吕梁山地区中—新生代隆升演化探讨

对吕梁山地区中—新生代隆升时限及其演化的认识,是恢复鄂尔多斯盆地沉积东界的基础,也是探讨华北克拉通演化和破坏等科学问题的有机组成部分。本文以改造盆地与盆山耦合的研究思路为指导,通过对研究区及邻区前中生代地质演化、中生代原始沉积面貌、中生代构造变动与岩浆活动以及新生代以来与相邻地堑发育耦合关系等的分析,并结合裂变径迹测年与热史模拟,认为吕梁山地区在中生代鄂尔多斯盆地发育的主要时期是大型沉积盆地的一部分,与鄂尔多斯盆地经历了同步沉降—抬升过程。晚白垩世以来是吕梁山地区主要的隆升期,可进一步分为缓慢隆升（100～21±2Ma）、加速隆升（21±2～8Ma）及强烈隆升（8Ma以来）3个隆升演化阶段。吕梁山地区中—新生代以来的隆升演化,与相邻鄂尔多斯盆地的抬升消亡及其周边断陷盆地的发育从属统一的区域动力学环境,主要与滨太平洋构造域的活动和演化息息相关,同时受更广阔的区域地球动力学环境的影响。     

青藏高原循化、临夏和贵德盆地新近纪沉积充填 速率演化及其对构造隆升的响应

通过对青藏高原东北部循化盆地、临夏盆地和贵德盆地沉积相和沉积充填速率演化的对比分析,提出研究区新生代4个构造隆升阶段。①渐新世晚期—中新世早期(25～20Ma),3个盆地沉积相和沉积速率的变化表明青藏高原新生代向北东的增生作用在渐新世已抵达西秦岭北缘地区,同时,22Ma拉脊山强烈隆升,区域上整体地势差异不显著。②中新世中期(17～13Ma),随着高原东北缘盆山耦合的相互作用,湖盆进一步扩张,14Ma左右积石山的隆起及西秦岭、拉脊山的持续隆升,使得研究区转变为盆地周缘型。③中新世晚期(11～6Ma),8Ma左右沉积相的转变、沉积速率的增大及不整合面的存在,都说明高原在该段时间内存在强烈的构造隆升活动,裂变径迹热年代学证据反映的构造隆升与沉积响应也是一致的。④上新世(5Ma以来),沉积速率继续增大,区域上地势差异增强,湖盆逐步萎缩消亡。     

西藏阿里札达盆地上新世-早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演化

本文将西藏札达盆地河湖相地层重新划分为第四系下更新统香孜组(Qp1-1x)、新近系上新统古格组(N22g)和上新统托林组(N21t)。河湖相地层的古地磁法和ESR法测年结果表明,札达盆地内河湖相沉积地层的形成时代为新近纪上新世—第四纪早更新世。根据该套河湖相地层沉积演化和其中的孢粉组合特征、河湖相沉积中所发现的各种古动植物化石等的综合分析,笔者对札达盆地上新世—早更新世的古植被、古环境与古气候演变进行了探讨。结果表明,札达地区上新世—早更新世气候经历了从湿热—温暖潮湿—偏冷潮湿—寒冷干旱的变化,以及植被从森林—灌木—草原的逐渐演化。可将札达盆地上新世—早更新世环境演化划分为7个大的阶段,其总体特征是15.4~4.4Ma,札达地区处于亚热带湿热气候环境;24.4~3.95Ma,为暖温带温暖潮湿气候;33.95~3.5Ma,为偏凉潮湿阶段,气候开始转冷;43.5~3.2Ma,为温暖潮湿阶段;53.2~2.9Ma,气候转为偏冷潮湿阶段;62.9~2.57Ma,该阶段气候偏冷而干旱,整体较为干冷;72.57~1.36Ma,气候寒冷而干旱。表明自上新世—早更新世,该区的古气候环境在逐渐变干、变冷的总趋势上,经历了多次明显的冷暖与干湿波动。     

