South Australian geology and the State Heritage Register: an example of geoconservation of the Naracoorte Caves complex and karst environment

South Australia’s State Heritage Register contains 2294 listed places, the majority of which are from the ‘Built’ environment, ranging from settlers’ huts, community buildings, historical industrial sites to magnificent stone mansions. Only 96 places are linked to the ‘Natural’ environment. The Register listings protect heritage places from alteration, damage or removal without formal prior consultation, compulsory under the South Australian Development Act. ‘Natural’ environments are landscape-based and oriented towards Geological, Archaeological, Palaeontological and Speleological heritage (‘GAPS heritage’). A process to provide a greater balance between ‘Natural’ and ‘Built’ listings has initiated a series of State Heritage ‘Natural’ environment assessments, mostly of single sites. Two individual caves in the Naracoorte Caves National Park are already entered in the State Heritage Register as single sites. However, an innovative broader multiple-site nomination has focused on the many different but significant GAPS features contained within the 25 caves of the Naracoorte Caves National Park, providing a further level of protection for the land and the caves’ exteriors and interiors. The example of the Naracoorte Caves draws attention to the number of important land and coastal karst (limestone) features across South Australia that were generated by steady geological uplift of three large sections of Oligocene–Miocene limestone—the Nullarbor Plain, the Murray Basin and the Gambier Karstfield (which includes Naracoorte and Mount Gambier), resulting in specific karst forms worthy of a broader coordinating management approach across South Australian karst parks.     

Heritage stone in South Australia

South Australia has the greatest utilisation of heritage or building stone in Australia because of its lack of timber resources. Consequently, natural stone was intensively used from the beginning of European colonisation. Building stones in South Australia, notable for their variety given the State’s diverse geology, can be challenging to designate as to their international importance. However, dimension stone in South Australia can also be designated as having national, regional, local or prospective importance. Commonly, stone in South Australia is restricted in use to a specific town, or even a single construction, and has only local significance except where use involves special stone characteristics, unusual stone masonry or use in a building with significant heritage. For instance, the town of Second Valley has a localised use of marble, likely the earliest use (1849) of this rock type in the State. Another example, ‘Adelaide Black Granite’, quarried since 1958, should probably be recognised internationally as a ‘Global Heritage Stone Resource’, as it has had intensive monumental use around Australia, utilisation as cladding in modern buildings, as well as paving and walling in Australia’s National Parliament in Canberra. It has also been exported, notably used for the Australian Embassy in Japan and for a major War Memorial at Le Hamel, France. South Australian slate quarries also provide significant heritage stone. For example, the Willunga Slate quarry south of Adelaide has been sourced for roofing slate and walling since 1840 and is arguably the longest continuous mining operation in Australia; this resource has obvious national significance given a period of quarrying extending to the present, coupled with national distribution of its products. Probably the most widespread stone sourced in South Australia is the surface limestone or calcrete, quarried in the Adelaide area until the 1850s and used for general construction. The stone continues to be used in rural areas. While arguably only of local significance, it could be considered to have national importance because of its extensive use in churches, public building, hotels, houses and simple walling across a vast area of South Australia. Additional research is needed to clarify the heritage status of many building stones used in South Australia.     

北京市地质遗迹资源及其保护现状

文章概括介绍了北京市地质遗迹的研究历史与现状,依据2007年开展的＂北京市地质遗迹资源及其保护现状综合调查＂项目,将北京地区的地质遗迹分为7大类31个亚类170处,针对不同类型地质遗迹资源的分布情况进行了阐述,并从2000年以来北京地区地质公园和地质遗迹自然保护区的申报建设情况、管理体系建设、环境保护和管护设施建设、摸清资源家底和制定规划等方面,阐述了北京地区地质公园及地质遗迹自然保护区的建设情况和地质遗迹资源的保护现状。     

天津市重要地质遗迹特征及综合分级评价

地质遗迹是自然资源的重要组成部分,妥善处理好高城镇化水平区域的地质遗迹保护与利用的关系,是推动地质文化村建设和新型城镇化高质量发展的生态措施之一。天津市的地质遗迹保护与利用工作因存在调查程度低、家底不尽清晰、分类方案不够规范、缺乏整体评价等问题,未能有效开展。基于对天津市全域地质遗迹调查的最新数据和对以往调查成果的整合...     

