西藏纳木错晚更新世以来湖面变化和湖相沉积中粘土矿物显示的环境信息

通过对西藏海拔最高、面积最大湖泊-纳木错周缘湖相沉积、湖岸堤的野外调查和湖岸阶地的水准测量,发现在纳木错沿岸拔湖48m以下,发育有6级湖岸阶地,拔湖48~139.2m发育有高位湖相沉积。湖相沉积物的同位素测年结果表明,纳木错湖泊发育与藏北高原东南部古大湖演化可划分为3个阶段:①116~37kaB.P.间的古大湖期;②37~30kaB.P.间的外流湖期;③30kaB.P.以来的纳木错期。根据纳木错晚更新世以来湖相沉积中粘土矿物的X光衍射分析结果,以及采用比值法、高岭石法和衍射峰法的研究,探讨了粘土矿物所显示的环境变化信息。粘土矿物成分变化表明,该区已具备了寒温带干旱、半干旱区的气候环境特征。为研究青藏高原的湖泊演化、气候变化、古地理变迁及其隆升过程等提供了新资料。      

Quaternary Lake Deposits of Nam Co, Tibet, with a Discussion of the Connection of Nam Co with Ring Co-Jiuru Co

Shorelines are widespread and lake deposits and lake geomorphology are well developed on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Through field observations of lacustrine deposits of Nam Co-the highest and largest Quaternary lake in Tibet, the authors found four-step shore terraces composed of sands and clays with well-developed horizontal bedding and 3-12 m, 15-22 m, 25-30 m and 35-45 m higher than the lake surface respectively, lacustrine deposits resting on the bedrocks and 60-150 m higher than the lake surface, and up to -50 levees composed of oblate lakeshore gravels. Moreover they found lacustrine and lakeshore deposits making up the terraces and levees on the bottoms of wide dividing valleys connecting Nam Co with the Rencoyuema, Rencogongma and Jiuru Co northwest of Nam Co (the valley bottoms are 20 m, 90 m and 60 m higher than the above-mentioned three lakes) and on slopes north of it, i.e. terraces II and III of Nam Co. Thus they confirm that Nam Co and Ring Co-Jiuru Co had connected with each other seve     

班戈错晚第四纪湖泊发育、湖面变化与藏北高原东南部末次大湖期湖泊演化

班戈错是因湖面阶段性下降而于晚更新世末期从母湖色林错东部分离出来的小离湖.2003年5-7月,我们对班戈湖沿岸进行了详细的地貌与第四纪地质调查,湖面高程及6条剖面湖岸阶地的水准测量,并采集了沿岸及邻区的湖相沉积物样品进行U系年龄测定.研究结果表明,班戈错湖岸阶地共6级,其中T1为与色林错分离后所形成,T2至T6的拔湖高...     

西藏纳木错盆地116ka以来沉积演化与青藏高原隆升

根据湖相或湖滨相沉积的铀系等时线年龄测定结果,116kaB.P.以来,在西藏纳木错沿岸,发育了拔湖48m以下的6级湖岸阶地和拔湖48m以上,最高至139.2m的高位湖相沉积.可划分出3个沉积相组合,其演化可划分为4个阶段:①116~72kaB.P.,为深湖环境,古湖面拔湖高于现今纳木错140~48m;②72~37kaB.P.,为半深湖环境,拔湖为48~26m;③37~30kaB.P.,为浅湖环境,拔湖26~19m;④30kaB.P.以来,湖水逐渐变浅,拔湖<19m.纳木错盆地沉积与青藏高原隆升响应关系,揭示出高原自116kaB.P.以来先后经历了稳定期、持续逐步较快隆升期(116~37kaB.P.)、急剧强烈阶段性隆升期(37~30kaB.P.)和较稳定期(30kaB.P.以来).青藏高原的隆升是一个多阶段、不等速和非均变的复杂过程.      

