步揭示不同成因类型铅锌矿床中稀散元素的富集规律,本文还系统对比了全球范围内不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿的稀散元素(均为LA-ICPMS数据)组成特征,并初步探讨了造成不同成因闪锌矿中稀散元素(Ge、Ga和In)差异性富集的主要控制因素,研究表明:(1) Ge在中低温盆地卤水成矿系统(MVT和SEDEX矿床)和岩浆-火山热液成矿系统(浅成脉状铅锌矿床和VMS矿床)形成的闪锌矿中均可能富集成矿,但中低温浅成脉状矿床中Ge的富集程度要明显高于高温脉状矿床,指示了成矿温度是控制闪锌矿中Ge富集的一个重要因素。(2)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中In主要为岩浆来源,In倾向于在成矿温度较高的岩浆及火山热液成因铅锌矿床中富集成矿,而壳源的MVT和SEDEX型铅锌矿床中闪锌矿均贫In。可见除形成温度外,成矿物质来源是决定闪锌矿是否富In的关键因素。(3)除矽卡岩型铅锌矿床外,其他不同成因类型、不同形成温度的铅锌矿床中闪锌矿均可能富Ga。矽卡岩型铅锌矿床闪锌矿具有明显的贫Ga、Ge的特征,这可能是由于矽卡岩化过程中稀散元素Ga、Ge大量进入早期矽卡岩矿物,进而导致了成矿流体以及随后形成的闪锌矿中Ga、Ge的贫化。综上所述,闪锌矿中稀散元素富集与否和富集程度受成矿物质来源、成矿流体性质以及流体演化过程等多因素的综合控制。(4)扬子板块周缘铅锌矿床闪锌矿的微量元素(稀散元素)组成特征指示了它们形成于中低温成矿环境,稀散元素的富集规律与其它MVT型铅锌矿床类似。     

藏南扎西康矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义北大核心CSCD

为进一步探讨扎西康矿床的成因,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对矿床中的闪锌矿进行了稀土、微量元素分析。结果表明,闪锌矿的稀土总量较低,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土分馏明显,稀土元素配分模型总体呈明显右倾,有明显负Eu异常和弱负Ce异常;微量元素相对富集Fe、Mn、Cd、Cu等,贫In、Ga、Ge、Tl等元素,Sn、Pb、Ag含量变化较大,与岩浆热液成因的闪锌矿相似,同时闪锌矿的ln Ga-ln In、Zn/Cd-Se/Te-Ga/In等成因判别图解中也清晰显示其为岩浆热液成因,说明扎西康锌多金属矿床可能与深部岩浆热液活动有关。     

藏南扎西康矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征及地质意义

为进一步探讨扎西康矿床的成因,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对矿床中的闪锌矿进行了稀土、微量元素分析。结果表明,闪锌矿的稀土总量较低,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,轻重稀土分馏明显,稀土元素配分模型总体呈明显右倾,有明显负Eu异常和弱负Ce异常;微量元素相对富集Fe、Mn、Cd、Cu等,贫In、Ga、Ge、Tl等元素,Sn、Pb、Ag含量变化较大,与岩浆热液成因的闪锌矿相似,同时闪锌矿的ln Ga-ln In、Zn/Cd-Se/Te-Ga/In等成因判别图解中也清晰显示其为岩浆热液成因,说明扎西康锌多金属矿床可能与深部岩浆热液活动有关。     

豫西赤土店铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征

赤土店铅锌矿床位于华北陆块南缘豫西南泥湖超大型钼钨多金属矿集区东南部,矿体呈脉状、似层状产于新元古界栾川群煤窑沟组碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩夹石煤层沉积建造中。闪锌矿ICP-MS微量元素分析结果表明,赤土店矿床闪锌矿,以富含In、Ga、Sn、Cd和As等微量元素,而亏损Cu、Ni、Tl和Co等元素为特征,形成于中低温环境。总体上该矿床闪锌矿微量元素含量组成特征与层控-岩浆热液叠加改造型铅锌矿床类似,暗示其具有相似的成因联系。闪锌矿稀土元素特征显示出两种配分模式,从早期弱正Eu异常到晚期明显的负Eu异常,而且稀土元素总量有所增加,轻重稀土分馏增强。这种变化反映了成矿流体可能由一个相对还原环境向相对氧化环境的转变,为岩浆热液叠加改造的结果。     

