应用奇异值分解(SVD)技术提取西铜石金矿田致矿重力异常

基于MATLAB平台编制的奇异值分解(SVD)程序有效地应用于铜石金矿田1:50000重力数据分解.首先,利用奇异值分解将重力数据分解为一系列的特征值空间;然后运用多重分形技术确立反映不同层次控矿因素的特征空间值的临界值,最后将这些具有不同控矿因素特征的特征空间值按一定的规则进行数据重构.结果获取三幅刻画不同尺度控矿因...     

基于局部均值分解的地震信号时频分解方法

在分析地震资料时,因吸收和衰减等原因,地震信号往往呈现出非稳态性。时频分解方法能将地震信号分解成多个稳态的子成分,从而为描述和分析地震信号的属性提供了便利,如短时傅里叶变换、小波分析、经验模式分解(EMD)等方法。本文引入了一种新的时频分析方法——局部均值分解(LMD)。该方法将地震信号按其时频属性分解成多个乘积分量信号(PFs),较EMD分解所得的固有模态函数(IMFs)保留了更多的局部信息,同时模态混叠效应更少。对模型数据和实际数据的处理结果验证了LMD方法能够合理地分解地震信号,更准确地描述地震资料中不同时间尺度的构造信息,为进一步的地震数据处理和解释提供参考。     

冈底斯带重磁异常二维经验模态分解及地壳结构

地壳结构是青藏高原深部地球物理探测的主要目标之一.研究了结合功率谱分析的二维经验模态分解（Bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition,BEMD）位场分离方法,并将其应用于冈底斯带重磁异常分离中.模型试验结果表明该方法能够分离叠加异常,并可获得场源平均深度的可靠估计值;实际资料处理表明研究区布格重力异常和化磁极异常均可分为由浅到深的3个等效层场源产生的异常组合.其中深部重、磁场以南北分区、东西分块为特征.证明了青藏高原是南北地体的拼接,并且在形成之后持续受到印度板块不均匀地向北推进,使喜马拉雅地体、冈底斯地体的深部物质属性在东西方向上以约88°E和93°~95°E为界存在显著的差异;推断青藏高原南部区域中下地壳的低密度体东西向是不连续的,且在研究区中、东部,南北向低密度体被雅鲁藏布江缝合带切开.      

重力异常小波多分辨分析分解阶次的确定

分解阶次的确定是重力异常小波多分辨分析中的基本问题之一.以塔里木及天山地区布格重力异常数据为例, 通过讨论信号长度、小波母函数的支撑长度与分解阶次的关系, 以及对比分解结果与大地水准面异常的特征, 提出了分解阶次的确定方法.发现对于该重力异常数据, 使用bior3.5小波, 5阶小波分解细节可以避免小波母函数特征过多的干扰, 其结果与相应大地水准面异常特征比较吻合, 而6阶小波分解细节结果却与相应大地水准面异常特征存在较大差异.从信号处理和重力异常的地球物理意义两方面表明, 恰当的小波分解阶次为5阶, 更高阶次的分解结果并不合理.所使用的方法对重力异常小波分解阶次的确定是有效和易行的, 为小波分析在重力场数据处理中的应用, 进行了新的有益探索.      

叠前线性干扰自动追踪SVD压制方法

在原始地震资料中,由于强线性干扰波的存在,导致地震剖面信噪比降低,严重制约了地质资料的解释研究工作。为了消除线性干扰波,提高资料信噪比,提出了利用自动追踪奇异值分解(SVD,singular value decomposition)方法,在叠前消除资料中的线性干扰波。该方法通过自动追踪倾斜线性干扰波,利用小窗口技术恢复线性干扰信号,并进行奇异值分解计算,使原始地震记录与线性干扰信号相减,便可得到反射波有效信号。结合实际资料应用的结果表明,该方法能有效地消除线性干扰信号,达到提高地震资料信噪比的目的。     

奇异值分解法解病态方程组的研究及在重力密度反演中的应用

本文介绍了奇异值分解法的基本原理,剖析了此种方法克服病态的实质,并将SVD方法用于根据重力异常观测值反演地下地质体密度分布的数值计算中,在计算中考虑到数据误差,计算舍入误差,以及计算机机器精度①对数值计算的综合影响,取得了较好的反演效果。     

