青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖全新世湖面波动

青藏高原处于东亚季风、印度季风和西风环流交互作用区.末次冰消期以来,太阳辐射对该地区的古气候环境产生了重要影响,湖泊随着季风系统的变化发生了明显的水位升降,对湖岸阶地的形成起到了直接作用.本项研究重建了青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖湖岸阶地记录的湖面波动历史,试图了解青藏高原季风系统演变过程.通过湖泊北岸265 cm厚湖岸阶地沉积物粒度、碳酸盐、矿物、元素和介形虫古环境指标,结合OSL年代模式,分析表明在约10. 2 ka B. P.之前水体较浅;约10. 2~9. 0 ka B. P.湖面开始上升,气候凉湿;9. 0~8. 5 ka B. P.为印度季风强盛期,湖面明显上升,降雨量增高、温度上升;8. 5~7. 9 ka B. P.湖面降低与气候变冷有关;7. 9~7. 0 ka B. P.印度季风开始减弱,气温、降雨下降,但有效湿度较大,湖面降低;7. 0~6. 1 ka B. P.湖面上升可能与低蒸发作用有关,印度季风仍然影响该地区;6. 1~5. 2 ka B. P.,印度季风衰退,气候逐渐变冷、降雨量减小、水体变浅;5. 2~4. 6 ka B. P.气候冷干,有效湿度减小,湖面进一步下降;4. 6 ka B. P.至今气候干冷,东亚季风衰退,湖面下降,期间也可能受西风环流影响而有短暂的降雨增加时期.     

季风与西风对青藏高原全新世气候变化的影响:同位素证据

青藏高原气候变化在冰期-间冰期、千年、十年际和季节尺度上受亚洲季风和西风环流的交互影响,表现出显著的区域性特征。然而全新世以来青藏高原气候变化的机制还不甚清楚,主要原因之一是缺少指示意义明确的古气候代用指标。课题组近年来利用叶蜡氢同位素(δDwax)重建了高原东北部的青海湖、中北部的令戈错、中部的达则错、西部的班公错和阿翁错不同时间尺度的大气降水同位素记录,本文对上述工作进行总结,并结合青藏高原全新世以来已发表的其他地点的同位素和古水文记录,揭示全新世以来季风与西风对青藏高原不同区域气候变化的影响。结果表明:1)早全新世青海湖、令戈错、班公错和阿翁错4个湖泊均主要受夏季风影响,夏季风可以影响到青藏高原的大部分地区,此时夏季风在青藏高原的最北界限可能位于青海湖以北、克鲁克湖以南。2)中全新世青海湖、班公错和阿翁错受夏季风影响逐渐减弱;然而令戈错在7.0~4.5 ka水汽主要来源于西风环流。3)晚全新世青海湖和班公错受季风的影响进一步减弱;西风在3.5~1.7 ka和2.0~1.0 ka分别影响到高原中部的令戈错和达则错;晚全新世阿翁错受冰川融水补给影响降水同位素异常偏负。4)本研究表明在中晚全新世季风较弱的时期,西风能够深入到青藏高原内部地区,给高原内部地区带来冷湿的水汽。     

