沉积相变迁对内陆湖泊沉积易溶盐作为古环境指标的影响--以西宁盆地为例

获取合适的气候变化代用指标,检验其在更长时间尺度内应用的有效性对于利用我国西部内陆湖盆沉积反映新生代以来大陆气候变化具有重要意义。易溶盐含量作为一种反映环境变化的代用指标,在沉积相稳定的内陆湖泊沉积物研究中已获得广泛应用。对于存在沉积相变迁的古湖盆沉积物,其适用性需要进行考虑。本文对西宁盆地谢家剖面的一套年代为始新世到中新世的内陆湖相泥岩/石膏沉积进行研究发现,石膏层和泥岩层分别对应于Ca2+、SO2-₄和Sr2+的高值和低值变化。石膏层广泛分布的剖面下部 Ca2+、SO2-₄和Sr2+含量较高,Na+和Cl-含量较低,而石膏层逐渐消失的剖面上部Ca2+、SO2-₄和Sr2+整体含量降低,Na+和Cl-含量略有升高。沉积相分析表明红色泥岩层和石膏层分别对应于冲积扇远端和干盐湖化学沉积,剖面下部石膏层和红色泥岩层交替到上部以红色泥岩层为主的岩相变化反映了区域范围上的干旱化进程。谢家剖面易溶盐含量强烈受控于上述沉积相变迁所决定的岩性变化,并清晰揭示出发生在约33 Ma的巨大干旱化事件。因此对于存在沉积相变迁的古湖盆沉积物,易溶盐含量分析不但要考虑内陆湖泊浓缩演化过程中溶解度控制的碳酸盐-硫酸盐-卤化物相继发生的沉淀序列,还需考虑易溶盐在不同沉积相中的赋存迁移规律以及研究时段内的溶质补给类型是否存在差异。     

喀斯特区域的水化学不稳定性——以黔中地区为例

黔中地区是岩溶作用发育的喀斯特区域.1993年秋和1994年春末采自该地区不同类型水样的水化学分析表明:碳酸盐岩裂隙泉水呈中偏碱性,为[C]Ca-Ⅱ型;秋季离子总量、HCO₃-及Ca2+浓度大于春季.裂隙泉水流经地表一定距离后,HCO₃-降低,pH及SO₄2-、Cl-、K+、Na+明显增高.黄果树的天星桥、水帘洞及落水潭三个部位河水的SO₄2-、Na+以及Fe3+、NO₃-等浓度的季节性变化也更加明显.春季因瀑布暴气,CO₂的逸出,钙华生成更强烈一些.红枫湖作为喀斯特区域地表水的汇集地,HCO₃-与SO₄2-的当量比值仅2.1～2.4;Ca2+与Mg2+比值上升为2.4～4.2,Cl-浓度较碳酸盐岩裂隙泉水增高1倍;Na+浓度增高一个数量级.说明流域内地表土层溶蚀及人为污染影响的增强.土层孔隙水属强矿化水,而湖水呈现过渡特征.碳酸盐沉淀作用、硫酸盐矿化作用及固氮氨化作用,导致水质组成的显着差异.     

山西宁武地区全新世以来气候与环境变化

根据野外实测剖面、室内测试分析,笔者通过对山西宁武地区全新世以来的湖相沉积地层的孢粉、易溶盐、pH值、磁化率、碳酸盐和粒度分析,探讨了该区全新世以来的气候与环境变化过程。结果表明该区全新世以来的气候变化可划分为4个阶段112400~10000aB.P.期间,显示气候干冷,但有逐渐变暖的趋势;210000~8000aB.P.期间,气候较温湿;38000~3000aB.P.期间,气候温暖;4距今3000aB.P.~现代,气候出现3次波动,整个气候向干凉方向发展。对山西宁武地区湖相沉积地层的进一步深入调查与研究,将会确定华北地区的全新世以来环境与气候变化的基本规律。     