云南会泽铅锌矿床闪锌矿化学成分特征及其指示意义

在详细的野外调研及岩相学研究基础上,通过电子探针分析(EMPA)和电感耦合等离子体质谱分析(ICPMS),系统研究云南会泽铅锌矿不同成矿阶段闪锌矿化学成分特征,探讨Zn、Fe、Cd、Ge、In、Ag的富集规律及其指示意义。研究表明,该矿床的热液成矿作用可划分为4个阶段,依次为细粒黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段、黄铁矿-方铅矿阶段和碳酸盐阶段,其中闪锌矿的形成可划分为两个阶段,从早到晚颜色由黑色变为红色。早阶段闪锌矿富Fe,贫Ge、In、Ag、Zn和Cd;晚阶段闪锌矿富Ge、In、Ag、Zn和Cd,相对贫Fe。闪锌矿中Cd、Ge等有用组分均已达到工业综合利用要求,主要替代Fe进入闪锌矿晶格。闪锌矿中Fe S含量从早到晚呈降低趋势,估算早期成矿温度为170~262℃,晚期成矿温度低于203℃,结合Zn/Cd含量比值变化范围,认为该矿床属于中温热液矿床,其成矿温度由早至晚逐渐降低。空间上,Zn、Fe含量及Zn/Cd值均指示矿床形成时热液由深部向浅部流动。将该矿床闪锌矿中In、Cd、Ga、Ge、Zn/Cd、Ga/In、Ge/In等特征元素及其比值与典型铅锌矿进行对比,显示会泽铅锌矿与MVT型铅锌矿床类似。     

贵州筲箕湾铅锌矿床硫化物中Tl-Cd-Ga富集机制及地质意义

筲箕湾铅锌矿床位于黔西北铅锌成矿区中部,为该区铅锌矿床中的又一典型代表,其金属资源量（Pb＋Zn）超过20万t。本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析了不同类型矿石中原生矿石硫化物（黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿）中分散元素含量,结果显示除Cd含量较高外,Ga、In、Se、Tl和Re的富集程度均较低。不同分散元素在硫化物中表现出不同的富集规律,表现为Ga含量在闪锌矿中最高,黄铁矿次之,方铅矿最低;方铅矿中Tl含量高于闪锌矿,黄铁矿最低;Cd在闪锌矿中含量最高,方铅矿次之,黄铁矿最低;从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿In含量依次升高;Re含量表现出在闪锌矿中最高,黄铁矿次之,方铅矿最低;Se富集程度从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿依次升高。Ga、In和Re在不同颜色闪锌矿中富集程度相似,而Se、Cd和Tl则相对富集在棕色闪锌矿中。统计发现闪锌矿中Zn含量与Cd、Ga含量不呈类质同象的负相关特征,而其中的Fe含量与Cd、Ga含量间表现出曲线相关或负相关特征,暗示Cd、Ga可能是通过替代先进入闪锌矿中的Fe而占据其晶格,这可能是一种新的机制。闪锌矿Ga、Cd、In含量及Ga/In、Zn/Cd比值等参数,指示筲箕湾铅锌矿床形成于中-高温条件,其矿床成因类型与沉积-改造型相似。     

河南栾川矿集区中鱼库(铅)锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征

中鱼库(铅)锌矿床位于豫西栾川Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag矿集区内鱼库-赤土店铅锌矿带的北西端。矿体赋存于新元古界栾川群三川组碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩岩性转换部位。矿区内矽卡岩化和角岩化发育。本文在矿床地质特征研究的基础之上,研究闪锌矿微量、稀土元素地球化学特征。结果表明随着流体氧逸度升高和温度降低,早、中和晚三个阶段的闪锌矿ΣREE和LREE/HREE逐渐降低,δEu和δCe负异常逐渐减弱。闪锌矿相对富集Mn、In和Se,亏损Ga、Ge和Tl,指示中鱼库矿床形成于中-高温环境,为与岩浆热液相关的矽卡岩型矿床。通过将中鱼库(铅)锌矿床与国内不同成因类型铅锌矿床的闪锌矿微量元素进行对比,印证了闪锌矿的部分微量元素特征能够有效用于区分铅锌矿床成因类型,这对铅锌矿床的评价和勘探具有一定的指示意义。     

