乌东德水电站坝址区SO_4(2-)成因与分布特征分析

针对金沙江乌东德水电站坝址区左右两岸地下水中SO42-含量的差异,尤其是左岸SO24-含量普遍高于右岸的特征,通过岩矿和水化学成分分析,采用聚类分析法分析了地下水中SO42-与其他离子成分的相关性,并结合水岩相互作用及水化学场、水温场、水动力场等方面的分析研究,发现坝址区地下水中SO42-的来源主要与地层中的黄铁矿有关,左右两岸地下水中SO42-含量的差异主要由于二岸地下水循环不同所致。     

湖南新田富锶地下水水化学特征与成因分析

研究湖南新田富锶地下水水化学特征及成因,为富锶地下水的可持续利用与开发提供理论依据。对研究区21个下降泉、30个机井富锶地下水样品的水化学类型、化学成分含量特征、成分间相关性以及离子比值的研究。结果表明：下降泉水化学类型全部为HCO3-Ca型,机井水化学类型以HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca·Mg型为主。相关分析表明,下降泉和机井中SO42-与Ca2+、Mg2+均表现显著相关或极显著相关,HCO3-与Ca2+、SO42-与NO3-在下降泉与机井中的相关性具有差异,下降泉、机井Sr与Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-均表现为极显著相关。Gibbs图表明下降泉和机井的水化学组成主要受水-岩相互作用的控制,下降泉、机井c(Ca2+)/c(Mg2+)、c(HCO3-)/c(SO42-+Cl-)、c(Na+)/c(Cl-)、c(Cl-)/c(Ca2+)系数比值具有差异。结果表明富Sr地下水的形成受碳酸盐岩成分影响显著,赋存条件的差异导致富锶地下水在下降泉、机井中的水化学特征、相关性以及离子系数比值的差异。     

毕节市北部岩溶地下水水文地球化学特征

我国西南地区赋存丰富的岩溶水资源,这些水资源是当地居民生产生活用水的主要来源。以贵州省毕节市北部海子街镇及其邻区岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过分析常规水化学组分和氢氧同位素,确定研究区岩溶水的补给特征,识别岩溶水主要组分的物质来源和判断发生的水岩相互作用过程。结果显示:研究区地下水水化学类型主要为HCO_3—Ca型、HCO_3·SO_4—Ca型和HCO_3—Ca·Mg型。阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,而阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,部分水样N_3O~-和SO2-4含量偏高。氢氧同位素分析显示,研究区地下水以当地大气降水补给为主。补给入渗的大气降水与碳酸盐岩、石膏和盐岩矿物发生反应致使岩溶水化学组分以HCO-3、SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,而生活污水、农业药物和采矿活动导致地下水中NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)含量增加。相应成果可为当地地下水资源的开发和管理提供科学依据。     

基于主成分分析的岩溶水水化学组成及影响因素研究——以贵州水城盆地为例

2015年9月对贵州水城盆地进行采样,共采集地下水样品12个,地表水样品10个,综合运用相关性分析、主成分分析等方法,并结合PHREEQC软件对矿物饱和度指数的计算结果,探讨了地下水、地表水水化学特征现状及其影响因素。研究结果表明:水城盆地岩溶水的水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca型,部分为SO4-Ca型,地下水和地表水水化学组成主要受Ca2+、K++Na+、HCO3-、SO42-和Cl-影响。研究区地下水和地表水中Ca2+和HCO3-主要来源于碳酸盐岩地区的水-岩反应,水体中Cl-、NO3-和Na+主要来源于城镇生活污水、屠宰废水排放。地下水水质受水-岩反应影响,部分区域受到人类活动干扰明显;地表水水质在钟山区方向主要受沿途生活污水和农业面源污水汇入影响显著,而在水城县方向受煤矿企业排放废水影响较大。      

江汉平原高砷地下水监测场水化学特征及砷富集影响因素分析

江汉平原高砷地下水的发现引起了广泛的关注,通过对该区高砷地下水监测场39个地下水样品的分析,揭示了高砷地下水的水化学特征。同时,结合沉积物砷含量分析和高砷地下水的垂向分布特征,探讨了地下水中砷富集的影响因素。结果表明,地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca·Mg型,pH值为中性偏弱碱性,Fe、Mn质量浓度很高。25m深度的监测井水中砷质量浓度最高,对应的沉积物中总砷质量浓度也较高。井水中浓烈的H2S气味,偏负的氧化还原电位,高质量浓度的NH4-N、溶解有机碳(DOC)、HCO-3、S2-与低质量浓度的NO-3、SO2-4均指示该区为典型的富含有机质的还原性地下水环境。该条件下沉积物中有机物质的生物降解作用和铁锰氧化物、铁锰氢氧化物的还原是江汉平原高砷地下水形成的主要原因。     