河西走廊花海古湖泊早、中全新世湖水盐度变化及其环境意义

通过对花海古湖泊沉积剖面8.42~0.405 m沉积物样品的矿物和化学元素测定,分析了沉积物中盐类矿物含量及化学元素K/Na比值的变化情况,结合已有的年代地层结果,重建了花海古湖泊10.47~5.5 cal ka BP湖水盐度变化. 结果表明：花海湖泊全新世湖相沉积阶段中,除个别层位以硫酸盐类矿物沉积为主外,早全新世(10.47~8.87 cal ka BP)和中全新世(8.87~5.5 cal ka BP)均以碳酸盐盐类矿物沉积为主,并且早全新世时期K/Na高于中全新世时期,揭示了早全新世时期湖水盐度高于中全新世时期. 这一结果与该湖泊沉积过程所揭示的湖泊水位变化、粒度等揭示的有效湿度变化具有一致性,表明花海湖泊早、中全新世湖水盐度的高低可以指示其湖泊水位的变化,并间接反映了有效湿度的变化. 结合花海湖泊晚全新世湖泊萎缩、气候干旱的特点,该区域早、中、晚全新世气候干湿变化变化模式可以概况为早全新世降水增强、气候呈现由干向湿的转变,中全新世有效湿度最大,晚全新世气候干旱. 这种全新世气候干湿变化模式有别于西风区,亦与季风区不完全相同,呈现出了一种季风-西风过渡带全新世气候干湿变化的模式.     

西藏色林错沉积物介壳同位素重建的2000年以来气候变化研究

青藏高原作为印度季风与西风交汇的特殊区域,对全球气候变化响应敏感,成为了古气候研究的热点地区。青藏高原湖泊众多,存在巨厚连续的湖泊沉积物,为古气候重建提供了优良载体。而介形类壳体在湖泊中沉积连续,生长过程记录了气候变化,同时有效屏蔽了湖泊水体中同位素的累积效应,能够反映介壳生长阶段短时间尺度的同位素水平,理论上是高精度气候重建的理想载体。基于此,本研究选取青藏高原中部地区湖泊色林错湖芯(SL16-1-1)顶部0～107 cm部分为对象,对其中的介形类壳体进行种属鉴定及碳氧同位素分析,以期建立高分辨率的古环境变化记录,结合沉积物Rb/Sr、 Ti/Si环境代用指标,重建色林错湖区近2000年来的气候变化记录,结果揭示了：1)介形类壳体碳氧稳定同位素变化对气候变化(尤其冷气候)尤为敏感,是重建高分辨率环境变化过程的优良载体;2)色林错地区对小冰期冷事件的响应较早于其他地区;3)色林错介形类壳体2000年来的气候重建结果与青藏高原研究成果大体一致,特别是与内地文献记录和物候史料记载高度一致,说明色林错湖泊记录具有广泛代表性,同时证实利用湖泊沉积物介形类壳体进行古气候高分辨率重建具有可靠性。     

青藏高原全新世1月和7月气温序列重建

青藏高原自然环境受人类干扰相对较小,为利用古孢粉记录重建气候因子提供了可能,高原过去气候因子的重建对于预测未来气候变化趋势有重要意义.通过选取的29条高原化石孢粉记录,利用现代类比法和化石孢粉点与高原气温的函数关系,把化石孢粉点古气温转化为青藏高原古气温,重建了高原全新世1月和7月古气温序列.结果表明：对于1月和7月气温而言,全新世早期（11.5～8.5 ka BP）为气温波动上升期;全新世中期（8.5～4.6 ka BP）为全新世大暖期,气温整体高于现代;全新世晚期（4.6 ka BP～至今）又可分为两个阶段,一个是4.6～2.4 ka BP,在此阶段1月和7月气温都有减小的趋势,另一个阶段则是2.4 ka BP至今,气温出现反常的趋势.     

