地形因子对偏转型滑坡-碎屑流运动参数的影响

根据滑坡地形特征,将沟谷偏转型滑坡划分为坡脚偏转型、凹面偏转型和凸面偏转型三种类型,其主要地形参数为滑源区坡度、斜坡坡度、沟谷坡度和偏转角度。通过数值模拟,采用正交分析、极差分析和方差分析初步探讨主要地形参数对沟谷偏转型滑坡运动参数的影响。结果表明:沟谷偏转型滑坡的视摩擦系数、前缘速度恢复系数均主要受地形起伏的影响。斜坡坡度对视摩擦系数的影响最大,沟谷坡度次之,偏转角度最小;斜坡坡度、沟谷坡度对前缘速度恢复系数的影响大于偏转角度的影响。斜坡坡度是视摩擦系数的显著性因素,斜坡坡度、沟谷坡度是前缘速度恢复系数的显著性因素。视摩擦系数、前缘速度恢复系数与主控地形因子之间存在显著的非线性关系,可分别用二次函数、二次型函数进行描述。     

坡脚型与偏转型地震滑坡运动距离及地形因素作用

运动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受到滑坡体积和落差的控制,还与滑坡的下垫面场地的地形作用相关。通过分析坡脚型和偏转型两类典型的地震滑坡运动特征,研究了滑坡体积V、落差 、坡度差 和偏转角度 对最大垂直运动距离H、水平运动距离L以及坡脚以下或偏转后的水平运动距离 的作用。由于偏转型滑坡受偏转前、后坡度和偏转角度对运动距离的共同影响,导致 指标小于坡脚型滑坡,而两类滑坡的 的均值较为一致,表明地形因素对不同类型滑坡的水平运动参数的作用具有一致性特征。分别建立了体积、落差与地形参数的坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离拟合方程。拟合方程的参数指标表明：体积对H的作用指数较小,体现了高位滑坡的运动特征; 对 的影响指数较小;坡脚型滑坡的坡度 对运动距离的影响指数都较为显著,偏转角度 对偏转型滑坡的 的影响较为显著。研究结果为滑坡运动距离的预测和地形因素控制提供了参考,并且对于坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离的模拟和机制研究而言,不应忽略坡脚坡度差和偏转角度的作用。     

沟道型滑坡-碎屑流运动距离经验预测模型研究

沟道型滑坡-碎屑流具有隐蔽性强、危险性高、力学机理复杂的特点,研究其运动距离预测模型具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。本文基于遥感GIS技术,结合野外调查,获取了汶川地震触发的38个沟道型滑坡-碎屑流的基础数据。通过相关性分析确定沟道型滑坡-碎屑流最大水平运动距离L的影响因素从大到小依次是滑坡体积V、最大垂直运动距离H、滑源区高差Hs、沟道段坡度β。采用逐步回归方法建立了滑坡-碎屑流最大水平运动距离L的最优多元回归模型,检验结果表明模型具有较高精度。将最优多元回归模型与国际上应用较多的滑坡运动距离和泥石流运动距离预测模型进行对比,表明考虑滑坡体积、地形落差和沟道段坡度的运动距离预测指标体系,具有最高的拟合优度和较好的物理含义,可为沟谷山区滑坡-碎屑流危险性评价提供参考依据。     

坡脚型滑坡运动特征分析及运动距离预测

为了分析地形因子对坡脚型滑坡运动参数（最大水平运动距离L_max、坡脚运动距离L、等效摩擦系数f）的影响,建立不同滑坡规模的运动参数非线性统计模型进行反演分析,分析结果表明:（1）不同滑坡规模下,最大运动距离L_max、坡脚运动距离L、等效摩擦系数f均主要受滑坡高差（H）和斜坡坡度（α）的影响。（2）随滑坡规模的增大,L_max、L受β的影响逐渐减弱,表现为坡脚阻止效应的减弱;f受β的影响逐渐增大,表现为滑坡运动能力改变。（3）随滑坡规模的增大,L_max、f受γ的影响逐渐增大,表现为堆积场地的微地貌效应显著增强。最后,基于主要地形参数（H、α、β、γ）和滑坡规模（V）建立的最大水平运动距离预测统计模型,具有较好的预测精度和一定的适用性。     