黄土边坡盐蚀剥落病害特征调查及其水盐迁移规律研究

通过现场调查及室内含水量和易溶盐分析试验开展了黄土边坡盐蚀剥落病害特征的研究。结果表明:盐蚀剥落病害按剥落形态可分为条带状、片块状及凹腔状盐蚀剥落;按地层岩性可分为马兰黄土、离石黄土、古土壤层及人工夯实黄土盐蚀剥落。试样含水量随着距边坡表层垂直深度增加而增大,含盐量随着距边坡表层垂直深度增加迅速降低且很快趋于稳定;阴离子CO₃2-和HCO₃-含量随距边坡表层垂直深度增加无明显变化规律,Cl-和SO₄2-含量随距边坡表层垂直深度增加迅速减小且很快趋于稳定;阳离子K+、Mg2+、Ca2+含量随距边坡表层垂直深度增加无明显变化规律,Na+随距边坡表层垂直深度增加迅速减小且趋于稳定;阴离子以SO₄2-和Cl-为主,阳离子以Na+为主,边坡表层易溶盐主要成分为Na₂SO₄和NaCl。边坡表层富集易溶盐Na₂SO₄和NaCl,在气候变化条件下的反复溶解和结晶作用是黄土边坡盐蚀剥落病害的主要诱因。     

沉积相变迁对内陆湖泊沉积易溶盐作为古环境指标的影响——以西宁盆地为例

获取合适的气候变化代用指标,检验其在更长时间尺度内应用的有效性对于利用我国西部内陆湖盆沉积反映新生代以来大陆气候变化具有重要意义。易溶盐含量作为一种反映环境变化的代用指标,在沉积相稳定的内陆湖泊沉积物研究中已获得广泛应用。对于存在沉积相变迁的古湖盆沉积物,其适用性需要进行考虑。本文对西宁盆地谢家剖面的一套年代为始新世到中新世的内陆湖相泥岩/石膏沉积进行研究发现,石膏层和泥岩层分别对应于Ca2+、SO2-4和Sr2+的高值和低值变化。石膏层广泛分布的剖面下部Ca2+、SO2-4和Sr2+含量较高,Na+和Cl-含量较低,而石膏层逐渐消失的剖面上部Ca2+、SO2-4和Sr2+整体含量降低,Na+和Cl-含量略有升高。沉积相分析表明红色泥岩层和石膏层分别对应于冲积扇远端和干盐湖化学沉积,剖面下部石膏层和红色泥岩层交替到上部以红色泥岩层为主的岩相变化反映了区域范围上的干旱化进程。谢家剖面易溶盐含量强烈受控于上述沉积相变迁所决定的岩性变化,并清晰揭示出发生在约33 Ma的巨大干旱化事件。因此对于存在沉积相变迁的古湖盆沉积物,易溶盐含量分析不但要考虑内陆湖泊浓缩演化过程中溶解度控制的碳酸盐—硫酸盐—卤化物相继发生的沉淀序列,还需考虑易溶盐在不同沉积相中的赋存迁移规律以及研究时段内的溶质补给类型是否存在差异。     

重庆岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征及环境意义

岩溶地下河系统是岩溶地区重要的地下水资源,重庆地区分布有岩溶地下河380条,是重庆市重要的地下水资源。为宏观掌握重庆地区岩溶地下河水化学特征,了解区域岩溶地下河水化学影响因素及分布规律,研究了重庆不同地区61条岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征。结果表明,重庆地区岩溶地下河的溶解组分主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃型或Ca(Mg)-HCO₃型,但部分地下河水化学受到人类活动影响变为Na+Ca-HCO₃型、Na+Ca-SO₄型、Na+Ca-Cl型或Ca-SO₄+HCO₃型,且农业活动或城市废水对地下河水化学的影响比工矿业活动普遍。地下河水温度随海拔升高而逐渐降低。在相同的地质背景下,地下河Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO₃-等离子由于受不同区域岩溶作用强度差异的影响呈现出明显的区域性,SO₄2-、NO₃-、Cl-等指标由于受不同区域人类活动强度和方式的影响也显示出明显的区域性。总体来看,岩溶地下河水质正在恶化。     