14 ka以来苦海沉积物地球化学记录及其古环境意义

对青藏高原东北部封闭咸水湖泊苦海水深最深处KH17钻孔进行沉积物粒度、烧失量和X射线荧光光谱（XRF）测试及XRF测试结果的主成分分析（PCA）,以揭示14 ka以来苦海沉积物特征及其所反映的搬运与沉积过程变化,反演湖泊流域古环境。研究结果表明:第一主成分（PC1）主要包括Ti、Fe、K等元素,指示径流输入强弱;第二主成分（PC2）中载荷值较大的Ca和Sr与碳酸盐含量相关,指示湖泊蒸发强弱;Zr（第三主成分中载荷值最大）与砂组分、Rb与黏土组分含量相关,分别指示风力输入粗颗粒物质和径流输入细颗粒物质情况,其比值可反映化学风化弱强;Fe/Mn、Sr/Ca也能较好地指示沉积物氧化还原环境、湖水盐度和水位情况。基于上述记录所建立的古环境演变重建结果显示:13.6~13.0 ka B.P.苦海水位较低,径流输入相对强;13.0~11.5 ka B.P.受新仙女木事件影响,环境干旱且温度极低,风力作用强,输入物质多;早全新世升温显著,蒸发作用强,内生碳酸盐沉积增多,湖泊水位增加缓慢,中全新世期间达到最高水位;5.3 ka B.P.以后,湖泊经历干旱时期,盐度与碳酸盐沉积增加;2.7 ka B.P.以来水分供给波动,湖泊水位显著振荡。     

阿拉善高原古湖岸堤释光测年与晚第四纪湖面变化

阿拉善高原位于现代西风环流与东亚季风环流过渡带,该地区分布的湖泊对全球性气候变化响应极为敏感,阿拉善高原广泛分布的古湖岸堤为较准确地重建晚第四纪湖泊水位变化提供了良好载体.近年对黑河、石羊河尾闾湖泊以及吉兰泰盐池、雅布赖盆地等地的古湖岸堤的沉积地层以及石英和钾长石释光测年研究,重建了不同区域较高分辨率的末次间冰期以来湖泊时空演化过程.发现早在300 ka以前阿拉善高原就已经形成了高水位湖泊,黑河尾闾额济纳盆地在MIS11或更早、 MIS9、 MIS7、 MIS5和MIS 1形成了高湖面湖泊,高湖面湖泊形成存在100 ka的周期.阿拉善高原在末次间冰期及全新世形成了稳定高湖面湖泊,但间冰期内部湖面波动具有空间差异性,东部区域湖泊高湖面出现在MIS 5e^5c和中全新世,西部湖泊高湖面出现在MIS 5a^5c和晚全新世.湖面变化的空间差异性很可能与冰期-间冰期旋回尺度及间冰期内部东亚夏季风与西风气候系统在阿拉善高原的相互作用密切相关.     

青藏高原共和盆地14.5calkaBP以来粘土矿物响应的气候变化模式

对青藏高原北缘共和盆地沙珠玉河的尾闾湖达连海钻孔沉积柱(40.92 m)进行了~(14)C年代测定(10个控制点)和粘土矿物分析(按20cm/70 a间隔的分辨率)。沉积柱底部年龄为14.5 cal ka BP。根据沉积柱粘土矿物的类型、组合、比率指标综合分析,重建了共和盆地14.5 cal ka BP以来气候环境的演化历史。冰消期(14.5~10.0 cal ka BP)盆地气候总体特征表现为干冷,盆地物理风化强:早中全新世(10.0~5.0 cal ka BP)气候表现为温湿,盆地化学风化为主,气候最宜期发生在中全新世的6.0 cal ka BP前后;晚全新世(5.0~0.0 cal ka BP)气候表现为干冷,盆地物理风化盛行。末次冰消期以来,共和盆地粘土矿物记录的气候环境变化阶段与高原其它湖泊指标记录的阶段基本一致。共和盆地粘土矿物记录的气候环境兼有西风、季风模式的特征。     