汶川地震前后都江堰山区滑坡滑动距离影响因素变化分析

滑坡滑动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受滑坡体积和落差的影响,还与滑坡运动的地质环境作用相关。本文在对都江堰地区51个地震滑坡、16个降雨滑坡详细调查编目的基础上,采用数理统计方法分析了斜坡原始坡度、滑坡前后缘高差、滑坡平面形态、体积、滑体平均厚度及坡面摩擦系数等6个因素与滑坡水平滑动距离的相关性,借此厘清了汶川Ms8.0级大地震前后不同因素对不同类型滑坡运动的贡献大小,进而构建了不同成因类型滑坡的滑动距离预测关系式,可为龙门山区的滑坡防灾减灾工作提供参考。研究表明:影响都江堰地区地震滑坡运动距离的主要因素有滑坡体积(lg V)、斜坡原始坡度(α)、滑坡平面形态(R)和滑坡前后缘高差(ΔH);而控制降雨滑坡运动距离的主要因素为滑坡前后缘高差(ΔH)、滑坡体积(lg V)、斜坡坡度(α)和斜坡表面摩擦系数(μ);汶川地震后,影响该地区降雨滑坡滑动能力的因素发生了变异,各因素与滑坡滑动距离的相关性较弱,显示出其贡献率在急剧减弱,仅滑坡体积(lg V)与滑动距离的相关性较强。     

2013年1月11日云南镇雄赵家沟特大滑坡灾害研究

2013年1月11日,云南镇雄发生滑坡,滑程近800m,堆积体积约40104m3,赵家沟村民小组60多间房屋被毁, 46人遇难。本文对旱季期间少遇的镇雄赵家沟特大滑坡灾害原因进行了现场调查,运用有限元法分析了久雨和采矿条件下滑坡失稳机理。从地质上,滑坡位于乌蒙山区常见的煤系地层区,上部为陡倾的三叠系中统灰岩、白云岩,中部为相对较陡的三叠系下统砂页岩地层,下部为平缓的二叠系上统页岩、泥岩地层,局部含煤,具有上硬下软的工程地质结构和上部富水下部隔水的水文地质结构,极易形成滑坡地质灾害。在地形上,形似靴状地形,上部陡峭地形导致山体易于失稳,而中下部开阔伸展良好的沟谷提供了远程的运动条件,较大的势能向动能的转化,容易形成高速远程滑动,造成严重的损失。可将滑坡区分成滑坡源区、铲刮与堆积区、滑覆成灾区3部分,其中,高速飞行的滑体直接滑覆了赵家沟村民小组数间民房,同时,其余抛散的滑坡体沿低缓沟谷部位液化滑动冲埋多间村民房屋,成为特大灾害发生的重要原因。有限元模拟结果表明:堆积层斜坡的地下水位上升,可使赵家沟滑坡稳定系数降低10%以上,说明对位于陡坡沟谷中的残坡坡积物来说,持久小雨也可触发滑坡失稳; 由于滑坡下部煤层较薄,顶板地层完整且距滑床厚达200多米,在20世纪60～70年代小煤窑开采情况下,对滑坡变形失稳没有明显影响。通过此次特大滑坡引发的社会问题,作者提出了加强特大地质灾害公共危机管理科学应对、加强煤系地层地区高速远程滑坡早期识别与风险管理和加强复杂地质灾害防灾专业知识培训的建议。     

基于连续介质模型的滑坡启动机理数值模拟试验

滑坡启动机理研究是滑坡防治的前提条件。应用三维连续介质动态数值模型方法,采用摩擦模型、Voellmy模型2种流变模型,对滑坡启动过程进行分析求解,开展滑坡启动机理数值模拟研究。结果表明,不论是限制坡面(渠道型)还是无限制坡面,在2种流变模型和侵蚀率下,随着坡度逐渐增加,地形所提供给滑坡体的能量进一步增大,物质运动距离进一步增加,其相应的平均速度、最大速度(前端速度)和总动能也会进一步加大,经历了从缓慢蠕变至快速增加的过程。根据不同坡度下滑坡的启动、运动规律、堆积过程及各坡度下动力参数延程变化规律,可以将滑坡的启动坡度设定为25°~30°。该滑坡启动坡度的设定可为地质灾害防治措施和监测预警提供技术参考。     