The ICL Network on “Landslides and Cultural & Natural Heritage (LACUNHEN)”

In recent decades, the concept of cultural heritage has evolved into one that encompasses an understanding of the history of humanity, together with scientific knowledge and intellectual attitudes. This changing concept has prompted a subsequent re-evaluation of what constitutes the outstanding universal values of World Heritage sites and the operational methods for implementing the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The scope has broadened from studying a single monument in isolation to one that values a multidimensional, multiregional, and inter-disciplinary approach and encapsulates vast spans of human history. Within this broader view, landslides and more generally slope instabilities are an important factor endangering cultural heritage sites, especially prehistoric sites, earth/rock monuments, and archaeological sites affected by environmental processes and degradation. Natural and cultural heritage sites, as well as cultural landscapes, are then tied into a common framework that the Geological Society of America has defined “Men’s legacy to Earth and Earth’s legacy to Man”. On the other hand, not too much effort has been expended in the past to develop conservation policies systematically integrating geological, geomorphological, and engineering geological aspects into daily practices. The purpose of the “LAndslides and CUltural & Natural HEritage” thematic Network (LACUNHEN) is to create a platform for scientists and practitioners who are ready to jointly contribute to safeguarding relevant endangered Natural and Cultural Heritage sites (e.g., Machu Picchu). They will share and disseminate their respective experience, demonstrating how these special “objects” require approaches, techniques, and solutions that go far beyond traditional civil engineering perspectives.     

基于乡镇区划的地质遗迹资源综合价值评价———以盐津县为例

以云南省盐津县地质遗迹资源为研究对象、乡镇区划为单元,在分析盐津县地质遗迹资源特征的基础上,依据《地质遗迹调查规范》中地质遗迹质量等级划分标准,运用特尔菲法划分出盐津县乡镇地质遗迹点质量等级,其划分结果能正确认识盐津县各乡镇地质遗迹资源的质量状况。同时,利用特尔菲法和层次分析法构建盐津乡镇地质遗迹资源综合价值评价指标体系,并运用菲什拜因—罗森伯格模型,对盐津乡镇地质遗迹资源综合价值进行定量评价。结果表明:盐津县乡镇地质遗迹资源综合价值大小为:柿子镇＞豆沙镇＞庙坝镇＞牛寨乡＞普洱镇＞中和乡＞盐井镇＞滩头乡＞落雁乡＞兴隆乡。      

The first geological maps of the continent of Australia

Two factors limited the compilation of geological maps of the Australian continent during the nineteenth century, the problems of geological mapping over large areas and the fact that Australia was divided into a group of independent colonies. Only four such maps were compiled and published during this period and all others are mere copies of three of these four.

On the first map, compiled by J. B. Jukes and published in London in 1850 at a scale of 225 miles to an inch, the geological colours are.confined to the coastal areas and a small portion of the interior which had been examined by explorers. The second, compiled by R. B. Smyth and published by the Victorian Department of Mines in 1875 at a scale of 110 miles to an inch, was drawn up from a large number of published and unpublished geological maps including those of Victoria and Queensland. Large areas were filled in from information in explorers’ journals and from their maps. A revised reprint was issued in 1876. The third map, compiled by Arthur Everett who was closely associated with the production of the 1875 map, was again published by the Victorian Mines Department in 1887 at a scale of 50 miles to an inch. Geological maps of the colonies of Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, and South Australia were used, together with large scale maps and data previously gathered for the 1875 map of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The fourth map, compiled by H. Berghaus and published in Gotha in 1888 at a scale of 1:30 000 000, was drawn up from sources similar to those used by Everett.

The compilation of the 1875 and 1887 maps is analysed in detail and annotated lists of the actual source maps used are given in Appendix 1. Mention is made of the numerous copies of these two maps issued in the nineteenth century. A complete list of all known geological maps of the Australian continent, published to date, is given in Appendix 2.     

