滑坡活动强度与几何要素之关系探讨

在滑坡发展过程中，滑坡的稳定性必然在其几何形态上有一定的反映。本文通过对滑坡展布面积、厚度、体积、长宽比、高度（即前后缘高差）及平均坡度等几何要素与滑坡稳定性的关系进行统计分析，发现滑坡活动强度与滑坡规模、平面展布形态及其空间展布状态有如下统计规律，并对此进行了初步探讨：（1）在滑坡规模方面，较小规模滑坡的体积越小，较大规模滑坡的体积越大，滑坡稳定性越差。（2）从滑坡形态方面来看，滑坡形态从横展型→等轴型→纵展型变化，滑坡稳定性增大。（3）对于滑坡的空间展布状态，高度减小与平均坡度增大，滑坡稳定性变差。     

坡脚型滑坡运动特征分析及运动距离预测

为了分析地形因子对坡脚型滑坡运动参数（最大水平运动距离L_max、坡脚运动距离L、等效摩擦系数f）的影响,建立不同滑坡规模的运动参数非线性统计模型进行反演分析,分析结果表明:（1）不同滑坡规模下,最大运动距离L_max、坡脚运动距离L、等效摩擦系数f均主要受滑坡高差（H）和斜坡坡度（α）的影响。（2）随滑坡规模的增大,L_max、L受β的影响逐渐减弱,表现为坡脚阻止效应的减弱;f受β的影响逐渐增大,表现为滑坡运动能力改变。（3）随滑坡规模的增大,L_max、f受γ的影响逐渐增大,表现为堆积场地的微地貌效应显著增强。最后,基于主要地形参数（H、α、β、γ）和滑坡规模（V）建立的最大水平运动距离预测统计模型,具有较好的预测精度和一定的适用性。     

沟谷地形参数对滑坡运动距离的影响研究

滑坡运动场地上的沟谷地形,对滑坡运动产生约束、偏转、导流、阻止等作用,导致了滑坡运动距离的差异。根据滑坡滑源区、运移区的运动方向与沟谷堆积区延伸方向的夹角,将沟谷型滑坡划分为沟谷顺直型和沟谷偏转型两种类型。通过建立滑坡体积、沟谷地形参数与运动参数的非线性回归模型,分析体积及地形参数变化率对沟谷型滑坡运动距离变化的影响特征。研究表明:随体积增加,沟谷顺直型和沟谷偏转型滑坡的运动距离差异逐渐增大。体积作为滑坡运动距离的显著性因素,其原因在于滑坡体积在数量级上的差异,而在同一数量级内,体积变化仅对沟谷型滑坡最大水平运动距离变化的影响最大;滑源区和沟谷堆积区坡度的变化对垂直运动距离和堆积区水平运动距离影响大于滑坡体积。偏转角度对沟谷偏转型滑坡运动距离的影响较小,其原因在于沟谷区地形坡度显著影响了偏转角度对滑坡运动距离的作用。研究结果为沟谷型滑坡的致灾程度评估提供了参考依据。      

泾阳南塬黄土滑坡特征参数统计分析

1976年泾阳南塬大面积提水灌溉以来,沿泾河右岸诱发了27处、50余起黄土层内滑坡,使得台塬面积不断缩小、水土流失加剧。本文在对南塬黄土滑坡特征参数测量的基础上,对其进行了统计分析,主要包括滑坡后壁陡坎高度、整体坡度、地裂缝发育情况以及滑距坡度等。分析表明:①滑坡后壁陡坎高度与马兰黄土厚度一致,受黄土垂直节理控制;后壁总体坡度较大,是黄土滑坡演化的重要因素;②裂缝发育规模总体偏小,但活动特征明显;③滑距坡度可作为研究区远程、短程滑坡划分的一种依据。同时,对滑距坡度在黄土滑坡滑距预测及危险性区划中的应用前景进行了探讨。     