顺层岩质滑坡运动过程数值模拟研究

顺层岩质滑坡相对难以治理,分析其运动过程对此类滑坡的风险评价和减缓至关重要。为了研究滑坡过程的运动参数,引入滑坡运动及涌浪过程模拟的新方法——Tsunami Squares法,该方法具有计算量小,可仿真复杂地形及适用多种灾害的特点。在滑坡物理模型实验的基础上,通过该数值模拟方法对顺层岩质滑坡运动过程的实验结果进行反演,讨论了不同地质参数(滑坡坡度、地面粗糙度和滑体岩性)组合下,滑坡过程厚度、速度和动量等运动参数的基本规律。结果表明:(1)顺层岩质滑坡在地形变化部位,整体滑动结束,开始发生扩容和解体;(2)在整体滑动阶段,其运动参数主要受基底摩擦系数控制,对其他地质参数不敏感;(3)滑坡解体后,运动参数因地质参数不同而改变,其对地形最敏感,但对滑体材料强度不敏感;(4)滑动速度和距离主要受地形和滑面粗糙度的影响,考虑侧向扩容的影响范围和堆积厚度则主要受地形和滑体材料影响。     

2010年7·27四川汉源二蛮山滑坡-碎屑流特征与成因机理研究

2010年7月27日凌晨4时许,四川省汉源县万工乡二蛮山发生大规模滑坡,约48×104m3的强风化玄武岩体,在前期降雨的影响下高位高速滑出,随即解体转化为碎屑流,沿沟谷高速运动,沿途不断携卷和铲刮堆积于沟床及两侧斜坡的表层松散物质,使滑体的体积和含水量不断增大。当运动到沟谷中段时,因沟道在此向右偏转,在强大的惯性力作用下,部分碎屑流体冲向左岸斜坡,将居住于此的双合村一组5户村民房屋掩埋,造成20人失踪;另一部分碎屑流体继续沿沟谷高速运动近1.4km才最终停止。约30m in后,堆积于沟谷中段深切沟道内的滑坡堆积物,在重力作用下再次启动,形成二次滑坡。二次滑坡缓慢蠕滑流动数小时,最终到达万工新集镇,将部分房屋推倒掩埋,造成92户房屋受损、1500人被迫紧急转移。本文在对灾害现场进行详细地质调查的基础上,结合现场测绘、颗分试验、航拍等手段,对二蛮山滑坡体的基本特征进行了较深入的调查研究,对滑坡发生及成灾原因进行了初步分析。结果表明,滑源区相对突出的地形条件、风化破碎的玄武岩体和有利的结构面组合是滑坡发生的基本条件;前期降雨期间爆发的泥石流对滑源区坡脚的掏蚀、强降雨的饱水加载作用以及雨水沿陡倾张裂结构面的下渗软化作用,是诱发滑坡发生的直接原因。二蛮山沟谷原为一高频泥石流沟,滑坡发生前并无明显的滑坡迹象,滑坡的发生表现出极强的隐蔽性和突发性以及高位高速远程运动和危害巨大的特点,同时,主滑坡发生后在短时间内滑坡区再次启动发生二次滑坡,这些现象和特点具有特殊性,也具有典型性,值得深入研究。     

多功能高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程物理模型试验装置设计与应用

高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程影响因素众多,在物理模型试验装置研发过程中应满足多因素变化需求,从而实现多功能目的。该试验装置初始状态下(垂直角度=20°,水平角度=0°)长3.40 m,宽0.56 m,高1.35 m。设计有滑体体积调节、上滑槽坡度调节和下滑槽水平角度调节三大模块。材料上采用了3 mm厚不锈钢钢板与8 mm厚钢化玻璃2种材料,使用耐久性较好,并且采用分部件组装形式,安装有万向轮,便于实验仪器的搬运。基于砂子与卵石颗粒材料,应用所研发装置,初步开展了高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程物理模型试验,简要分析了滑体坡度、水平角度、滑体高度及基底材质等参数对滑动距离的影响规律。     