纳木错湖相沉积与藏北高原古大湖

藏北高原古湖岸线分布广泛，湖相沉积与湖成地貌发育，目前，在纳木错沿岸可清晰地划分出4-6级湖岸阶地，最高湖相沉积高出现代湖面150m，沿岸堤可多达50条，雄曲-那曲谷地是连接纳木错盆地与其以西的仁错-久如错盆地的分水谷地，也是构成纳木错2湖岸阶地顶部的第四纪湖相沉积，构成宽谷的谷底，从最高湖岸线的分布与湖相沉积物、湖成地貌等标志综合判定，古大湖泊的面积要比现代湖泊面积大数十倍，末次古大湖的时代发生于末次冰期间冰段。     

西藏纳木错及邻区全新世气候与环境变化的地质记录

综合分析了全新世期间内的多种与气候和环境变化密切相关的地质记录,结果表明该区全新世期间的气候变化可划分为3个阶段:1)约11.8～8.4kaBP期间,处于微温期和升温期,气候相对温和稍湿.2)8.4～4.0kaBP期间,为全新世气候最适宜时期或大暖期.该期间的平均气温可能比现今高约5℃,降水量比今多100～200mm.3)4.0kaBP以来,气候整体较为干冷.纳木错湖面发生持续下降,其最大下降幅度可达11.4m.冰川进退和湖面波动表明,该期间内的气候波动过程分别与新冰期和小冰期相对应,其中又各包含了3次明显的冷期,其中新冰期期间的最低年平均气温可达-6℃左右.约1970年以来,区域气候向暖湿方向转化,造成念青唐古拉山西布冰川后退约120～200m,纳木错湖面上涨了约2m.     

西藏纳木错地区约120kaBP以来的古植被、古气候与湖面变化

西藏纳木错湖相沉积的U系和^11C测年结果表明，湖泊沿岸的6级湖岸阶地及拔湖约48～139．2m的高位湖相沉积形成于约120ka BP以来的晚第四纪。本文根据该套湖相层的发育和其中的孢粉组合特征对纳木错地区约120ka BP以来的湖面变化与古植被、古气候变迁进行了探讨。结果表明，纳木错地区晚更新世以来经历了频繁的湖面波动、气候的冷暖与干湿变化以及森林—草原与草原植被的交替演化。其总体特征是：约115．9ka BP时，纳木错湖面最高。在116～78ka BP期间，该区气候温和凉爽或温和偏湿，植被以疏林草原与森林草原或森林的交替出现为特征，湖面经历了较大幅度的波动，但基本保持在拔湖140～88m之间。在78～53ka BP期间，该区气候干冷，植被以疏林草原为主，湖面大幅度下降，并在拔湖约36～48m之间波动。约53～32ka BP期间，气候转为温暖偏湿或温暖湿润，湖面波动于拔湖约15～28m之间，波动较为频繁。与阶地的发育相对应，该时期内包含了3次明显的暖期和湖面波动过程，区域植被主要以松、蒿、桦为主，为含一定量的冷杉的森林。其中36ka BP左右气候最温暖湿润，区域内可能出现针叶林或针阔混交林。约32～12ka BP期间，该区气候最为干冷，古植被以草原和疏林草原为主，湖面再次发生较大幅度的下降，最低可至拔湖约8m处，但通常维持在拔湖约12～17m之间。约11．8～4．2ka BP期间，气候整体较为暖湿，其中在约8．4～4．2ka BP期间气候最温暖湿润，该区可能发育针叶林或针阔混交林，湖面波动于拔湖2～9m之间，整体波动幅度较小，但波动最为频繁。区域气候对比发现，纳木错地区的冷、暖气候变化过程与整个青藏高原乃至北半球的气候变化基本是一致的，特别是阶地下切所反映的湖面退缩过程与北大西洋的Henrich冷事件之间具有很好的对应关系。     

西藏纳木错末次间冰期以来的气候变迁与湖面变化

在西藏纳木错沿岸,发育了6级湖岸阶地及拔湖48～139.2m的高位湖相沉积.根据湖相沉积的U系法测年和孢粉分析结果,本文探讨了纳木错及邻区末次间冰期(MIS5)以来的古植被、古气候与湖面变化.研究表明,纳木错与邻区的湖面变化可以划分为116～37kaB.P.间的古大湖--"羌塘东湖"期、37～30kaB.P.间的"古纳木错"外流湖-残余古大湖期和30kaB.P.以来的纳木错-藏北湖群期等3大阶段.在MIS5的古大湖阶段,包括纳木错、色林错等藏北高原东南部的众多大、中型湖泊,是互相连通的一个大湖,其范围可能超过了现代的藏北内、外流(怒江)水系的分水岭.在MIS5e末的最高湖面时期,湖面面积可达78800km²,它或许还与藏北高原西南部和中南部的其他古大湖相连,成为面积巨大的网格状深水大湖--"羌塘湖".通过纳木错湖面变化曲线与西昆仑古里雅、格陵兰、南极等冰芯和深海岩芯的氧同位素变化曲线的对比可以发现,全球MIS5的气温要高于末次冰期间冰阶(MIS3),此时藏北高原为气候温和轻爽与湖面最高的大湖期;在末次冰期的两个冰阶(MIS4和MIS2)中,湖面明显下降,邻近的念青唐古拉山发育了小型山谷冰川;而在间冰阶MIS3中,其气候波动的幅度,要比世界其他地区更加明显,湖面波动也较大,特别是36～35kaB.P.间,气温和湿度都较今略高或较高,但不及MIS1中的全新世气候最宜时期的暖湿程度.总之,MIS5和MIS3是亚洲夏季风强烈时期,但前者的强烈程度应大于后者.     