典型岩溶小流域水体中硝酸盐分布特征及成因:以普定后寨河流域为例

岩溶流域水环境极易受到人为活动的影响,而硝酸盐污染是岩溶流域面临的最突出最普遍的问题之一,把握岩溶流域中硝酸盐的来源及其在不同水体中的分布特征与成因,可为岩溶流域硝酸盐污染的防治提供依据.以贵州普定后寨河流域为研究对象,于2017年5月采集地下水和地表水样品共53件,测定主要水化学参数,分析NO₃-来源,并结合区域土地利用类型,沿流动路径阐明其影响.结果表明,研究区主要阴、阳离子浓度从大到小依次为HCO₃- > SO₄2- > NO₃- > Cl-、Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+,水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主.水体NO₃-的主要来源为化肥,有6个采样点水体明显受到硝酸盐污染,NO₃-浓度变化主要受混合过程控制,硝化作用和反硝化作用影响不明显.流域水体NO₃-浓度受土地利用方式影响明显,流经以农田或村寨为主的区域时NO₃-浓度升高,流经以林地灌木等自然植被繁茂的区域时NO₃-浓度降低.      

六盘水矿区关键带岩溶水水化学演化特征及驱动因子

贵州六盘水矿区地表水－地下水交换频繁,是重要的生活和工、农业用水水源,为保障该地区用水安全和可持续性,以六盘水典型矿业集中开发区为研究对象,于2015年9月共采集水样33件.运用水化学、相关性分析和离子比值法等进行了综合研究,结果表明:地下水化学类型大多为Ca-HCO₃型,部分为Ca-SO₄型;地表水大多为Ca-HCO₃、Ca-SO₄型;矿井水为NaHCO₃,而酸性矿山排水为Ca-SO₄型.水体中Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO₃-呈显著正相关性,主要由碳酸盐岩溶解控制,Na+和K+主要为硅酸盐岩溶解,Cl-主要来源于城镇生活污水,NO₃-主要受农业生产影响,SO₄2-来源多样.矿业活动、城镇化和农业生产影响了水体离子组成,矿业活动还会加速碳酸盐岩的溶解,三者使水体水化学类型发生明显变化.喀斯特岩溶关键带人类活动复合影响下,矿业活动是岩溶水系统中水化学特征变化的关键驱动因子.      

汉江上游庹家湾剖面化学风化特征及其意义

通过对庹家湾黄土剖面元素的分析,揭示汉江上游地区黄土中常量元素的地球化学行为及对气候变化的响应。用X-Ray荧光光谱仪、MS-2型磁化率仪分别测量了庹家湾剖面元素含量及磁化率值,实验结果显示:庹家湾剖面的风成黄土化学成分以SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃为主,三者含量分别为355.83 g/kg、79.62 g/kg、62.64 g/kg;以Ti为参比,Na、Ca、Mg、Si、K表现为迁移淋失,Fe、Al元素相对富集,元素的活动性及其迁移序列为Na > Ca > Mg > Si > K > Al > Fe;Fe和Al元素含量曲线及CIA曲线在228~260 cm（L₁~S₁）和294~370 cm（L₁~S₂）深度处出现明显的峰值,并与磁化率曲线呈现出高度一致性,指示该层化学风化程度明显高于典型黄土,接近于古土壤（S₀）,OSL年龄在27.5~21.5 ka B.P.之间。庹家湾剖面常量元素在剖面的变化,表明在汉江上游地区晚更新世末期的气候并非是持续干燥寒冷,而是存在一定的气候波动,在27.5~21.5 ka B.P.期间风化成壤作用较为明显,气候相对温暖湿润。     

