基于Origin的渗透系数衰减方程在地热水回灌中的应用

孔隙型热储层的回灌过程中,由于物理堵塞、生物化学堵塞、悬浮物堵塞和气体堵塞,热储层的渗透性下降,回灌能力变弱.为了定量查明渗透系数的衰减,以辽南地区某回灌试验为例,使用Origin软件计算出研究区渗透系数衰减方程,在此基础上计算了回灌井灌压-时间关系曲线和回扬周期.研究表明,利用Origin软件求取渗透系数衰减方程具有方便快捷、规范性好等优点,可在回灌试验数据处理中推广使用.     

回灌井暂时性堵塞物的形成及其排除过程变化机制分析

以定期回扬方法及时排除回灌井中的暂时性堵塞物是整个回灌工作的重要环节,它对延长回灌井寿命提高回灌效益是至关重要的。回灌过程中井下形成的暂时性堵塞物,主要由三部分物质组成:回灌水本身固有的杂质;回灌水源转入地下后与地下水之间产生一系列物理、化学和生物化学反应所形成的物质;含水介质中的细颗粒成份。在回扬作用下这些暂时性堵塞物形成回扬水混浊度而被排除到井外,所以研究暂时性堵塞物的形成及其排除过程变化规律,要从研究回扬水混浊度变化机制入手,亦即通过回扬试验来实现。     

井周堵塞对承压含水层定流量回灌渗流场影响的半解析研究

为分析定流量条件下回灌堵塞对井周含水层渗流响应的影响,采用指数形式的渗透系数衰减方程反映堵塞作用下井周含水层渗透特性的时变效应,建立了考虑堵塞效应的定流量非完整回灌井流力学模型,采用变量代换、Laplace变换和有限余弦Fourier变换得到了井周含水层中水位抬升在Laplace空间的解,应用Stehfest数值逆变换方法获得了实时空间内的水头抬升和回灌压力。参数分析结果表明,较小的渐近渗透系数Kr,∞会增加回灌过程中水头抬升和回灌压力,并加剧含水层达到拟稳态时的渗流响应;较大的渗透系数衰减指数λ仅增加回灌过程中水头抬升和回灌压力,但不影响含水层达到拟稳态时的渗流响应;因Kr,∞和λ不同而引起的水头差在井筒处达到最大值并沿径向距离逐渐减小。研究结果可以为定流量回灌中井周含水层堵塞的识别与预测提供理论依据。     

地下热水回灌过程中渗透系数研究

地下热水回灌是处理地热开发利用中所引发的热储层压力降低和弃水污染环境等问题的有效方法。第三系热储层的回灌过程中，由于物理阻塞和化学阻塞，导致热储层的渗透性下降。回扬可在短时间内消除或缓解堵塞问题，提高回灌效率。将利用回灌试验数据求得的渗透系数进行回归，得到渗透系数衰减方程。用数值方法模拟渗透系数对回灌的影响，对比渗透系数为常数与渗透系数变化两种情况，结果表明渗透系数衰减是第三系回灌能力下降的主要原因，渗透系数是影响回灌的重要因素。     

地下水人工回灌气相堵塞特征的试验研究

地下水人工回灌可以高效地利用雨季丰沛的水量来缓解地下水过量开采造成的海水入侵、泉水断流等环境水文地质问题,但回灌堵塞一直是制约人工回灌效率的关键问题。针对雨洪水回灌携带的大量气泡问题,设计室内砂柱试验模拟装置,利用曝气水进行人工回灌,定时记录试验过程中测压管读数及出流流量,利用达西定律计算各层渗透系数,研究气相堵塞的发展过程和规律。结果表明:回灌过程中由于气相堵塞导致含水层渗透系数随时间呈指数衰减,气相堵塞主要发生在介质浅表层（0~30 cm）,且随时间有向下发展的趋势,堵塞速率随深度的增加逐渐减小,在回灌过程中适时停灌进行排气有利于减小气相堵塞对回灌效率的影响。     

地下水源热泵抽灌井优化布置及参数灵敏度

为了确定地下水源热泵的最佳布井方式,探明含水层温度场变化特征以及水文地质参数灵敏性,以石家庄地下水源热泵适宜区肖家营—东兆通为研究区,基于热储层的地热地质条件和热物性参数,利用FEFLOW软件构建了三维水-热耦合数值模拟模型。在2 000 m³/d的抽灌量下对不同井间距、不同布井模式-含水层温度场变化进行模拟,探讨发生热突破的可能性,并探讨温度场关于热导率、渗透系数、孔隙率等参数的灵敏度。研究结果表明：1)在单抽双灌模式下,方案C(两眼回灌井连线与地下水流向垂直,一眼回灌井位于抽水井正下游,另一眼回灌井位于沿地下水流向45°方向,即两回灌井与抽水井组成等腰直角三角形,抽水井正下游的回灌井为直角顶点)的布井方案对含水层温度场影响最小,为最优方案;2)单抽双灌模式下,抽灌量为2 000 m³/d时,方案C抽灌井间距设置在40～50 m较为合理;3)抽灌过程中,温度场对于渗透系数的改变灵敏度较高,而对孔隙率以及热导率的改变灵敏度较低。     