内蒙古中东部达里湖湖岸堤记录的12.5 cal ka BP以来湖面波动过程*

内蒙古中东部位于东亚夏季风过渡区,对气候变化响应敏感。广泛发育的湖泊沉积物提供了全新世以来的环境变化的理想材料。湖岸沉积物直接记录的古水位,与高分辨率的湖心钻孔记录相结合,有助于全面认识古气候的变化历史和湖面波动的定量重建。运用AMS¹⁴C测年和GPS、DEM及1︰5万地形图等相结合的方法确定了达里湖北侧湖岸堤的年代和高程,并结合湖岸堤剖面的沉积序列指示的湖面变化过程,重建了12.5 cal ka BP以来达里湖的波动历史。12.5 cal ka BP,达里湖湖面海拔高度约为1253,m,至12.3 cal ka BP湖面经历短暂上升,至海拔1266,m左右;之后湖面下降,至全新世早期(11.2 cal ka BP),水位降至1254,m左右;随后湖面开始逐步上升,10.7 cal ka BP湖面水位稳定在1274,m左右;全新世中期湖面继续上升至某一高度(至少在1291,m)后,于全新世晚期4.8 calka BP 湖面高度降至1279,m,并于4.6 cal ka BP湖面继续下降至1275,m的高度。通过对比湖心钻孔记录的湖泊波动历史以及区域湖泊沉积记录,认为达里湖的水位波动受东亚季风活动的影响,具有区域的一致性。达里湖的水位变化较区域内的其他湖泊更为强烈,认为除了受区域气候变化的影响外,达里湖全新世晚期的湖面下降可能还与区域内强烈的构造活动和西拉木伦河溯源侵蚀导致区域水系的改变有关。     

内蒙古中东部达里湖湖岸堤记录的12.5 cal ka BP以来湖面波动过程

内蒙古中东部位于东亚夏季风过渡区,对气候变化响应敏感。广泛发育的湖泊沉积物提供了全新世以来的环境变化的理想材料。湖岸沉积物直接记录的古水位,与高分辨率的湖心钻孔记录相结合,有助于全面认识古气候的变化历史和湖面波动的定量重建。运用AMS14C测年和GPS、DEM及1︰5万地形图等相结合的方法确定了达里湖北侧湖岸堤的年代和高程,并结合湖岸堤剖面的沉积序列指示的湖面变化过程,重建了12.5cal ka BP以来达里湖的波动历史。12.5 cal ka BP,达里湖湖面海拔高度约为1253m,至12.3 cal ka BP湖面经历短暂上升,至海拔1266m左右;之后湖面下降,至全新世早期(11.2 cal ka BP),水位降至1254m左右;随后湖面开始逐步上升,10.7 cal ka BP湖面水位稳定在1274m左右;全新世中期湖面继续上升至某一高度(至少在1291m)后,于全新世晚期4.8 cal ka BP湖面高度降至1279m,并于4.6 cal ka BP湖面继续下降至1275m的高度。通过对比湖心钻孔记录的湖泊波动历史以及区域湖泊沉积记录,认为达里湖的水位波动受东亚季风活动的影响,具有区域的一致性。达里湖的水位变化较区域内的其他湖泊更为强烈,认为除了受区域气候变化的影响外,达里湖全新世晚期的湖面下降可能还与区域内强烈的构造活动和西拉木伦河溯源侵蚀导致区域水系的改变有关。     

Holocene Moisture Variation Recorded by Aeolian Sand-Palaeosol Sequences of the Gonghe Basin, Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

The northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) of China is located at the triple junction of the Asian winter and summer monsoons and the westerlies, where paleoclimatic evolution has an important scientific significance for recognizing the spatial-temporal pattern of Asian monsoons in the past and predicting environmental change in the future. Nevertheless, the framework of the Holocene moisture variation and related mechanisms remain controversial, owing to complex hydroclimatic conditions triggered by the landform of the large mountain-arid basin. Here, we employed geochemical proxies from typical aeolian sand-palaeosol sequences in the Gonghe Basin, northeastern QTP, together with Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) dating, to reconstruct the pattern of effective moisture variation and associated mechanisms in this region. Our results indicate that the regional effective moisture was at its lowest until 9–8 ka, and approached a maximum during 8–4/3 ka of the middle Holocene. Afterwards, the climate became relatively dry in general, but with a transient humid interval around 2–1 ka. Our geochemical evidence indicates that the dry early Holocene probably can be attributed to a strong winter monsoon forced by remnant ice sheet, combined with the high evaporation caused by solar insolation. Also, shifts of humid-dry are closely linked to the Asian summer monsoonal strength and therefore the balance of evaporation-precipitation in the middle and late Holocene. Thus, the pattern of the Holocene effective moisture variation is characterized as the ‘monsoon model' in a closed intermontane arid and semi-arid basin near the western Asian monsoonal limit.     