重力位场小波多尺度分解性质的分析与应用

小波多尺度分解是重力位场分离的常用方法之一,其最大的优点是突破了传统的二分重力异常的理念,实现了重力异常的多重分解,但对其性质及其存在的局限性还未进行系统研究。为了更好地指导实践,本文从基于剖面和格网的重力位场小波多尺度分解的定义出发,阐述了低阶小波细节不变准则等3个重要性质,通过设计简单和复杂两类典型理论模型,分析了小波多尺度定义及性质,并在应用实例中与插值切割法进行了对比。结果表明,小波多尺度分解可以实现重力位场多层分离并推估源体埋深,同时针对本文指出的异常尺度混叠和比例系数难以确定等局限,给出了改进思路。以上基础研究工作,可为重力位场资料的处理和解释提供一定参考。     

基于经验模态分解的重力异常分离

根据重力异常水平梯度特性,建立了基于经验模态分解的新型重力异常分离方法。通过不同模型实验对比,发现该方法分离所得异常和模型理论异常能很好地吻合,可进行异常定量划分。实测数据处理中,将该方法与平均对数功率谱分析相结合,所分离出的区域异常可以有效描述研究区的区域地质特征。模型试验和实测数据处理都充分表明该方法所分离出的重力异常基本没有畸变和虚假信息产生,具有良好的实际应用价值。     

经验模态分解和独立分量分解在航磁数据处理中的应用

以东天山1∶20万航磁数据为例,利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对航磁数据进行分解,然后利用独立分量分析(ICA)方法对分解出的固有模态函数(IMF)数据进行重构。分解出来的从高频到低频IMF与地质体的分布具有一定的相关性,不同频率的IMF代表了一定的地质意义。经过ICA重构后的独立分量(IC)能够对异常IMF函数从盲源分离的角度进行有效的重构,其结果可以在一定程度上解释不同的地质事件对磁异常的贡献,并对构造识别和构造区域划分具有一定的指示意义。     

甲烷水合物分解过程模拟实验研究

以甲烷为主要成分的天然气水合物被看作是一种新型的油气资源,研究水合物分解特征有助于水合物的开采利用。采用实验模拟的方法进行了甲烷水合物分解率研究,实验中采用了等容升温分解和不同粒径多孔介质体系常压分解等方法研究水合物的分解特征。从p=4.5MPa下进行的等容分解实验结果发现,当釜内温度为5.18~8℃时水合物快速分解并一直持续到13℃分解结束,且等容分解过程中反应釜内压力与釜内温度呈良好的函数对应关系。常压分解研究使用了5种不同粒径沉积物作为反应介质,在T=1℃的条件下进行水合物分解实验,结果发现粒径在0.063~0.35mm范围的沉积物对水合物的分解速率为1.11×10-5~2.41×10-5mol/s,但分解速率并没有随粒径大小发生有规律的变化。     

基于GIS技术的鲁西铜石金矿聚集区综合信息成矿预测模型

鲁西铜石地区是20世纪末期新发现的金矿聚集区,地质工作程度较高。为指导成矿预测和找矿勘探,运用GIS信息技术建立了铜石地区综合信息成矿预测模型：构造控矿因子为NNW、NE、NW和EW向线型构造异常的Buffer半径1.2km;岩浆岩控矿因子为岩体的外边界以1～3km为半径范围;较强的磁力梯度带,低异常对隐伏岩体、构造的识别有指示作用;相对重力低异常,反映了铜石杂岩体的分布范围,相对重力高和条带状的低缓异常则主要反映了寒武纪地层和泰山岩群山草峪组;金元素的地球化学异常指标是寻找金矿床的最直接信息,Ag、Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Te等多种元素异常以及组合异常也可作为其重要的指示标志。     