黔西北矿集区凉水沟铅锌矿床硫化物电子探针分析

凉水沟铅锌矿床位于川滇黔铅锌成矿域中东部,为黔西北矿集区内的铅锌矿床之一。本文应用电子探针分析(EPMA)技术测定了凉水沟铅锌矿床中黄铁矿、闪锌矿的微量元素组成。结果表明,该矿床发育2期黄铁矿,黄铁矿-Ⅰ为沉积成因,受后期热液叠加改造作用明显,黄铁矿-Ⅱ为热液成因,二者均富集Pb、Zn、Co、Ni、As和Mo,贫Au、Ag、Sb等微量元素,而闪锌矿则以富集Cu、Fe、Cd、Pb、Ga等微量元素为特征。微量元素Co、Ni、Mo、Pb、As等可能以类质同象或矿物包体的形式赋存于金属硫化物中。硫化物微量元素特征显示其主要形成于中低温的成矿温度环境,具沉积-改造成因的特征。综合矿床地质特征及区域成矿地质背景,本文认为凉水沟铅锌矿床属沉积-改造型铅锌矿床。     

贵州天桥铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素组成初探

天桥铅锌矿床位于川-滇-黔铅锌成矿带中东部,为黔西北地区铅锌矿床的典型代表之一。长期以来,对该矿床的成因认识存在较多争议,前人的研究主要集中在分散元素的富集规律、稀土元素及同位素对成矿流体来源的指示意义等方面,对天桥矿床中闪锌矿的微量元素特征缺乏系统的研究。本文应用ICP-MS对天桥矿床中闪锌矿的微量元素进行测试分析,研究结果表明,该矿床中闪锌矿的微量元素具有富Ge、Ga贫Mn、In、Sn、Cd的特征,其微量元素富集规律明显与夕卡岩型、喷流沉积型及岩浆热液型铅锌矿床不同,而与典型MVT型矿床(如勐兴、牛角塘等矿床)非常类似,仅其中Cd含量较低(均值为1282×10-6),该特征与川滇黔地区MVT型铅锌矿床(会泽和杉树林)中闪锌矿微量元素组成一致。总体上,本矿床闪锌矿富集Ge和Ga等低温成矿元素,其In/Ga比值中等,Zn/Cd比值较高,暗示其形成于中温环境。综合前人研究成果及矿床产出地质特征,我们认为天桥铅锌矿床属于MVT型铅锌矿床。     

甘肃花牛山铅锌矿床闪锌矿LA-ICP-MS微量元素组成及其地质意义

天山—北山铅锌成矿带位于中亚造山带、塔里木板块和华北板块的交汇地带，是我国西北地区重要的金属资源产地之一。花牛山铅锌矿是天山—北山地区具典型成因意义的铅锌矿床，矿床成因机制一直存在争议。本文通过LA-ICP-MS对其闪锌矿微量组成进行分析，结果表明：该矿床闪锌矿形成于中—高温环境，以富集Fe、Mn、In、Cd、Cu等元素，贫Ga、Ge、Ni等元素为特征，其中Fe、Mn、In、Cd、Cu以类质同象的形式赋存于闪锌矿中，Ag、Pb以显微包裹体的形式赋存于闪锌矿中；其微量元素组成与岩浆热液为主导的矿床（都龙、黄岗梁、孟恩陶勒盖、赤土店）类似，除此之外，闪锌矿Tl元素质量分数以及Cd/Fe和Cd/Mn值均显示岩浆热液属性，在微量元素判别图中样品也落入岩浆热液区域。野外调研发现，矿体底部未见角砾状和网脉状矿体，矿体均发育在岩性界面及层间破碎带中。结合矿床地质特征、闪锌矿微量元素地球化学特征，认为花牛山铅锌矿床成因类型属于中高温岩浆热液型。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.