Landslide dam formation susceptibility analysis based on geomorphic features

Global climate change has increased the frequency of abnormally high rainfall; such high rainfall events in recent years have occurred in the mountainous areas of Taiwan. This study identifies historical earthquake- and typhoon-induced landslide dam formations in Taiwan along with the geomorphic characteristics of the landslides. Two separate groups of landslides are examined which are classified as those that were dammed by river water and those that were not. Our methodology applies spatial analysis using geographic information system (GIS) and models the geomorphic features with 20?×?20 m digital terrain mapping. The Spot 6 satellite images after Typhoon Morakot were used for an interpretation of the landslide areas. The multivariate statistical analysis is also used to find which major factors contribute to the formation of a landslide dam. The objective is to identify the possible locations of landslide dams by the geomorphic features of landslide-prone slopes. The selected nine geomorphic features include landslide area, slope, aspect, length, width, elevation change, runout distance, average landslide elevation, and river width. Our four geomorphic indexes include stream power, form factor, topographic wetness, and elevation–relief ratio. The features of the 28 river-damming landslides and of the 59 non-damming landslides are used for multivariate statistical analysis by Fisher discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis. The principal component analysis screened out eleven major geomorphic features for landslide area, slope, aspect, elevation change, length, width, runout distance, average elevation, form factor, river width, stream power, and topography wetness. Results show that the correctness by Fisher discriminant analysis was 68.0 % and was 70.8 % by logistic regression analysis. This study suggests that using logistic regression analysis as the assessment model for identifying the potential location of a landslide dam is beneficial. Landslide threshold equations applying the geomorphic features of slope angle, angle of landslide elevation change, and river width (H _L/W _R) to identify the potential formation of natural dams are proposed for analysis. Disaster prevention and mitigation measures are enhanced when the locations of potential landslide dams are identified; further, in order to benefit such measures, dam volume estimates responsible for breaches are key.     

Regional landslide susceptibility following the Mid NIIGATA prefecture earthquake in 2004 with NEWMARK’S sliding block analysis

This study proposes a calculation method for regional earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility that applies the permanent seismic displacement calculated using Newmark’s sliding block analysis with estimated vertical and horizontal seismic motions. The proposed method takes into account the direction of slope failure based on the specified slope azimuth. The study results reveal the importance of predominant slope failure direction using a simple infinite slope model subjected to earthquakes. The target area for the earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility analysis constituted a region of more than 2000 km² surrounding the epicenter of the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004. An earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility map was created based on the proposed method with a specific combination of friction angle and cohesion, and the resulting data were compared to the landslide inventory map produced from aerial photographs following the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004. To create the susceptibility map, geomaterial cohesion values for the slope were back-calculated to satisfy the minimum safety factor in the static state. This study also proposes a calculation method for the prediction rate and determines the back-calculated strength parameters of geomaterials. The proposed regional landslide susceptibility map will be useful for understanding potential slope failure locations and magnitude of damage, as well as for planning field investigation and preventing secondary disasters immediately after earthquakes.     

Topographical features of rainfall-triggered landslides in Mon State,Myanmar, August 2019: spatial distribution heterogeneity and uncommon large relative heights

Continuous 5-day (August 4–9, 2019) torrential rainfall in the monsoon season triggered more than 90 landslides on northwest-southeast extended mountain range of Mon State, Myanmar. In this study, remote sensing images, DEM, and limited fieldworks were used to create the landslide inventory. The topography features of these landslides are analyzed via ArcGIS. The largest one occurred on 9 August 2019 and caused 75 deaths and 27 buildings were damaged. This landslide occurred on gentle topography (slope angle, 23°) with long run-out, in which the angle of reach was relatively low (10°). The volume was 111,878 m³ was mainly composed of weathered granite and red soil and the sliding depth was approximately 7.5 m. Topographic characteristics including the relative slope height, angle of reach, and slope angle of source area of 35 landslides with areas?>?4000 m² were analyzed. The spatial distribution characteristics and topographic features of the 35 landslides below are distinguished: (1) the concentration of most of landslides on southwest-facing slopes showing the heterogeneous spatial distribution of landslide; (2) an uncommon landslide distribution in which more than half of landslide originates from upper slope; (3) the range of the angle of the source area (17°–38°) compatible with the internal friction angle of soils in tropical regions (17°–33°); and (4) the tangent of the angle of reach is generally smaller than 0.5 (angle of reach?<?27°) shows a relative high mobility and the relation between landslide mobility and the slope angle of the landslide source area is similar to the one of earthquake-triggered landslides, even though the triggering mechanism, landslide type, and landslide volume are dramatically different.