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田长沟金矿区控矿构造解析

南秦岭汉阴北部金矿田含矿岩系主要是志留系梅子垭岩组中浅变质岩层，该套地层经历了中生代的构造变形，复杂多样，其中发育的脆-韧性剪切带成为梅子垭岩组发育蚀变岩型金矿富集的良好场所。通过对汉阴北部金矿田近年新发现的长沟金矿区及周邻区带成矿地质背景、控矿构造特征等进行解析研究，结合以往资料，总结汉阴北部金矿田该类型金矿床的控矿构造特征和成矿规律，初步探讨长沟金矿床的热液成因类型。研究发现汉阴北部金矿田区发育有五条脆-韧性剪切带，其构造样式、变质作用具多样性和多期性，其中第二期变形与金成矿作用关系密切；长沟金矿区受区域DSZ3(≈RF5)脆-韧性剪切带及多期构造置换中的S₂面理控制，控矿构造样式具有斜列排布特征。含矿流体包裹体研究认为其在低—中温热液环境形成，主要是在退变质作用下易于在局部两种岩性差异界面附近、片理面之间薄弱变形带、密集剪切节理带或劈理化带等有利构造部位含金热液发生富集成矿。因此，脆-韧性剪切带及其多期面理置换与密集片理、剪切节理带及热液蚀变岩是主要的控矿构造类型。进一步的找矿预测工作主要应该紧抓其脆-韧性剪切带的走向延伸和倾向延深，更应重视侧向斜列富集规律。      

The mineralogy of copper-bearing skarn to the east of the Sungun-Chay river, East-Azarbaidjan, Iran

A calcic copper-bearing skarn zone in East-Azarbaidjan, NW of Iran is located to the east of the Sungun-Chay river. Skarn-type metasomatic alteration and mineralization occurs along the contact between Upper Cretaceous impure carbonates and an Oligo-Miocene Cu-bearing granitoid stock. Both endoskarn and exoskarn are developed along the contact. Exoskarn is the principal skarn zone enclosed by a marmorized and skarnoid–hornfelsic zone. The skarnification process occurred two stages: (1) prograde and (2) retrograde. The prograde stage is temporally and spatially divided into two sub-stages: (a) metamorphic–bimetasomatic (sub-stage I) and (b) prograde metasomatic (sub-stage II). Sub-stage I began immediately after the intrusion of the pluton into the enclosing impure carbonates. Sub-stage II commenced with segregation and evolution of a fluid phase in the pluton and its invasion into fractures and micro-fractures of the marmorized and skarnoid–hornfelsic rocks developed during sub-stage I. The introduction of considerable amounts of Fe, Si and Mg led to the development of substantial amounts of medium- to coarse-grained anhydrous calc-silicates. From texture and mineralogy the retrograde metasomatic stage can be divided into two discrete sub-stages: (a) early (sub-stage III) and (b) late (sub-stage IV). During sub-stage III, the previously formed skarn zones were affected by intense multiple hydro-fracturing phases in the Cu-bearing stock. In addition to Fe, Si and Mg, substantial amounts of Cu, Pb, Zn, along with volatile components such as H₂S and CO₂ were added to the skarn system. Consequently considerable amounts of hydrous calc-silicates (epidote, tremolite–actinolite), sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite), oxides (magnetite, hematite) and carbonates (calcite, ankerite) replaced the anhydrous calc-silicates. Sub-stage IV was concurrent with the incursion of relatively low temperature, more highly oxidizing fluids into skarn system, bringing about partial alteration of the early-formed calc-silicates and developing a series of very fine-grained aggregates of chlorite, clay, hematite and calcite.     

胶西北断裂构造蚀变分带及其铲式分布特征

胶东是全球最大的与中生代花岗岩有关的热液交代蚀变金矿集中区,其成矿与断裂及蚀变作用有关。以焦家断裂和招平断裂为典型,开展构造变形蚀变岩剖面实测和地质填图,研究控矿断裂铲式分布的地质特征。研究发现:(1)断裂蚀变带的宽度不是以往认为的几十米,而是达到几百米,或超过千米,蚀变的规模和强度控制了成矿作用;(2)断裂产状上陡下缓,浅部-200 m以上倾角在70°左右,深部-400 m以下倾角20°到30°,形成铲式断裂;(3) 铲式断裂显示上盘下滑的运动特征,应力应变特征表明成矿作用发生于应力松弛阶段;(4)断裂的倾向控制矿化带的侧伏方向,焦家断裂带倾向北西而其中矿体向南西侧伏;招平断裂倾向南东则矿体为北东向侧伏。     