青州国家地质公园地质遗迹资源类型及评价

重要地质遗迹是人类的宝贵财富,是生态环境的重要组成部分。青州国家地质公园5.3亿年前处于海陆边缘地带,地质遗迹类型丰富,保存完好,对研究我国东部乃至东南亚地区环境的演变具有重要的科学价值。该文详细介绍了青州国家地质公园的地质遗迹类型,并对其进行了评价。     

Diamond exploration and regional prospectivity of Western Australia

Pre-1.6 Ga rocks comprise around 45% of the onshore area of Western Australia (WA), constituting the West Australian Craton (WAC) (including the Archean Yilgarn and Pilbara Cratons) and the western part of the North Australian Craton (NAC). These areas provide the conditions suitable for diamond formation at depth, and numerous diamondiferous lamproite and kimberlite fields are known. As emplacement ages span close to 2500 Ma, there are significant opportunities for diamond-affinity rocks being present near-surface in much of the State, including amongst Phanerozoic rocks. WA’s size, terrain, infrastructure and climate, mean that many areas remain underexplored. However, continuous diamond exploration since the 1970s has resulted in abundant data. In order to advance future exploration, a comprehensive database of results of diamond exploration sampling (Geological Survey of Western Australia 2018) has been assessed. The Yilgarn and Pilbara Cratons have spinel indicators almost exclusively dominated by chromite (>90% of grains), whereas (Mg,Fe,Ti)-bearing Al-chromites account for more of the indicator spinels in the NAC, up to 50% of grains at the Northern Territory (NT) border. Increasing dominance of Al in chromites is interpreted as a sign of weathering or a shallower source than Al-depleted Mg-chromites. Garnet compositions across the State also correlate with geological subdivisions, with lherzolitic garnets showing more prospective compositions (Ca-depleted) in WAC samples compared to the NAC. WAC samples also show a much broader scatter into strongly diamond-prospective G10 and G10D compositions. Ilmenites from the NAC show Mg-enriched compositions (consistent with kimberlites), over and above those present in NT data. However, ilmenites from the WAC again show the most diamond-prospective trends. Numerous indicator mineral concentrations throughout the State have unknown sources. Due in part to the presence of diamondiferous lamproites, it is cautioned that some accepted indicator mineral criteria do not apply in parts of WA. For example Ca-depleted garnets, Mg-depleted ilmenites and Cr-depleted and Al-absent clinopyroxenes are all sometimes associated with strongly diamondiferous localities. Quantitative prospectivity analysis has also been carried out based on the extent and results of sampling, age of surface rocks relative to ages of diamond-prospective rocks, and the underlying mantle structure. Results show that locations within the NAC and with proximity to WA’s diamond mines score well. However, results point to parts of the WAC being more prospective, consistent with mineral chemical data. Most notable are the Hamersley Basin, Eastern Goldfields Superterrane and the Goodin Inlier of the Yilgarn Craton. Despite prolific diamond exploration, WA is considerably underexplored and the ageing Argyle mine and recent closure of operations at Ellendale warrant a re-evaluation of diamond potential. Results of mineral chemistry and prospectivity analysis make a compelling case for renewed exploration.

     

兴文喀斯特与中国南方喀斯特旅游资源对比研究

中国南方喀斯特集中了中国最具代表性的喀斯特地形地貌。位于中国南方喀斯特区域内的兴文县拥有国内罕见的完整喀斯特景观,丰富独特的喀斯特景观被朱学稳研究员誉为“兴文式喀斯特”。本文运用比较法、德尔菲法与层次分析法,对兴文喀斯特与中国南方喀斯特世界自然遗产项目以及天坑、溶洞、石林等典型喀斯特旅游资源进行比较分析,总结其资源优势。研究认为,兴文县完整的喀斯特流域上发育了类型丰富多样、品位高、组合好且分布集中的喀斯特自然资源,形成了独特的喀斯特生态僰苗文化资源,与“世界自然遗产”中国南方喀斯特一、二期7个代表地一样具有代表性,具有列入世界自然遗产名录,进一步补充、完善中国南方喀斯特自然遗产资源的条件。      

南方山地丘陵区典型地质灾害成因机制与风险评价

南方山地丘陵区地域跨度大,地质灾害孕灾背景复杂、成灾模式多样,是我国地质灾害高易发区。针对南方山地丘陵区地质灾害潜在风险高的问题,在中国地质调查局“南方山地丘陵区地质灾害调查工程”实施进展基础上,对南方山地丘陵区地质灾害控灾的气候动力特征及地质构造背景进行了系统分析,对典型地质灾害成灾模式和多尺度风险调查评价示范性成果进行了总结,揭示了东南沿海地区典型台风地质灾害、南方岩溶塌陷、西南高寒山区冰碛土泥石流及川西高原区火后泥石流形成机理与物源侵蚀机制。在此基础上,开展了南方山地丘陵区基于县域、重点城镇及典型灾害点的多尺度地质灾害风险评价应用示范,相关成果在西南重大工程规划选线及县城搬迁选址中得到应用。     