贵阳市地表水地下水化学组成:喀斯特水文系统水-岩反应及污染特征

为了解喀斯特地区水-岩相互作用特征和辨别地下水污染物的来源,为揭示人类活动对喀斯特地下水文地球化学环境的影响,研究了贵州省贵阳市不同岩性含水层地下水和地表水的化学特征.结果发现,地表和地下水主要有HCO₃型和SO₄型以及这两种化学类型的混合型.地下水地表水化学溶解物质主要来源于碳酸盐岩和碎屑沉积岩的化学风化作用,硫酸盐矿物的溶解和硫化物氧化形成的硫酸对岩石矿物的化学风化是导致水体富集硫酸盐的主要因素.区内地表水和地下水的主要污染物质为K+、Na+、Cl-、SO₄2-和NO₃-.这一研究成果为评价地表/地下水环境的质量现状,为喀斯特地区地表水地下水资源的保护和利用提供了科学依据.     

罗布泊AK1孔沉积物地球化学组成与古气候

通过对罗布泊东部阿奇克谷地中部AK1孔沉积物中易溶盐组分及氧化物特征的研究,综合沉积序列及岩性变化特征,初步分析了罗布泊阿奇克谷地晚第三纪以来的沉积环境及古气候演化。结果表明,阿奇克谷地第三纪晚期即开始出现成化湖泊沉积,易溶盐以SO2-^4、Cl^-、Na^ 为主,各离子含量最高;第四纪以来沉积环境与古气候均有明显变化,早更新世气候以干冷为主,中更新世易溶盐组分中各离子浓度明显降低,以Cl^-降低最显著,气候转为温湿;中更新世晚期气候湿润,湖相沉积范围扩大,为罗布泊湖的一次大发展期;晚更新世以来湖泊环境波     

Hydrochemistry of Salt Lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The authors have carried out scientific investigations of salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 1956 and collected 550 hydrochemical data from various types of salt lakes. On that basis, combined with the tectonic characteristics of the plateau, the hydrochemical characteristics of the salt lakes of the plateau are discussed. The salinity of the lakes of the plateau is closely related to the natural environment of lake evolution, especially the climatic conditions. According to the available data and interpretation of satellite images, the salinity of the lakes of the plateau has a general trend of decreasing from north and northwest to south and southeast, broadly showing synchronous variations with the annual precipitation and aridity (annual evaporation/annual precipitation) of the modern plateau. The pH values of the plateau salt lakes are related to both hydrochemical types and salinities of the lake waters, i.e., the pH values tend to decrease from the carbonate type → sodium sulfate subtype → magnesium sulfate subtype → chloride type; on the other hand, a negative correlation is observed between the pH and salinities of the lakes. Geoscientists and biological limnologists generally use main ions in salt lakes as the basis for the hydrochemical classification of salt lakes. The common ions in salt lakes are Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^? SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^?. In this paper, the Kurnakov-Valyashko classification is used to divide the salt lakes into the chloride type, magnesium sulfate subtype, sodium sulfate subtype and carbonate type, and then according to different total alkalinities (K _C = Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃/total salt × 100%) and different saline mineral assemblages, the carbonate type is further divided into three subtypes, namely, strong carbonate subtype, moderate carbonate subtype and weak carbonate subtypes. According to the aforesaid hydrochemical classifications, a complete and meticulous hydrochemical classification of the salt lakes of the plateau has been made and then a clear understanding of the characteristics of N–S hydrochemical zoning and E-W hydrochemical differentiation has been obtained. The plateau is divided into four zones and one area. There is a genetic association between certain saline minerals and specific salt lake hydrochemical types: the representative mineral assemblages of the carbonate type of salt lake is borax (tincalconite) and borax-zabuyelite (L₂CO₃) and alkali carbonate-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the sodium sulfate subtype are mirabilite (thenardite)-halite and magnesium borate (kurnakovite, inderite etc.)-ulexite-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the magnesium sulfate subtype are magnesium sulfate (epsomite, bloedite)-halite, magnesium borate-mirabilite, and mirabilite-schoenite-halite, as well as large amount of gypsum; The representative mineral assemblages of the chloride type are carnallite-bischofite-halite and carnallite-halite, with antarcticite in a few individual salt lakes. The above-mentioned salt lake mineral assemblages of various types on the plateau have features of cold-phase assemblages. Mirabilite and its associated cold-phase saline minerals are important indicators for the study of paleoclimate changes of the plateau. A total of 59 elements have been detected in lake waters of the plateau now, of which the concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl, and SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^? ions are highest, but, compared with the hydrochemical compositions of other salt lake regions, the plateau salt lakes, especially those in the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂), contain high concentrations of Li, B, K, Cs, and Rb, and there are also As, U, Th, Br, Sr, and Nd positive anomalies in some lakes. In the plateau lake waters, B is intimately associated with Li, Cs, K and Rb and its concentration shows a general positive correlation with increasing salinity of the lake waters. The highest positive anomalies of B, Li, Cs, and K center on the Ngangla Ringco Lake area in the western segment of the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂) and coincide with Miocene volcanic-sedimentary rocks and high-value areas of B, Li, and Cs of the plateau. This strongly demonstrates that special elements such as B, Li, and Cs on the plateau were related to deep sources. Based on recent voluminous geophysical study and geochemical study of volcanic rocks, their origin had close genetic relation to anatectic magmatism resulting from India–Eurasia continent–continent collision, and B–Li (-Ce) salt lakes in the Cordillera Plateau of South America just originated on active continental margins, both of which indicate that global specific tectonically active belts are the main cause for the high abundances of B, Li, and Cs (K and Rb) in natural water and mineralization of these elements.     

