用同位素方法研究额济纳盆地承压含水层地下水的补给

本文通过环境同位素、温度、电导率和人工示踪等方法研究了黑河下游古日乃和额济纳盆地深部承压水的补给源 ,初步揭示了额济纳盆地承压水来自于祁连山的降水 ,是部分祁连山西端雪水直接渗入山前的深大断裂 ,在玉门宽滩山一带注入与之相交的阿尔金断裂 ,然后继续向东补给至巴丹吉林沙漠 ,并顺着古日乃断层补给到额济纳盆地。通过蒸发量计算得到的补给量为 5× 10 8m3/a。黑河流域承压水中的 T(氚 )为 17.8～ 0 .1TU ,地下水的年龄与取样孔的位置有关 ,靠近强渗漏带附近的地下水的年龄只有 2 0～ 30 a。古日乃、拐子湖的湖泊、泉、沼泽等消失的主要原因是由于 5 0 a来温度升高、蒸发量增加和下游抽水量增大的原因。该项研究对于重新认识额济纳盆地、古日乃、巴丹吉林沙漠的地下水补给与黑河下游水资源调度、开发与利用具有十分重大的意义     

张掖盆地水文地质特征与稳定同位素研究

论述了张掖盆地地下水赋存分布特征与地下水补给、径流、排泄条件,利用水化学、同位素调查的方法,重点对张掖甘州平原区地下水水化学类型及其演化过程进行了研究。结果表明：张掖盆地由源于南部祁连山和北部龙首山的水系沉积物组成,其冲洪积平原规模、含水层富水性、导水性与地下水水化学特征等方面存在差异;同时地下水稳定同住素特征分析印证了水文地质条件的差异。祁连山前沉积物与龙首山前沉积物中地下水有着不同的补给来源和径流路径。浅层地下水和龙首山前深层承压水主要补给源为大气降水和山区河流入渗补给,祁连山前深层承压地下水系统可能有冰雪融水补给。     

应用环境示踪剂探讨巴丹吉林沙漠及古日乃绿洲地下水补给

巴丹吉林沙漠位于我国西北部的阿拉善高原。近年来,许多中外学者应用天然水样及土壤水分的水化学、同位素等技术手段研究了该地区地下水补给及环境演化。基于这些研究,试图给出巴丹吉林沙漠和古日乃绿洲一个完整的二维地下水系统概念模型。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水在浅埋区和出露区蒸发,同时接受少量当地降水补给,其最终的排泄区是古日乃绿洲。巴丹吉林沙漠地下水垂向补给微弱,地下水很可能是更新世晚期至全新世早期周边的雅布赖山区降水径流及发源于祁连山的河流古河道补给的古水。在全新世中-晚期,地下水得到有限的降水补给,并且经受蒸发作用。随着千年尺度的气候转型,两千年以来,巴丹吉林沙漠干旱化加剧,正在经历地下水位下降、湖泊绿洲逐渐萎缩消亡的过程。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊钙华与根状结核的发现对研究湖泊水补给的意义

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊中的钙华和根状结核的存在证实这些沙丘和湖泊形成的时间约3万年,而且基本上没有发生大的改变。同位素和水化学研究结果证实湖泊水与祁连山深大断裂中的地下水有关,湖泊群正好位于阿尔金断裂东端,祁连山断裂与阿尔金断裂在玉门一带相交,祁连山断裂的地下水汇入阿尔金断裂后最终补到巴丹吉林沙漠的湖泊群中;而钙华与根状结核是地下水通过碳酸盐岩地层后形成的。      

黄河水对地下水补给深度的初步研究

本文根据河南省黄河下游影响带众多的水源地勘探孔资料和黄河4条剖面上同位素的分布特征,采用地层分析法、同位素法和数值法较准确地划分了黄河不同河段地表水对地下水的补给深度,其中,郑州剖面补给深度小于2 5 0m ,中新剖面和开封剖面大于2 0 0m ,濮阳剖面小于15 0m。     