地形坡度对鄂渝地区水库型堆积层滑坡贡献率研究

堆积层滑坡是库区常见的滑坡类型之一,而地形坡度是滑坡发育的重要内因,研究地形坡度与堆积层滑坡发生概率之间的关系对水库型堆积层滑坡的危险性评价具有重要意义。以三峡库区及丹江口库区的139处堆积层滑坡为例,首先,将滑坡地形坡度以每隔5划分为一个区间,总共分为7个区间; 在此基础上,采用贡献率方法,定量研究了地形坡度分别对滑坡数量、面积、体积的贡献率; 最后,通过迭加统计,得到了不同坡度区间对滑坡发生的综合贡献率。结果表明, 15～25的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率最高, 10～15及25～30的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率中等,小于10及大于30的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率最小。研究结果可为具有类似地质背景的水库型堆积层滑坡危险性评估及防治规划提供参考依据。     

滑坡灾害坡度坡向敏感性分析研究——以云南大关县为例

借助地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析技术和基于贡献率的敏感性分析方法,分析地形地貌因子与滑坡敏感性之间的关系,研究大关县坡度坡向对滑坡的影响程度的大小。将坡度和坡向因子细分区间,计算每一区间对滑坡的贡献率,定量地分析坡度、坡向区间变化与滑坡发育的关系。研究结果表明,坡度15°~25°区间的区域为滑坡最敏感的区域,坡向带270°~315°区间是滑坡灾害最敏感的区域,但坡向带每一区域的贡献率差别不大,说明坡向对滑坡发生的作用效果不显著。     

西南地区地震滑坡坡度分布特征研究

西南是我国地震滑坡多发区。根据汶川地震、庐霍地震、松潘一平武地震和昭通地震诱发的典型地震滑坡的调查和资料分析,结果表明不同地震诱发的滑坡坡度频率分布存在一定的差异,而地震滑坡与降雨滑坡坡度频率分布的差异较大,其分布规律遵循Logistic分布。通过Logistic分布函数分别建立了典型地震滑坡和区域地震滑坡坡度分布的定量评价方法,可为滑坡影响因子的定量计算、评价提供参考。     

不同裸岩率下我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀的室内模拟

以我国西南喀斯特地区作为研究区域,通过资料查询、野外考察,设计加工满足西南喀斯特地区雨强范围的针管式人工降雨装置,针对不同坡度条件下不同裸岩率坡面土壤侵蚀进行12场室内模拟试验。结果显示:（1）径流率在180～300 s之后保持稳定,坡面径流率随着坡度的增大变化较小。（2）输沙率的变化可分为五个阶段:迅速增大、减小、增大、缓慢减小和趋于稳定;同一坡度或不同坡度条件下坡面输沙率均随裸岩率的增大而减小,这种变化量随着坡度的增大而减小,其减小量在40.2%到1%之间。（3）同一坡度或不同坡度的不同裸岩率坡面总侵蚀量均随裸岩率的增大而减小,其变化量随坡度的增大而减弱。      

黄土坡面径流侵蚀产沙动力过程模拟与研究

通过室内模拟冲刷试验系统研究了3°~30°坡度范围内坡面径流的侵蚀动力及产沙特征,分析了坡面径流能耗与径流侵蚀产沙之间的关系。结果表明,坡面径流平均流速随坡度和流量的增加而增大,流速与坡度和流量之间存在指数函数关系,坡度对流速的影响大于流量。在3°~21°坡度范围内,坡面径流单宽能耗随坡度的增加而增加,当坡度超过21°时,径流能耗随坡度的增加而降低。坡度对侵蚀产沙的影响也有类似的现象,在3°~21°坡度范围内,坡面径流平均单宽输沙率随坡度的增加而增大,当坡度达到临界极值21°和24°后,坡面径流平均输沙率随坡度增加而减小;在整个试验坡度范围内,径流平均单宽输沙率随流量的增大而增大;流量对坡面径流平均单宽输沙率的影响大于坡度。坡面径流平均单宽输沙率和单宽径流能耗之间存在明显的线性关系,其临界单宽径流能耗随坡度的增加而增加,土壤可蚀性参数随坡度的变化在10.368~30.366的范围变化,试验的土壤可蚀性的平均值为14.61。     

降雨作用下山区边坡稳定性分析

降雨是诱发边坡失稳破坏的主要原因,本文以坡地水文模型为基础,结合无限边坡稳定计算模型,研究降雨条件下边坡启动的临界降雨条件。通过工程算例表明:降雨量与边坡体稳定系数成反比;滑坡启动的临界降雨量随边坡坡度的增大而减少;随边坡土体内摩擦角的增加而逐渐增加,此分析对降雨型滑坡的研究有借鉴性的意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.