Climate change since 11.5 ka on the Diancang Massif on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The Diancang Massif is located in a region linking the Tibetan and Yungui Plateaus. Climatically, it is in a transition belt between the south and middle subtropical zones, controlled by Indian monsoon and westerlies. Thus, this study provides more evidences on the evolution of Indian monsoon since the Holocene. We reconstruct the history of climate on the Diancang Massif since 11.5 ka, using integrated correlation of glacial activities, early human settlement sites, and climate proxies abstracted from variations in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical composition, and pollen in lacustrine sediments. Six climatic stages have been identified. Stage I, from 11.5 ka to 9.0 ka, is a relatively wet period, corresponding to the onset of the Holocene; from 9.5 ka to 6.0 ka, the climate is arid; a cold period follows from 6.0 ka to 5.3 ka, and this is succeeded by a temperate stage from 5.3 ka to 4.0 ka; from 4.0 ka to 0.73 ka the climate is again arid. Compared with other regions dominated by the Indian monsoon, there is a delay in response of the climate on the Diancang Massif to the onset of the Holocene.     

内蒙古岱海地区小冰期气候演化特征的地球化学记录

通过对地处气候敏感带的岱海湖泊岩芯介形类壳体丰度、Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca摩尔比值，以及自生碳酸盐氧同位素组成等地球化学指标的综合分析，结合岩芯的岩性特征和^210Pb、^14C测年，重建了岱海小冰期以来气候环境演化过程，揭示小冰期前期本区以冷湿气候为主，在中后期，气候寒冷干旱，间有气候转温和的冷湿、湿干气候。本区小冰期气温变化与华北其他地区具有一致性，但降水与气温组合状况复杂，反映了明显的区域特征，其原因可能是气候转型期经向环流加强，气旋活动加强所致。     

Late Weichselian and Holocene environments of lake Endletvatn, Andφya, northern Norway: as evidenced primarily by chemostratigraphical data

A 6.5 m long sediment succession (18.5-2.2 ka BP) from the northern sub-basin of lake Endletvatn was analysed lithologically, palynologically and chemically. The chemical analyses were performed at about 10 cm depth intervals for the following parameters: total organic C, N, P, Fe, Mn, Mg, Na, K, Ca and S, in addition to water content, dry density, and pH. Two main lithostratigraphical units can be distinguished, which also differ substantially in chemical characters. Five chemostratigraphical main units were distinguished. The two lowermost units 1-2 (18.5-12.9 ka BP) correspond to the lower lithostratigraphical main unit and are characterized by minerogenous sediments with low C and N, and high Fe, Mg and K. P is low, partly because of a scarcity of P in parent rocks. Chemostratigraphical unit 3 (12.9-9.6 ka BP) is characterized by increasing C and N and a high N/P ratio (10-20) culminating in the early part of the Younger Dryas, indicating abundant N available for bio-production. The Fe, Mg, and K content is still high, but decreasing, indicating decreasing glacial and kryogenic erosion and allogenic deposition until c. 10.5 ka BP. A hiatus represented by a sand layer covers most of the time-span 10.5-9.6 ka BP. Chemostratigraphical unit 4 (9.6-5.3 ka BP) represents the Holocene thermal optimum in three subunits. In the time interval 9.6-9.1 ka BP, Fe, Mg and K decrease to a minimum and P shows a pronounced increase. The megathermal period c. 8200-5300 BP, is characterized by maxima of C, N and P and a minimum of Fe. The katathermal period after 5.3 ka BP is characterized primarily by increased Fe precipitation, increasing Fe/Mn ratio, and P, C and N at a constantly lower level than during the megathermal. A stable C/N ratio of about 10, of the sediment interval younger than 12.9 ka BP characterizes the sediments as transitional between gyttja and dy. The Holocene lake type varied between weakly oligohumic and mesohumic. Stagnant bottom waters (reducing conditions) occur in the periods 12.9-11.5 ka BP and c. 7.5-5.3 ka BP. The climatic development and other environmental implications of the joint chrono-, chemo-, litho- and biostratigraphical data set are discussed.     