中新生代库车-南天山盆山系统隆升历史的裂变径迹证据

通过对库车河剖面中新生界砂岩中碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹分析测试,得出磷灰石样品可分为3组,分别反映库车盆地边缘或其物源区天山的剥露冷却。对测试数据分析和热史模拟表明,南天山及库车盆地在中新生代经历了3次主要隆升事件,且山盆隆升时间上具有差异性的特点。从142Ma南天山开始隆升,使天山地区从准平原化状态开始盆山分异;96~75Ma为晚白垩世开始的盆地与天山共同经历的区域性隆升;54~30Ma为天山与盆地边缘差异隆升阶段,是盆山边界处盆地基底向天山方向的阶梯式抬升所导致的。     

兰州—民和盆地河口群沉积相和岩石磁化率——祁连山白垩纪隆升的记录

研究白垩纪祁连山构造隆升过程对认识青藏高原形成及其环境效应具有重要意义,兰州—民和盆地连续出露的河口群沉积物较好地记录了早白垩世祁连山隆升过程。河口群从下向上由冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河、滨湖、滨浅湖、半深湖、三角洲7个沉积相体系组成;综合分析沉积相时空演化、砾石成分及古水流方向统计和岩石磁化率测量,揭示出早白垩世祁连山经历了3期隆升过程:早期(约143～123Ma)快速强烈隆升阶段,此时祁连山东段开始逐渐断陷下沉,盆地沉积了冲积扇至滨浅湖相沉积体系的砾岩、砂岩和泥岩,岩石磁化率值总体偏低,隆升速度较快;中期(约123～113Ma)稳定隆升阶段,湖盆面积达到最大,沉积物以半深湖相泥岩为主,磁化率值总体偏高,隆升速度较慢;晚期快速隆升阶段,约从113Ma开始,祁连山隆升速度加快,湖盆萎缩,沉积了以三角洲相为主的泥岩和砂岩,磁化率值总体偏低,直至109Ma以后,盆地回返,祁连山地区整体抬升遭受剥蚀。     

运用磷灰石裂变径迹分析鄂尔多斯盆地周缘中新生代沉降隆升史

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地磷灰石裂变径迹资料深入分析与反演模拟,定性半定量地研究了该区相关岩石组合的地热演化史.结果表明,晚侏罗世晚白垩世早期(160～90 Ma)盆地具东升西降的特点,东部以约25 m/Ma的速率隆升,造成1500～2000 m的剥蚀量;晚白垩世末至始新世早期(90～23 Ma),盆地具整体隆升特点,盆地南部和西部隆升幅度达1500～2000 m,盆地东部表现为弹性回返,隆升缓慢,幅度小于500 m;中新世早期以来(23 Ma至今),全盆快速隆升,周边隆升速率达45～108 m/Ma,造成1000～2500 m的剥蚀量.对盆地内砂岩型铀矿年龄资料对比分析表明,后生铀成矿作用过程基本上都发生在盆缘相对快速隆升阶段.     

新构造活动的生态地质环境效应讨论——以扬子西缘西昌市为例

扬子西缘西昌市的环境变迁和地质灾害与新生代构造活动密切相关。该地区的新构造运动主要经历了5个阶段: ①青藏运动阶段(N_1-2, 11.6~3.6 Ma),强烈向东挤压,形成一系列的复式褶皱系,断裂带以挤压走滑活动为主; ②伸展断陷阶段(N₂—Q₁, 3.6~1.0 Ma),断裂带以斜张走滑活动为主,活动强度较弱,形成安宁河谷等断陷盆地; ③元谋运动阶段(Q_1-2, 1.0~0.6 Ma),进一步向东挤压,地壳逆冲增厚,早期褶皱山系加速隆升; ④构造松弛阶段(Q₂, 0.6~0.126 Ma),在安宁河谷等地区再次发生断陷作用; ⑤共和运动阶段(Q_3-4, 0.126 Ma至今),左旋走滑活动为主,褶皱山系整体缓慢剥蚀和抬升。西昌市的新构造运动具有强烈性、差异性、振荡性、继承性和新生性等特征。新构造运动导致了该区现今地貌格局,控制了山河湖泊的分布,形成了独特的局部气候,对土壤、植被等生态环境的影响十分显著。新构造运动也直接或间接地控制着本区地质环境的演化以及地质灾害和地震的发育。     