张掖盆地龙首山山前高氟地下水的形成

氟是人体的必须元素之一,饮水中氟元素过量会导致地氟病。高氟地下水的形成机制一直是水文地球化学研究的一个热门话题。利用在张掖盆地开展1∶5万水文地质调查所获得的大量水位、水质资料,运用水化学和氘氧同位素方法,在较高精度水平上探讨了龙首山前高氟地下水的形成机制。研究结果表明,龙首山前地下水中的F-主要来源于龙首山含氟岩石,通过季节性洪水的方式补给到盆地的第四系含水层中,并与盆地上游来源的低氟地下水发生混合,使龙首山前地下水分为三个条带。     

黑河流域地下水同位素特征及其对古气候变化的响应

通过环境同位素及其Tamers、IAEA模型应用研究表明,黑河流域平原区地下水补给及更新与古气候变化密切相关,8000~5000a BP、3500~2500a BP和近1000年以来的多雨期是主要补给期;潜水较年轻又更新快,承压水较老又更新慢;东部地下水更新较快,西部更新较慢;祁连山前戈壁带地下水更新较快,细土平原更新较慢;近河道带地下水更新速率大,远离河道则小。东部以山区降水通过出山地表径流补给为主,西部冰川雪融水和山区基岩裂隙水是主要补给源。因此,遵循地下水补给与更新的自然规律,与地表水联合优化调控,有利于该区地下水可持续利用及下游区生态环境保护。     

黑河中游盆地南部山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算

山区地下水对平原区的侧向径流补给量是一个长期争议且悬而未决的难题,这个量在西北内陆干旱盆地,被估算得或很小或很大。在总结前人研究的基础上,采用地质水文地质调查、物探、钻探、抽水试验、地下水动态观测、水化学测试、盆地地下水水位统测和综合研究等技术方法,查明了黑河中游盆地南部山盆交接带的地质构造接触关系、地层岩性接触关系及梨园河口白垩系风化壳含水层结构和水文地质参数。通过山区不同流域等级的地表水与地下水转化关系分析,将山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给带划分为大中型河流河谷补给段和小微型河流或冲沟群流域构成的浅山带补给段。河谷补给段勘探资料较为丰富,多用达西断面流方法计算;针对浅山带补给段极为缺乏勘探资料的实际,以梨园河口断面径流量为参照,构建了浅山带岩性、汇水区面积、降水量等3 个变量的山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算方法。估算出黑河中游盆地南部山区浅山带地下水对平原的侧向径流补给量为0.40×108 m3/a,河谷段基岩侧向补给量为0.07×108 m3/a;推算出河谷段第四系地下水补给量为0.30×108 m3/a;3 项补给量之和为0.77×108 m3/a,占盆地地下水资源量的3.0%。该研究为西北内陆干旱盆地山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算提供了一个可供借鉴的实例。     

关于巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊形成机制的初步看法

巴丹吉林沙漠以湖泊众多和沙山高大而闻名于世.到目前为止, 关于湖泊和沙山的成因问题尚存在不同的观点.实际上, 巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊和沙山的形成与该地区地下水的循环交替问题直接相关.参照前人研究成果, 结合开展的巴丹吉林沙漠水文地质调查, 探讨了湖泊和沙山的形成问题, 初步认为巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊主要接受来自东部雅布赖山区区域地下水侧向补给和沙山地下水补给而形成; 高大沙山的形成与降水和地下水关系密切; 高大沙山与湖泊的形成和共存关系是先有沙山, 而后才形成湖泊, 沙山是形成巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊的必备条件.      

关于河西走廊第四纪地质问题的几点意见

河西走廊是指甘肃省西都祁连山以北、龙首山-合黎山-宽台山(统称走廊北山)以南的北西西向狭长平原。这一平原在大地构造上属于北祁连地槽的山前拗陷,在这拗陷盆地里堆积着巨厚的第四纪地层;其中并蕴藏着丰富的地下水,所以研     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997