     

安县大光包滑坡形成机制与运动学特征讨论

2008年5 12四川汶川里氏8级地震,引发了大量崩塌滑坡。安县高川乡的大光包滑坡是规模最大的高山滑坡,总方量约10109m3。它的形成机制和运动学特征引起国内外学者的广泛关注。在前人调查研究的基础上,本课题组对滑坡的外形和结构特征及其所处地质环境作了较详细地现场调查,系统研究了滑坡的形成和演化过程,开展了室内实验及震动台物理模拟实验,通过与类似地区地质现象的对比分析,对滑坡获得以下认识: (1)大光包滑坡是一个巨型的楔型槽状滑落体,以下伏的震旦系白云岩层面为主滑面,以与层面近于正交的早期X构造裂隙面为侧滑面,两控制面交线倾向北北东,倾角12左右; (2)滑坡前缘的黄洞子沟是滑坡的剪出口位置,滑坡起动加速滑入黄洞子沟后受到沟道左侧山梁的阻挡而迅速制动,受阻的滑坡体上部高速越过山梁冲向山坡并发展为碎屑流; (3)作为滑坡主滑面的震旦系白云岩岩层,为一经历了强烈岩溶的白云岩沙化层,强烈地震引发沙化层因突然产生的超空隙压力而流态化,这可能是导致山体突然失稳的主要原因。大光包滑坡事件可能为我们提供了地震引发山体失稳的一种新的模式,在分析研究和评价山坡的演化和稳定性时具有重要意义。     

基于高精度低空摄影测量的黄土滑坡精细测绘

滑坡体积精确计算看似简单实则困难。黄土高原具有植被稀少、岩土暴露程度高、滑坡易发多发等特点。本文在充分认识上述特点的基础上,尝试采用高精度低空摄影测量技术来精确测算滑坡方量。与传统计算方法、遥感和三维激光扫描对比,低空摄影具有受各类因素影响较小、作业灵活、高效、产品精度高等优点。本文以甘肃黑方台党川2#黄土滑坡为例,在介绍近景摄影测量数据获取方法的基础上,采用滑坡前后的高精度的低空摄影测量数据源和结合现场调查,对该滑坡进行精细测绘,实现“数字化滑坡”。研究结果表明:（1) 滑坡长217m,宽176m,滑坡平均厚度约20m（滑源区),滑距782m,后缘到前缘的落差122m,影响面积为105216m2;（2) 根据斜坡各部分滑动和堆积特征,将其细分为崩滑区、主滑区、滑塌区、流通堆积区、铲卷堆积区、挤压堆积区、二次堆积区、粉尘堆积区;（3) 以高精度DEM求得,滑动和堆积方量体积分别为31.72×104m3和49.96×104m3;（4) 滑坡整体松散系数为1.411,局部的干密度差别较大,其大小与滑坡发育特征和运动过程有密切关系。     

Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan

A disastrous earthquake rocked Taiwan on September 21, 1999, with magnitude M_L=7.3 and an epicenter near the small town of Chi-Chi in central Taiwan. The Chi-Chi earthquake triggered landslide on the dip slope at the Chiufengershan. In this study, a review of the topography and geology of this area was followed by field investigations. Laboratory testing was applied to understand the geomaterial composing the slope. Then, based on a series of limit equilibrium analyses, the failure mechanism of this landslide and the risk of the residual slope were studied.

According to the stability analyses, the pre-quake slope is quite stable, with factor of safety of 1.77 (dry) to 1.35 (full groundwater level); explaining why there is no written record of a landslide here for the past 100 years. In contrast, a back analysis shows that the Chi-Chi earthquake-induced dynamic loading is far more than the dip slope can sustain, due in part to the short distance to the epicenter. A Monte Carlo type probability analysis suggests that the residual slope is more dangerous than the pre-quake slope and needs more attention.     

地震动力作用触发的斜坡崩滑响应研究现状及展望

地震动力作用触发的斜坡崩、滑地质灾害因其巨大的致灾力引起了广泛关注,其研究主要集中在：①地震触发斜坡崩滑灾害特征和影响因素统计学分析,即从典型地震触发的大量斜坡崩滑灾害实例研究入手,从统计学角度分析地震崩滑灾害发育特征同地震参数（地震震级、地震烈度、震源深度、震中距等）和斜坡体特征（坡高、坡角、岩性、构造、水文地质条件等）之间的关系;②地震触发斜坡崩滑灾害的形成机制和动力响应特征研究,即分析地震波产生的拉压和剪切作用对斜坡体的影响及在这种作用下斜坡体发生的破坏和运动过程;③地震作用下斜坡稳定性评价和致灾预测研究,主要是评价、预测方法和技术的类别及特征。基于此阐述了该研究中存在的问题和今后的研究趋势。