滦河三角洲地区深层地下水化学演化规律及成因分析

以滦河三角洲地区第Ⅲ含水层组为例,选取两条水文地质剖面分析深层地下水化学组分特征。文章利用Piper图分析了上下游水化学的分带性,从上游到下游演化顺序为HCO3—Ca·Na型、HCO3·SO4—Na·Ca型和HCO3·Cl—Na型。上游地下水沿流动方向主要发生了溶滤作用,引起HCO-3和Ca2++Mg2+等比例增加,Cl-+SO2-4和Na+也等比例增加。下游地下水沿流动方向不仅发生了溶滤作用,还发生了阳离子交换和脱硫酸作用,引起下游地区Ca2+、Mg2+和SO2-4逐渐减小,Cl-和Na+显著增加,且Na+增加幅度明显大于Cl-。本研究加深了承压含水层地下水从山前到滨海地区整个循环路径上的水化学演化规律及成因的认识。     

西藏搭格架地热区天然水的水化学组成与稳定碳同位素特征

为探究青藏高原搭格架地热区地热水、湖水、河水、冰雪融水等天然水体的水化学组成及物质来源控制因子,于2014年8月对该地区进行了考察和取样。利用紫外-可见光分光光度计和ICP-OES测定了水样中各阴、阳离子含量,利用Gas Bench连接同位素质谱仪测定了水样中溶解无机碳（DIC）同位素比值。结果表明,地热水中总溶解固体（TDS）含量为977.13~1 279.50 mg/L,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,湖水的TDS含量为77.81~810.94 mg/L,阳离子以Na+和Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-(CO32-)和SO42-为主,地热水和湖水的水化学类型为HCO3-Na型;河水和冰雪融水的各离子含量较低,水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型;地热水的DIC浓度范围为9.2~15.4 mmol/L,δ13CDIC值为-9.09‰~-0.95‰;湖水的DIC浓度为1.1~9.7 mmol/L,δ13CDIC值为-8.84‰~-0.27‰。根据水化学Gibbs分布模式图判断出区域水化学特征主要受硅酸盐岩风化控制,以钠长石和钾长石风化为主,但是地热水的水化学组分受到硅酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩共同控制。通过碳同位素比值分析对区域主要风化过程中CO2的来源示踪表明,湖区周围的硅酸盐风化其碳源主要为土壤CO2,热泉区硅酸盐水解其碳源为地球深部CO2输入。      