河西走廊花海剖面晚冰期以来年代学及沉积特征研究

选择位于河西走廊的花海古湖泊沉积剖面作为研究对象,根据13个普通14C和5个AMS14C年代结果,以沉积物岩性特征为主要指标,建立了晚冰期以来花海湖泊沉积的年代框架及环境变化过程.结果表明:花海地区新仙女木期和晚冰期花海湖泊主要以芒硝沉积为主,指示了较低的温度环境.芒硝沉积中的淤泥细线为短暂升温标志,芒硝-淤泥-芒硝的...     

Holocene climate variations from Zhuyeze terminal lake records in East Asian monsoon margin in arid northern China

Zhuyeze palaeolake is a terminal lake situated in the arid northern China in the East Asian monsoon margin. In order to examine the Holocene palaeoclimatic change in the East Asian monsoon margin, Qingtu Lake section (QTL) from Zhuyeze palaeolake is sampled in high resolution. Palaeoclimatic proxies such as grain size, carbonate, TOC, C/N and δ¹³C of organic matter, were analyzed; eleven ¹⁴C samples and six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples were dated to provide chronological control. We also investigated the geomorphic features of lake shorelines in this area. The results show that the climate was warm and dry in early-Holocene (9.5-7.0 cal ka BP), cool and humid in mid-Holocene (7.0-4.8 cal ka BP), and increasingly drier in late-Holocene (since 4.8 cal ka BP). Comparisons of our records with other records in adjacent areas, as well as with the records in the Asian monsoon areas, suggested that changes in effective moisture was synchronous in East Asian monsoon marginal zone (i.e. the pattern of dry early-Holocene, humid mid-Holocene, and aridity-increasing late-Holocene), and that the moisture optimum during the Holocene was out-of-phase between Asian monsoon margin and Asian monsoonal dominated region, possibly due to the high temperature at that time.     

Basin-wide Holocene environmental changes in the marginal area of the Asian monsoon,northwest China

In arid regions, because of spatial variability, using single climate records is difficult to reconstruct the past climate change for the drainage basins. Holocene environmental records were collected from the upper, middle and lower regions of the Shiyang River drainage basin in the marginal area of the Asian monsoon (northwest China). The main objective of this paper was to compare the records from the terminal lake and the middle and upper reaches of the basin to study the basin-wide environmental changes. During the early Holocene the vegetation was sparse, and the effective moisture was relatively low in the basin. The Holocene Climatic Optimum started between 7.0 and 8.0 cal ka BP, during which the lake level reached the highest level in the terminal lake; the vegetation density and the effective moisture reached the highest level during the Holocene in the drainage basin. From 4.7 cal ka BP the terminal lake began to shrink, while the vegetation density decreased dramatically. In the middle and upper regions of the drainage, the effective moisture began to decrease since 3.5 cal ka BP, and the arid tendency was earlier in the terminal lake than it was in the middle and upper regions of the drainage basin. During the early Holocene the relatively arid environment was affected by the gradually intensifying East Asian monsoon and the dry westerly winds. The mid-Holocene Optimum benefited from the intensive East Asian monsoon and the humid westerly winds. Then, the East Asian monsoon retreated since the late-Holocene. In the basin the arid tendency may be related to the retracting of the East Asian monsoon. However, the intensifying acidification after 1.5 cal ka BP may be correlated to the increasing dryness of the westerly winds.