Synchronous pattern of moisture availability on the southern Tibetan Plateau since 17.5 cal. ka BP – the Tangra Yumco lake sediment record

A possible asynchronicity of the spatial and temporal moisture availability on the Tibetan Plateau has been a controversial subject of discussion in recent years. Here we present the first attempt to systematically investigate possible spatial and temporal variations in moisture availability by examining two lakes, Tangra Yumco and Nam Co, on an east–west transect on the southern Tibetan Plateau using identical proxies for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. In this study, an independent record from Tangra Yumco was analysed applying a multi‐proxy approach to reconstruct variations in moisture availability since the Lateglacial. Results were subsequently compared with previously published records from Nam Co and additional records from Tso Moriri (northwestern Himalaya) and Naleng Co (southeastern Tibetan Plateau). Our results show that Tangra Yumco was at least partially ice covered prior to 17.1 cal. ka BP. A temperature rise after 17.1 cal. ka BP probably resulted in thawing of the permafrost. At 16.0 cal. ka BP moisture availability increased, representing an initial monsoonal intensification. Warmer conditions between 13.0 and 12.4 cal. ka BP and cooler conditions between 12.4 cal. ka BP and the onset of the Holocene reflect the Bølling‐Allerød and Younger Dryas. At the onset of the Holocene moisture availability rapidly increased, with moisture highest prior to 8.5 cal. ka BP when temperatures were also highest. After 8.5 cal. ka BP the moisture availability gradually decreased and showed only minor amplitude variations. These findings are consistent with the records from large lakes like Nam Co, Tso Moriri, and Naleng Co, revealing a synchronous pattern of moisture availability on the southern Tibetan Plateau.     

Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (¹⁴C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

末次冰期间冰阶(40～22kaBP)内蒙古黄旗海古降水量研究

末次冰期间冰阶(40～22kaBP),黄旗海最高古湖面稳定在1310～1318m之间,比现代湖面约高50m,湖泊面积达到450～515km2(平均为466km2),是现代湖面101km2(1950～1961年平均值)的4.4～5.1倍,湖泊补给系数7.8～9.1。利用逐次逼近法寻找古流域的现代气候相似区域,从而确定相关参数定量重建古降水量;在此基础上,附加另外两个过程,检验了重建结果的可靠性。重建结果认为:40～22kaBP古湖面稳定存在时,黄旗海流域的古降水量可达479～497mm/a,比现在年平均值(353mm/a)高约126～144mm/a。     

A REVIEW OF THE PALEO-HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LAKE NAM CO,SOUTH-CENTRAL TIBET

The endorheic Lake Nam Co,south Eastern Tibetan Plateau,was selected to investigate the interrelation between drainage basin processes,especially post-glacial glacier decay,and lake level fluctuations.Landforms of the drainage basin are highly influenced by tectonics,superimposed by fluvial and periglacial processes,and locally by glacial and eolian processes.Thus,geomorphological features and hydrological characteristics were compiled for the lake-basin to provide an overview of the landscape character.Data show that during the Last Glacial Maximum melt water from the mountains accumulated fluvial deposits in the foreland.Concurrently,an increase of the lake level occurred which is presently shown by a cliff line all around Nam Co with its base approximately 29m above the present lake level.The Holocene decrease of the lake level is traced by beach ridges.As Nam Co is an endorheic lake post-glacial water loss has to be primarily explained by evaporation and moisture conditions.However,more detailed conclusions on quantitative and chronological patterns of both factors,melt-water input and evaporation output,still remain to be drawn.     