Hydrogeochemistry and isotope techniques to determine water interactions in groundwater-dependent shallow lakes,Wet Pampa Plain,Argentina

This paper gives an account of the implementation of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to identify and explain the processes that govern solute exchange in two groundwater-dependent shallow lakes in the Southeastern Pampa Plain of Argentina. Water samples (lakes, streams, spring water and groundwater) for hydrochemical and stable isotopic determination were collected and the main physical–chemical parameters were measured. The combination of stable isotope data with hydrogeochemical techniques was used for the identification of sources and preferential recharge areas to these aquatic ecosystems which allowed the explanation of the lake water origin. The hydrochemical processes which explain Los Padres Lake water chemistry are evaporation from groundwater, CO₂ input, calcite dissolution, Na⁺ release by Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ exchange, and sulfate reduction. The model that best aligns with La Brava Lake hydrochemical constraints includes: mixing, CO₂ and calcite dissolution, cationic exchange with Na⁺ release and Mg²⁺ adsorption, and to a lesser extent, Ca/Na exchange. This model suggests that the fractured aquifer contribution to this water body is greater than 50 %. An isotopic-specific fingerprint for each lake was identified, finding a higher evaporation rate for La Brava Lake compared to Los Padres Lake. Isotopic data demonstrate the importance of these shallow lakes as recharge areas to the regional aquifer, becoming areas of high groundwater vulnerability. The Tandilia Range System, considered in many hydrogeological studies as the impermeable bedrock of the Pampean aquifer, acts as a fissured aquifer in this area, contributing to low salinity waters and with a fingerprint similar to groundwater isotopic composition.     

马海盆地深部孔隙卤水矿床水化学特征及成因

通过数理统计、聚类以及离子特征系数等分析方法,对柴达木马海盆地的深部砂砾石层孔隙卤水水化学特征进行了分析。卤水离子浓度空间分布特征表现为pH、Cl^-、TDS和Na+浓度值变化范围较小,分布均匀,而K^+、Rb^+以及Br^-、Mg^2+、Li^+、Sr^2+、I^-、B2O3、Ca^2+、Cs^+、NO3^-、SO4^2-等离子浓度分布不均匀,差异显著;Cl^-、TDS、Na^+、K^+、Mg^2+和Li^+与SO4^2-聚为一个亚类,表明卤水演化过程中有酸性液体的参与;K^+含量自西向东有增大的趋势,与Mg^2+和Li^+的变化具有相关性;离子特征系数反映出蒸发残余及盐岩溶解的多源性特征。研究区水化学类型为单一的氯化钠型,这种单一的物源可能与推测的更新统下伏盐岩层有关。     

基于EOF和M-K的晋祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学时空变化特征分析

为研究晋祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学的时空变化规律,以2001-2014年该泉域内具代表性的岩溶水监测点水质资料为基础,以pH值、7大主要离子及TDS作为因子,运用经验正交函数（EOF）分析与Mann-Kendall（M-K）突变分析相结合的方法,对晋祠泉域14年的水化学场进行时空结构分离。结果表明:在空间分布特征上,pH值由北向南逐渐减小,汾河中段以南出现低值区;Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、SO42-和TDS的空间变化趋势相似,整体上均是由北向南逐渐增加,等值线在古交一带较周围地区升高;K+ + Na+和Cl-含量在整个泉域普遍较低,但K+ + Na+在泉域边界处的王封和西寨一带含量升高,Cl-在古交以及西华苑处增高。在时间演化特征上,从2001-2014年pH值、Mg2+、K+ + Na+、HCO3-和Cl-含量基本在平均值上下波动;Ca2+和SO42-含量逐年降低,且分别在2008年和2009年之后呈明显的下降趋势;TDS在2005-2007年呈明显的下降趋势,在其它时段下降趋势不显著。      