福建泰宁何宝山-长兴地区脉状金矿床断裂构造系统研究

以何宝山和长兴脉状金矿床为研究对象,意在找到多级断裂构造与成矿关联,解决制约本区深部及外围找矿难题.基于矿田构造调研和室内多元信息研究分析,总结了控矿构造框架中多级断裂对不同规模成矿单元的控矿特征,建立了构造格架.主要成果如下：1）坳上-南溪及叶家断裂,为矿分布区控岩控矿构造,控制矿田的空间展布;2）朱溪、大马圩断裂,为何宝山矿田控岩控矿构造,控制矿床的空间分布;3）北东向、北西向断裂,为主要的控矿（导矿）断裂,属成矿期构造,控制矿带产出位置;4）北东东、北西向断裂,属成矿期赋矿断裂,控制矿体产出;5）朱溪、大马圩断裂为脉状金矿床边界断裂,外围成矿规模及品位锐减;6）矿体受加里东期侵入岩接触带和北东东、北西向构造控制明显,在断裂构造复合部位、不同岩性接触部位和产状变化明显处,均可能是成矿有利部位可做为找矿构造标志.     

湖南姑婆山锡矿田地质特征及找矿前景

姑婆山锡矿田原生锡矿床的成因类型有构造蚀变带型、构造蚀变岩一矽卡岩复合型和接触带矽卡岩型3种。通过对各类锡矿成矿地质条件、控矿因素和成矿规律的分析与总结，认为岩浆岩是控制各类型锡矿形成和分布的首要条件，区域性NE至SN向断裂(F1、F2)为导矿、控矿构造，其旁侧的次级断裂及岩体与地层的接触带为容矿构造；提出矿田西部和北部具有良好的找矿前景。     

Delineation of Potential Mineral Resources Region Based on Geo-anomaly Unit

It is well known that the geophysical and geochemicalanomalies are very important for the location of mineral de-posits. However,the concept of geo-anomaly and its signifi-cance in mineral exploration had hardly been expounded until1 990 s.In fact,the geo-anomaly that has wider implicationsthan the geophysical and geochemical anomalies do,can bewidely applied to the assessment of mineral resources and theexplanation of some crucial geological phenomena. A geo-anomaly is defined as a geological…     

The alteration, mineralogy and geochronology (SHRIMP U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar) of copper-bearing Anjerd skarn, north of the Shayvar Mountain, NW Iran

A Cu-bearing skarn zone occurs north of the Shayvar Mountain in northwestern Iran. Skarn-type metasomatic alteration and mineralization occur along the contact between Upper Cretaceous impure carbonates and a Miocene Cu-bearing granitic stock. Both endoskarn and exoskarn developed in the rocks. Exoskarn is the principal skarn zone and is enclosed by a skarnoid–hornfelsic zone. Skarn formation occured during stages: (1) prograde, (2) middle stage and (3) late stage. In the prograde stage, there were two main processes: (a) metamorphic–bimetasomatic and (b) prograde metasomatic. The metamorphic process began immediately after intrusion of the pluton into the enclosing impure carbonates. The prograde metasomatic stage commenced with segregation and evolution of a fluid phase in the pluton and movement into fractures and micro-fractures in the skarnoid–hornfelsic rocks developed in a metamorphic zone. The introduction of considerable amounts of Fe, Si and Mg led to the development of voluminous medium- to coarse-grained anhydrous calc-silicates. During the middle stage, the previously formed skarn zones were affected by intense multiple hydrofracturing in the Cu-bearing stock. In addition to Fe, Si and Mg, substantial amounts of Cu, Pb and Zn, along with volatile components such as H₂S and CO₂ were added to the skarn system. Consequently, substantial amounts of hydrous calc-silicates (epidote, tremolite–actinolite), sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite), oxides (magnetite, hematite) and carbonates (calcite) replaced the anhydrous calc-silicates. The retrograde stage was synchronous with the incursion of relatively low-temperature, more oxidized fluids into skarn system, resulting in partial alteration of the early-formed calc-silicates and development of a series of very fine-grained aggregates of chlorite, clay, hematite and calcite. Zircon grains from the endoskarn zone provide constraints on the timing of solidification of the granite stock (9.91 ± 0.31 Ma) that caused mineralization in the Anjerd area. One sample of primary hornblende from the monzogranitic Shayvar batholith has an ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 26.54 ± 0.65 Ma and indicates that intrusion of the Miocene stock and associated Cu skarn formation occurred a considerable time after intrusion of the batholith.     