孙吴-结雅盆地沉降-隆升演化史分析

位于松辽盆地东北部的孙吴—结雅盆地是横跨黑龙江的中、新生代断坳叠置型陆相残留盆地,具有良好的油气前景,目前实际油气勘探程度较低。为揭示该地区中、新生代盆地的构造及演化特点,笔者在孙吴—结雅盆地3个主要断陷内,利用4口钻井资料进行了地层的精确划分与对比,恢复各时代地层的沉降--隆升史曲线。研究表明,自晚侏罗世晚期形成以来,盆地经历了3次沉降和2次隆升。盆地所经历的2次较大规模的隆升年代分别为103.4～93.9 Ma和42.3～23.0 Ma(北部为33.9 Ma),其后期隆升时间明显长于前期,隆升幅度也大于前期。盆地的主体沉积形成时间为109.8 Ma。孙吴—结雅盆地的形成与演化经历伸展断陷、构造反转、整体坳陷、晚期反转和差异升降等5个阶段,造就了现今盆地的下断上坳、隆坳相间的盆地基本构造结构和格局。     

滇西高原的隆升与莺歌海盆地的沉积响应

滇西高原的隆升引起莺歌海盆地的沉积速率、沉积通量的陡增、层序界面间的不整合,高原内部盆地沉积速率增加、充填序列改变、间歇性隆升剥蚀。根据这些响应标志重塑了滇西高原的隆升历史 :(1 ) 2 3～ 1 9Ma的初始隆升;(2 ) 1 6.2～ 1 1Ma的快速隆升;(3) 1 1～ 5.3Ma的剥蚀夷平;(4) 5.3～ 1.6Ma的急剧隆升,滇西高原基本定型;(5)1.6～ 0Ma的剥蚀 -隆升加速期。     

西藏札达盆地控盆断裂有限元数值模拟

札达盆地是喜马拉雅构造带中的一个山间断陷盆地,其演化过程与盆地两侧的控盆构造密切相关。对控盆断裂的构造应力场进行模拟计算,将有助于进一步深化对本区构造控盆的认识。因此,在对盆地构造地质进行详细调查的基础上,结合本区的深部地质与地球物理资料,对札达盆地控盆断裂的构造应力场进行了模拟。计算结果表明,札达盆地的演化明显受盆地两侧边界断裂的控制,札达盆地是在整体南北向挤压应力的作用下,不同块体差异隆升作用的结果。其南侧的控盆断裂为北倾的正断层,北侧的控盆断裂为南倾的逆断层,二者共同形成了南降北升的翘板式断陷盆地运动过程,是喜马拉雅地块在陆内汇聚挤压构造环境中构造应力场调整的一种方式。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Evolution of the paleogeodynamic settings of the formation of the Lower and Middle Riphean sedimentary sequences of the Uchur-Maya region and the Bashkir meganticlinorium

The possibility to use some widely known standard discrimination diagrams such as the K₂O/Na₂O-SiO₂/Al₂O₃, SiO₂-K₂O/Na₂O, (Fe₂O₃* + MgO)-TiO₂, F1-F2, Th-La-Sc, Sc-Th-Zr/10, and Sc/Cr-La/Y for deciphering the paleogeodynamic settings of sedimentary sequences is considered with reference to the Lower and Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) deposits of the Uchur-Maya region (Far East) and the Bashkir meganticlinorium (South Urals). It was shown that only some of them can be used with a certain degree of confidence for reconstructing the settings of the platform sedimentary sequences made up of both sandstones and fine-grained terrigenous rocks.     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.