Geoheritage in New South Wales — a reassessment of sites from the register of the national estate

The geology of New South Wales is diverse, spanning Paleoproterozoic to modern materials and their various associated landforms and soils. In recognition of the intrinsic geological value of the State, around 150 geological sites were nominated to the now defunct Register of the National Estate, with the objective of geoconservation. However, these sites did not encompass the full range of geology of New South Wales; neither did they offer registered sites any protection. Analysis shows that the types of sites nominated were biased towards sedimentary and igneous rocks, and fossils, with under representation of metamorphic rocks, site-restricted soils, geomorphology and hydrogeology. To test the utility of the Brocx and Semeniuk ‘Geoheritage Toolkit’, a subset of the Register listings was re-examined, focusing on the Sydney Basin. Within the Sydney Basin, 59 nominated sites were reassessed using various geoheritage categories and the hierarchical framework of scale of the Toolkit. Four sites within the Sydney Basin were found to have features of international to national significance, and to have national historical value. These sites will need to be renominated for State and National listing. Clearly, to ensure that University teaching sites, as well as stratigraphic and lithologic type sections and reference sites, reflecting the geodiversity of New South Wales are conserved for future generations, a greater number of sites need to be put forward for heritage listing.     

地质遗迹资源开发潜力评价——以中国房山世界地质公园为例

地质遗迹资源开发评价,在地质公园建设中发挥着重要作用。本文结合地质遗迹资源特性和地质公园建设要求,提出了地质公园地质遗迹资源开发潜力评价指标体系;采用层次分析和德尔菲法,进行多轮专家咨询,确定评价指标的权重;利用层次分析法和灰色系统理论,建立地质遗迹资源开发潜力评价模型;并运用该评价模型,对中国房山世界地质公园8个园区的地质遗迹资源进行评价,确定模型和各评价值指标选择的合理性。研究结果表明,该模型可为地质公园建设和地质旅游开发提供参考。     

Features and values of geological heritage resources in Shunping County,Hebei Province

Hebei Province is rich in geological heritage resources due to its diverse landforms and unique natural conditions. However,detailed investigation and study of the resources are still limited,and a systematic survey conducted on a small scale has not been fully implemented. In this paper,the resource types and characteristics of the geological heritage in Shunping County are systematically discussed,on the basis of field investigation and scientific evaluation. With reference to the existing criteria for geological heritage resources survey,the heritage values and corresponding levels were assessed by using multi-factor quantitative evaluation approach. The results show that there are 33 geological heritage sites in Shunping County,which fall into 3 categories,10 classes and 17 subcategories. Among them,2 heritage sites are above the provincial level,14 heritage sites are at the provincial level and 17 ones are below the level. These heritage sites are not only natural resources with great tourism potential,but also valuable asset in geological research,human history,ecological conservation,scientific education and some other aspects. It is hence of great significance to conduct the scientific and reasonable appraisal for having a better understanding,good protection and development of the geological heritage resources in Hebei Province.     

Vines 1 revisited: are older Neoproterozoic glacial deposits preserved in Western Australia?

The stratigraphy in Vines 1, a 2017.5 m-deep cored stratigraphic hole drilled by the Geological Survey of Western Australia in 2001 near the Western Australian – South Australian border, has been reinterpreted with implications for the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian geological history of the Officer Basin. A previous interpretation considered the intersected succession as a conformable stratigraphic package, the Vines Formation. An assemblage of palynomorphs, found throughout the hole and previously used to infer an age of no older than earliest Cambrian, is now thought to consist of contaminants. An older assemblage, which is considered to be reworked and inherited from underlying rocks, provides a new maximum age constraint of mid-Neoproterozoic. Based on sedimentological interpretations and comparisons with other drillholes in the western Officer Basin, and the succession in the eastern Officer Basin, the Vines 1 succession is reinterpreted as four discrete sedimentary packages, the Pirrilyungka (new name), Wahlgu, Lungkarta and Vines (redefined) Formations, in ascending order. The Pirrilyungka and Wahlgu Formations include glacigenic sediments and may correlate with similar glacial successions in Supersequences 2 and 3 (mid to late Cryogenian) of the Centralian Superbasin, and the Sturt Tillite and Elatina Formation and their equivalents in the Adelaide Rift Complex of South Australia, respectively. The eolian Lungkarta Formation and fluvial Vines Formation are considered, on regional evidence, to be most likely of Ediacaran to earliest Cambrian age.     