太原市西山岩溶水系统水文地球化学特征分析

岩溶含水系统的水化学特征能够反映地下水补径排关系、含水介质特征及水岩相互作用等。本文通过分析太原市西山岩溶含水系统地下水中TDS、Sr2+ 、HCO-3 、SO2-4 的分布特征、相互关系及指示意义,得出以下结论: 从补给区到径流排泄区, TDS 随着径流途径、径流时间及循环深度的增加而逐渐增加。Sr2+ 、Mg2+ 、Ca2+ 浓度沿着地下水径流方向具有同步增加的趋势,但Sr- Mg 的变化斜率小于Sr- Ca ,这主要是碳酸盐岩中白云石与方解石含量及溶解度不同造成, CaO与MgO比值越大,相对溶解度越大。沿地下水径流方向,水化学类型由HCO3 型过渡为HCO3· SO4 型、SO4· HCO3 型、SO4 型, SO2-4 离子浓度逐步增加,总体来看,Ca2+ 、Mg2+ 离子总含量与HCO-3 、SO2-4 离子总含量达到平衡,说明在西山岩溶区,水中离子的主要来源除碳酸盐外,硫酸盐的溶解也是一个重要途径,且受煤系地层及煤矿开采活动的影响强烈。      

典型华北型煤矿区主要充水含水层水文地球化学特征及控制因素

地下水形成、演化过程中控制因素不同所造成的水化学组分的差异性是矿井涌水水源识别的基础,为揭示矿井主要充水含水层水化学作用及控制因素,以位于太行山东麓的典型华北型煤矿区——鹤壁矿区为研究对象,采用统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子相关性分析与主成分分析法对矿区122个地下水水化学资料进行了分析研究。结果表明鹤壁矿区主要充水含水层中地下水的化学组分主要受岩石的风化作用控制。奥灰水主要水化学类型为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,水中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)主要来自碳酸盐岩(方解石和白云石)的溶解。二灰水主要水化学类型为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型或SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,其中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-的主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,SO_4~(2-)来自硫酸盐岩的溶解作用和黄铁矿的氧化作用。砂岩水主要水化学类型为HCO_3-Na型,Na~+、Cl~-与HCO_3~-主要来自盐岩的溶解和硅酸盐矿物的风化作用。八灰水既有HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型,也有HCO_3-Na型,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_~3-和SO_4~(2-)的来源与二灰水一致,Na~+和Cl~-可能来自盐岩的溶解作用以及砂岩水与八灰水的混合作用。     

保定平原区地下水化学特征及演化

为揭示保定平原地下水水化学特征及演化规律,本文以保定平原为研究对象,对216组地下水样水化学特征进行了分析。综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、相关离子分析等方法,研究了保定平原区深浅层地下水化学组成及水化学类型空间分布特征,识别了水化学形成机制与控制作用,在此基础上分析了水化学演化的成因。结果表明：沿地下水径流方向,浅层地下水与深层地下水主要离子含量呈现明显的递变规律,TDS、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3含量逐渐升高,K+、Ca2+逐渐降低,地下水优势阳离子Ca2+主导地位逐渐被Na+代替,优势阴离子HCO-3主导地位逐渐向Cl-过渡。地下水化学特征主要受水岩作用、阳离子交替吸附作用以及人类活动共同影响,水岩作用以碳酸盐岩和铝硅酸盐岩共同溶滤作用为主;浅层地下水受人类活动影响较大,影响离子主要为NO-3,集中分布于补给区,除了与农业活动相关外,主要与山前平原岩性颗粒粗,具有较强的渗透性有关。     

头寨滑坡地下水化学特征及其反映的水-岩(土)相互作用

文章以头寨滑坡为对象,分析滑坡岩土体的矿物组成和组构等特征,研究表明造成滑体玄武岩岩体性质劣化的风化过程是一种物理-化学耦合的水-岩(土)相互作用过程,在多尺度(微观、细观、宏观)岩(土)体的"石夹土"结构中得到体现,水岩作用产物主要有绿泥石、伊利石和蒙脱石等黏土矿物。采集滑坡体剪出口处的地下水样测试水化学组成,选取前四个主因子P_1、P_2、P_3和P_4(分别占总方差的39.9%,21.9%,16.7%和13.5%)分析地下水的水化学特征。主因子P_1主要反映玄武岩原生矿物的溶蚀作用对地下水化学成分的控制作用,主因子P_2反映岩(土)体孔隙中有柱状硫酸钙矿物的结晶析出,主因子P_3反映岩(土)体同地下水之间存在阳离子交换,主因子P_4反映岩(土)体水岩作用产物——Si O2矿物在地下水中溶解性与水溶液中CO_2含量的关系。地下水主成分分析的结果能反映出滑坡地下水与岩土体的相互作用的主要过程。     

泾惠渠灌区地下水硫酸盐水文地球化学演化过程研究

泾惠区具2200多年的灌溉历史,灌区人口密度大,地下水不仅是工业和农业的主要水源,也是当地主要饮用水源.为了查明灌区地下水硫酸盐的水文地球化学特征、成因及其演化过程,在分析灌区1982年、1990年和2009年地下水水化学特征、SO4 2-时空分布特征的基础上,通过灌溉试验和Hydrus-1D模拟灌溉对地下水SO4 2-的影响.结果表明,灌区地下水水化学类型由HCO3(1982年)向SO4 2-(2009年)型演化.2009年SO4 2-是地下水中主要阴离子组分,具有西部低,北部、东部和南部高的区域分布特征.虽然地下水中最初的SO42-主要来源于地层中Na2SO4和CaSO4等硫酸盐的溶解,但灌溉试验和模拟计算表明,近年来地下潜水中高硫酸盐主要是由于灌溉水源引起的.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.