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Groundwater Inrush Source Identification for a Multi‐aquifer System in a Coal Mine

Correct identification of water inrush sources is particularly important to prevent and control mine water disasters. Hydrochemical analysis, Fisher discriminant analysis, and geothermal verification analysis were used to identify and verify the water sources of the multi‐aquifer groundwater system in Gubei coal mine, Anhui Province, North China. Results show that hydrochemical water types of the Cenozoic top aquifer included HCO₃–Na+K–Ca, HCO₃–Na+K–Mg and HCO₃–Na+K, and this aquifer was easily distinguishable from other aquifers because of its low concentration of Na⁺+K⁺ and Cl^–. The Cenozoic middle and bottom aquifers, the Permian fissure aquifer, and the Taiyuan and Ordovician limestone aquifers were mainly characterized by the Cl–Na+K and SO₄–Cl‐Na+K or HCO₃–Cl–Na+K water types, and their hydrogeochemistries were similar. Therefore, water sources could not be identified via hydrochemical analysis. Fisher model was established based on the hydrogeochemical characteristics, and its discrimination rate was 89.19%. Fisher discrimination results were improved by combining them with the geothermal analysis results, and this combination increased the identification rate to 97.3 % and reasonably explained the reasons behind two water samples misjudgments. The methods described herein are also applicable to other mines with similar geological and hydrogeological conditions in North China.     

西藏扎北盐湖秋季卤水(硫酸钠亚型)5℃等温蒸发实验研究

西藏扎北盐湖硫酸钠亚型卤水中富含元素Li、B、K和微量元素Rb、Cs等.为了更好地了解卤水在自然条件下的蒸发结晶规律,需对相应卤水进行低温室内等温蒸发实验研究.本文对该盐湖卤水进行了5℃等温蒸发试验,并利用Na+、K+、Mg2+//Cl-、SO42--H2O五元水盐体系0℃相图,构筑了从干基立体图Na2SO4角顶的放射...     

U-Series Chronology of Lacustrine Deposits in Death Valley, California

Uranium-series dating on a 186-m core (DV93-1) drilled from Badwater Basin in Death Valley, California, and on calcareous tufas from nearby strandlines shows that Lake Manly, the lake that periodically flooded Death Valley during the late Pleistocene, experienced large fluctuations in depth and chemistry over the last 200,000 yr. Death Valley has been occupied by a long-standing deep lake, perennial shallow saline lakes, and a desiccated salt pan similar to the modern valley floor. The average sedimentation rate of about 1 mm/yr for core DV93-1 was punctuated by episodes of more-rapid accumulation of halite. Arid conditions similar to the modern conditions prevailed during the entire Holocene and between 120,000 and 60,000 yr B.P. From 35,000 yr B.P. to the beginning of the Holocene, a perennial saline lake existed, over 70 m at its deepest. A much deeper and longer lasting perennial Lake Manly existed from about 185,000 to 128,000 yr B.P., with water depths reaching about 175 m, if not 330 m. This lake had two significant “dry” excursions of 10²–10³yr duration about 166,000 and 146,000 yr B.P., and it began to shrink to the point of halite precipitation between 128,000 and 120,000 yr B.P. The two perennial lake periods correspond to marine oxygen isotopic stages (OIS) 2 and 6. Based on the shoreline tufa ages, we do not rule out the possible existence 200,000 yr ago of yet a third perennial lake comparable in size to the OIS 6 lake. The²³⁴U/²³⁸U data suggest that U in tufa owes its origin mainly to Ca-rich springs fed by groundwater that emanated along lake shorelines in southern Death Valley, and that an increase of this spring-water input relative to the river-water input apparently occurred during OIS 6.