用OSL方法确定雅鲁藏布江大拐弯第四纪晚期冰川堰塞湖年龄

雅鲁藏布江是青藏高原上的一条大河, 其河谷地貌和地质环境演化的发育历史对于青藏高原地质研究有重要意义。前人用ESR和14C测年方法对雅鲁藏布江河谷两岸广泛分布河湖相沉积物、冰碛物测年确定了有四期堰塞湖。作者用光释光(OSL, Opically Stimulated Luminesecence)测年方法分析采集到的湖相样品年龄为(50.9±2.1) ka BP和(1.8±0.1) ka BP, 证明雅鲁藏布江大拐弯处末次冰期早冰阶和新冰期存在 古堰塞湖。     

A REVIEW OF THE PALEO­HYDROLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER OF LAKE NAM CO|SOUTH­CENTRAL TIBET

Department of Earth Sciences,Freie Universität Berlin,Malteserstraße 74－100,12249 Berlin,Germany)
The endorheic Lake Nam Co,south Eastern Tibetan Plateau,was selected to investigate the interrelation between drainage basin processes,especially post­glacial glacier decay,and lake level fluctuations. Landforms of the drainage basin are highly influenced by tectonics,superimposed by fluvial and periglacial processes,and locally by glacial and eolian processes. Thus,geomorphological features and hydrological characteristics were compiled for the lake­basin to provide an overview of the landscape character. Data show that during the Last Glacial Maximum melt water from the mountains accumulated fluvial deposits in the foreland. Concurrently,an increase of the lake level occurred which is presently shown by a cliff line all around Nam Co with its base approximately 29m above the present lake level. The Holocene decrease of the lake level is traced by beach ridges. As Nam Co is an endorheic lake post­glacial water loss has to be primarily explained by evaporation and moisture conditions. However,more detailed conclusions on quantitative and chronological patterns of both factors,melt­water input and evaporation output,still remain to be drawn.     

季风与西风对青藏高原全新世气候变化的影响:同位素证据

青藏高原气候变化在冰期-间冰期、千年、十年际和季节尺度上受亚洲季风和西风环流的交互影响,表现出显著的区域性特征。然而全新世以来青藏高原气候变化的机制还不甚清楚,主要原因之一是缺少指示意义明确的古气候代用指标。课题组近年来利用叶蜡氢同位素(δDwax)重建了高原东北部的青海湖、中北部的令戈错、中部的达则错、西部的班公错和阿翁错不同时间尺度的大气降水同位素记录,本文对上述工作进行总结,并结合青藏高原全新世以来已发表的其他地点的同位素和古水文记录,揭示全新世以来季风与西风对青藏高原不同区域气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)早全新世青海湖、令戈错、班公错和阿翁错4个湖泊均主要受夏季风影响,夏季风可以影响到青藏高原的大部分地区,此时夏季风在青藏高原的最北界限可能位于青海湖以北、克鲁克湖以南。2)中全新世青海湖、班公错和阿翁错受夏季风影响逐渐减弱;然而令戈错在7.0~4.5 ka水汽主要来源于西风环流。3)晚全新世青海湖和班公错受季风的影响进一步减弱;西风在3.5~1.7 ka和2.0~1.0 ka分别影响到高原中部的令戈错和达则错;晚全新世阿翁错受冰川融水补给影响降水同位素异常偏负。4)本研究表明在中晚全新世季风较弱的时期,西风能够深入到青藏高原内部地区,给高原内部地区带来冷湿的水汽。     

金沙江上游特米古滑坡堰塞湖成因与演化

金沙江上游巴塘—中咱河段位于青藏高原东南缘,该河段两岸岸坡发育众多的大型古滑坡,且部分古滑坡曾堵塞金沙江形成了堰塞湖,特米大型古滑坡堰塞湖是其中之一。关于特米古滑坡堰塞湖的形成与演化过程目前尚未见有过详细的报道。本文在野外调查的基础上,结合遥感影像解译和年代学测试,对特米古滑坡堰塞湖的地貌和沉积特征进行了详细研究,并对其形成与演化过程进行了分析。研究结果表明,特米古滑坡堰塞湖很可能是由该地区的古地震活动触发大型滑坡并堵塞金沙江形成的,最大湖面面积约为1.42×10⁷ m²,库容蓄水量约为1.46×10⁹ m³。该古堰塞湖的形成时间约为1.8 ka BP,其溃决消亡的时间约为1.4 ka BP,溃决洪峰流量约为55 858 m³/s,该滑坡堰塞湖持续稳定了约400年的时间。     