Heritage and landscape change: Recording,archiving and engaging with photogrammetry on the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site

The Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site is a landscape defined by change and process. As such, the approach to its heritage must be similarly flexible and active. A balance must be found between celebrating these processes of change, whilst also conserving those invaluable discoveries and features that so define this coast, as well as encouraging ongoing research and public engagement. This delicate task can be aided firstly by thinking about this geologically defined World Heritage Site as a landscape. In this way it is possible to develop rich and nuanced narratives between the human and geological. Secondly, by embracing new technologies and methodologies to record, archive and communicate features and finds, as well as the process of change itself. Here, we explore these ideas through two unique sites of geological and palaeontological interest discovered in the process of quarrying. To balance keeping the sites open to the public with the risk of natural and human damage to the sites, Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry was used to create accurate, high-resolution, georeferenced 3D models. The process and potentials of the technique are discussed, alongside a discussion of the broader ideas of heritage and approaches already at play on this coastline.     

澳大利亚寒武系生物地层研究新进展(英文)

澳大利亚寒武系集中分布在一南北向分布的从澳大利亚的北部、中部直到南澳大利亚克拉通地块上,少量寒武纪地层分布在新南威尔士、维多利亚和塔斯马尼亚。寒武系的底在中澳大利亚的Amadeus盆地出露得最好。下寒武统(大致相当于纽芬兰统和第二统)在澳大利亚北部大多数是不含化石的火山岩,而在澳大利亚中部和南澳大利亚的盆地中,其中最有名的是南澳大利亚的Arrowie和Stansbury盆地则是各种含化石的巨厚沉积序列。澳大利亚的下寒武统没有分阶方案,尽管在生物地层研究上最近取得很大进展,现在可以利用疑源类、遗迹化石、古杯类、三叶虫、腕足类、软体动物和其他小壳化石进行化石带的划分。很长一段时间内澳大利亚中部和北部的Ord-ian阶被认为是中寒武世最早期的,现在证明它可能相当于第二统的全部或者一部分;含化石的中寒武统和芙蓉统(或上寒武统)在Georgina盆地东部发育非常完整,在中澳大利亚、新南威尔士、维多利亚和塔斯马尼亚也可见到,都可以划分到阶。芙蓉统的底大致与Idamean阶的底相当。化石带的建立主要综合考虑球接子三叶虫、多节类三叶虫,自Iverian期晚期起再加上牙形类化石。寒武系的顶大致相当于Warendan阶的底,相关地层在Georgina盆地东部发育得很好。     

苏南地区地质灾害区划评价

苏南是江苏省经济发展水平较高的地区,也是全国人口密度较大、经济较发达和城镇化程度较高的地区,地质灾害是影响苏南快速发展的重要因素之一。研究采用层次分析法,尝试以重要性、危害性和易发性3个要素作为指标建立评价体系,对苏南地区进行地质灾害区域划分,并在区划基础上考虑社会经济因素对地质灾害危害程度的影响,将苏南地区划分出地面沉降重点防治区和滑坡塌陷重点防治区2个重点防治区,其他区域为一般防治区。评价结果对于苏南地区地质灾害防治工作具有较大的参考价值。     

苏南地区地质灾害区划评价

苏南是江苏省经济发展水平较高的地区,也是全国人口密度较大、经济较发达和城镇化程度较高的地区,地质灾害是影响苏南快速发展的重要因素之一。研究采用层次分析法,尝试以重要性、危害性和易发性3个要素作为指标建立评价体系,对苏南地区进行地质灾害区域划分,并在区划基础上考虑社会经济因素对地质灾害危害程度的影响,将苏南地区划分出地面沉降重点防治区和滑坡塌陷重点防治区2个重点防治区,其他区域为一般防治区。评价结果对于苏南地区地质灾害防治工作具有较大的参考价值。