The BanskáŠtiavnica ore district: relationship between metallogenetic processes and the geological evolution of a stratovolcano

The Banská?tiavnica ore district is in the central zone of the largest stratovolcano in the Central Slovakia Neogene Volcanic Field, which is situated at the inner side of the Carpathian arc over the Hercynian basement with the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary cover. Volcanic rocks of the High-K orogenic suite are of the Badenian through Pannonian age (16.5–8.5?Ma). Their petrogenesis is closely related to subduction of flysch belt oceanic basement underneath the advancing Carpathian arc and to back-arc extension processes. The stratovolcano includes a large caldera 20?km in diameter and a late-stage resurgent horst in its centre, exposing a basement and extensive subvolcanic intrusive complex. The following stages have been recognized in the evolution of the stratovolcano: (1)?formation of a large pyroxene/hornblende-pyroxene andesite stratovolcano; (2)?denudation, emplacement of a diorite intrusion; (3) emplacement of a large granodiorite bell-jar pluton within the basement; (4) emplacement of granodiorite/quartz-diorite porphyry stocks and dyke clusters around the pluton; (5) caldera subsidence and its filling by biotite-hornblende andesite volcanics, emplacement of quartz-diorite porphyry sills and dykes at the subvolcanic level; (6)?renewed activity of andesites from dispersed centres on slopes of the volcano; (7) uplift of a resurgent horst accompanied by rhyolite volcanics and granite porphyry dykes. The following types of ore deposits (mineralizations) have been identified in the Banská?tiavnica ore district: 1. Quartz-pyrophyllite-pyrite high-sulphidation system at ?obov, related to the diorite intrusion. 2. Magnetite skarn deposits and occurrences?at contacts of the granodiorite pluton with Mesozoic carbonate rocks. Magnetite ores occur as lenses in the calcic skarns. 3.?Stockwork/disseminated base metal deposit along an irregular network of fractures in apical parts of the granodiorite pluton and in remnants of basement rocks. Mineral paragenesis is simple, with leading sphalerite and galena and minor chalcopyrite and pyrite. In overlying andesites the mineralization is accompanied by metasomatic quartzites and argillites with pyrophyllite, kaolinite, illite and pyrite. 4. Porphyry/skarn copper deposits and occurrences related to granodiorite/quartz-diorite porphyry dyke clusters and stocks around the granodiorite intrusion. The mineralized zone is represented by accumulations of chalcopyrite in exo- and endo-skarns, usually of the magnesian type affected by serpentinization. Besides chalcopyrite, pyrhotite, minor bornite, chalcosite, tennantite and magnetite, rare molybdenite and gold are present. The alteration pattern around productive intrusions includes an external zone of propylitization, a zone of argillitic alteration (kaolinite – illite – pyrite) and an internal zone of phyllic alteration (quartz – sericite – pyrite). Biotitization is rare and limited to porphyry intrusions. 5. Intrusion related “mesothermal” gold deposit in an andesitic environment just above the granodiorite intrusion. Gold of high fineness with base metal mineralization is contained in brecciated and/or banded quartz veins of subhorizontal orientation, parallel to the surface of granodiorite pluton. At least the first phase of mineralization is older than quartz-diorite porphyry sills, which separate granodiorite and blocks of mineralized andesite. 6. Hot spring type advanced argillic systems in the caldera filling. Silicites and opalites accompanied by kaolinite, alunite and pyrite grade downward into smectite dominated argillites. 7. Vein type epithermal precious/base metal deposits and occurrences as a result of the long lasting interaction among structural evolution of the resurgent horst and evolving hydrothermal system, extensive intrusive complex and deep seated siliceous magma chamber serving as heat and magmatic fluid source. Three types of epithermal veins occur in a zonal arrangement: (a) base metal veins ± Au with transition to Cu?±?Bi mineralization at depth in the east/central part of the horst, (b)?Ag – Au veins with minor base metal mineralization and (c) Au – Ag veins located at marginal faults of the horst. Isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in hydrothermal fluids indicate mixing of magmatic and meteoric component (with generally increasing proportion of meteoric component towards younger mineralization periods?). Veins are accompanied by zones of silicification, adularization and sericitization, indicating a low sulphidation environment. 8.?Replacement base metal mineralization of a limited extent in the Mesozoic carbonate rocks next to sulphide rich epithermal base metal veins.