青藏高原中部色林错中晚全新世以来古气候变化特征

色林错位于青藏高原中部印度季风和西风环流的过渡地带，同时受西风环流和印度季风系统控制，是研究二者进退变化特征的理想场所。本文利用色林错SL 1钻孔中介形虫 Limnocythere inopinata 的丰度及其壳体微量元素Mg/Ca和Mn/Ca比值重建了色林错5. 3 ka BP以来的古气候环境变化特征。5. 3~2. 9 ka BP， L. inopinata 丰度较小，壳体的低Mg/Ca比值和高Mn/Ca比值表明此阶段气候偏冷湿；2. 9~1. 8 ka BP， L. inopinata 丰度较前一阶段增加，壳体Mg/Ca比值略有增长但仍为低值表明气温虽然有所回升但仍然较低，Mn/Ca比值较前一阶段明显降低，指示湖泊水位下降；1. 8 ka BP至今， L. inopinata 丰度达到最大，壳体的高Mg/Ca和Mn/Ca比值指示湖泊温度和水位均呈显著的上升趋势。通过与西风区、过渡区以及印度季风区其他湖泊的环境沉积记录对比，本文认为青藏高原中部地区在中全新世晚期主要受西风环流影响，气温较低，西风带来大量水汽使得湖面呈扩张趋势；而到晚全新世西风环流逐渐北撤，色林错受季风影响更大，季风带来的降水和气温升高导致的冰川融水增加与色林错水位上升有密切关系。     

喀喇昆仑山-西昆仑山地区湖泊演化

由于地质构造的控制,本区湖泊可分为三个湖泊带。本区湖泊几乎均为封闭湖泊,在湖盆中有众多的古湖岸线遗迹。由古湖岸线的分布推算高湖面时期的古湖泊范围为本区总面积的10.6%,为今日湖泊面积的3.06倍。根据地貌、第四纪沉积和¹⁴C 测年数据分析,最高湖面时期即最高古湖岸线所围限的古湖泊出现的时期为40000—20000aB.P.,大致与末次冰期间冰段相当。本区湖泊退缩十分强烈,喀喇昆仑山以北的湖泊退缩速度大于喀喇昆仑山以南。     

岷江上游叠溪混杂堆积体的沉积特征及其成因分析

青藏高原东缘岷江上游叠溪河谷段在地质历史时期发生了一次大规模滑坡堵江事件,形成一个特大型堰塞湖。堰塞湖形成后在晚更新世晚期(约27 ka B.P.)发生了溃决,并在坝体下游形成长约5 km的天然混杂堆积体,判断其为叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖溃决后形成的溃坝堆积。该套溃坝堆积体具有叠瓦构造、孔洞构造、块状构造、杂基构造、支撑—叠置构造及韵律互层构造。从上游至下游,溃坝堆积体的出露厚度逐渐变薄,砾石碎屑成分表现出由粗变细的变化趋势。溃坝堆积体是由高流态灾难性洪流及常态流和河流态两种机制形成,相应地具有两大类沉积相:巨砾层相及砾石层相和砂层相,依据溃坝堆积的地貌结构和沉积相特征可以推断叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖至少发生过一次极其罕见的灾难性溃决洪水事件。     

青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖全新世湖面波动

青藏高原处于东亚季风、印度季风和西风环流交互作用区.末次冰消期以来,太阳辐射对该地区的古气候环境产生了重要影响,湖泊随着季风系统的变化发生了明显的水位升降,对湖岸阶地的形成起到了直接作用.本项研究重建了青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖湖岸阶地记录的湖面波动历史,试图了解青藏高原季风系统演变过程.通过湖泊北岸265 cm厚湖岸阶地沉积物粒度、碳酸盐、矿物、元素和介形虫古环境指标,结合OSL年代模式,分析表明在约10. 2 ka B. P.之前水体较浅;约10. 2~9. 0 ka B. P.湖面开始上升,气候凉湿;9. 0~8. 5 ka B. P.为印度季风强盛期,湖面明显上升,降雨量增高、温度上升;8. 5~7. 9 ka B. P.湖面降低与气候变冷有关;7. 9~7. 0 ka B. P.印度季风开始减弱,气温、降雨下降,但有效湿度较大,湖面降低;7. 0~6. 1 ka B. P.湖面上升可能与低蒸发作用有关,印度季风仍然影响该地区;6. 1~5. 2 ka B. P.,印度季风衰退,气候逐渐变冷、降雨量减小、水体变浅;5. 2~4. 6 ka B. P.气候冷干,有效湿度减小,湖面进一步下降;4. 6 ka B. P.至今气候干冷,东亚季风衰退,湖面下降,期间也可能受西风环流影响而有短暂的降雨增加时期.