含水层人工回灌物理堵塞的实验与数值模拟

以地表水体和雨洪水作为回灌水源,人工补给地下含水层过程中会发生含水层堵塞问题(特别是物理堵塞),将严重影响人工回灌的效果.采用模拟实验系统研究了悬浮固体颗粒对含水介质堵塞的机理,并用数学模型预测了含水介质物理堵塞的发生和发展过程.研究表明,含水介质的渗透性在回灌初期不断下降,随着回灌时间的延长逐渐趋于稳定;另外,悬浮物堵塞会导致介质的非均质性,渗透距离越小的砂层,堵塞越严重.建议将回灌液悬浮物浓度控制在25mg/L之内,在雨季悬浮物浓度较高时要进行周期性反冲洗,其频率为1次/d.     

地下水人工回灌过程中多孔介质悬浮物堵塞实验

地下水人工回灌技术的发展与推广常因其回灌过程中物理、化学及生物作用产生的入渗介质堵塞现象而受到严重制约。针对堵塞现象中最常见且最主要的悬浮物堵塞问题,采用室内模拟实验方法,通过将悬浊水连续注入均质的石英砂柱中,来刻画多孔介质中悬浮物堵塞的现象及发生的过程,并分析其发展规律,同时量化计算了堵塞速率。实验结果表明：回灌15 h左右表层介质渗透系数开始降低,即堵塞在表层开始发生,并随时间增加不断向深部发展;连续回灌100 h后表层渗透系数趋于稳定,进入介质内部悬浮物的量减少,内部堵塞发展也趋于稳定,此时堵塞主要在入渗深度10 cm左右的范围内。计算不同堵塞层的堵塞速率λ:表层0～1 cm的λ最大,为0.038 3 h^-1,λ随入渗深度增加而减小。对于介质整体的渗透性而言,其降低明显滞后于表层介质,但随时间发展主要受堵塞层的控制。     

地下咸水储能回灌含水层胶体释放动力学与渗透性变异

为了揭示天津滨海地区咸水储能回灌过程中含水层渗透性变化的机制,采用室内土柱试验的方法研究不同温度下咸水储能回灌过程中含水层胶体的释放量、释放速率以及胶体释放对含水层渗透性的影响,同时探讨了胶体释放过程中Ca2+的变化特征。研究结果表明,咸水储能回灌过程中含水层胶体释放是脉冲式的,表现为突然增加,然后缓慢降低,大约20个孔隙体积为一个周期;胶体累积释放量随着孔隙体积数的增加而增加;胶体释放量与孔隙体积数为分段函数,不同阶段胶体累积释放量增长幅度和释放速率发生变化。胶体释放过程中含水层的渗透系数随着孔隙体积数的增加呈“S”型曲线;0℃、10℃和20℃情况下咸水含水层渗透系数分别增加了4.02倍、12.21倍和6.63倍;不同温度下虽然含水层渗透系数开始有差异,但60个孔隙体积数后渗透系数均接近15 cm/d左右。胶体释放过程中也存在着Ca2+-K+、Na+ 阳离子交换作用,不同的温度下这种交换作用动态特征不同。     

郑汴新区中细砂含水层水源热泵井回灌新技术

在郑汴新区中细砂含水层中,通过新、旧回灌技术的现场试验对比研究发现,新回灌技术在成井时间、回灌量等方面大大优于旧(传统)回灌技术;单位回灌量、抽灌比大为提高,回灌稳定时间大为缩短,并对其原因进行了分析探讨.依据多落程(升程)的抽水、回灌现场试验,建立了回灌量与水位、井距关系方程.依据本研究成果,在郑汴新区一带地下水源热泵系统可实现一抽一灌的地下水换热模式,换热系统(室外)费用节约率可达50％,基本上解决了中细砂含水层回灌困难的老问题.     

城市雨水地下回灌过程中悬浮物表面堵塞规律

雨洪资源地下回灌是缓解城市供水压力、解决地下水过量开采引起环境负效应的有效途径之一,但堵塞问题却是制约回灌技术推广的关键问题。基于前人理论,研究了入渗介质与悬浮物粒径中值之比(D₅₀/d₅₀)对堵塞层空间分布的影响。以建立表面堵塞预测模型为目的,利用城市雨水回灌细粒石英砂介质开展室内实验,观测雨水回灌的表面堵塞过程并获取渗透性变化的观测数据。根据物理、化学与生物堵塞的产生条件及堵塞特点,判断雨水回灌产生的堵塞性质为物理堵塞。引入过滤模型描述堵塞的发展过程,确定了模型用于模拟细砂表面堵塞的参数值：孔隙堵塞系数（α）为0.15 m²/kg,阻力增长系数（f′R′）为20 000 m/kg。在不改变以上2个参数值的条件下,用该模型模拟不同悬浮物粒径悬浊水回灌细粒石英砂的堵塞过程,取得了较好的拟合效果。此过滤模型可以用于模拟入渗介质与悬浮物粒径D₅₀/d₅₀值小于5的表面堵塞的发展过程,可定量预测堵塞对回灌速率的影响。     

地下水人工回灌堵塞问题研究进展

地下水人工回灌堵塞问题的产生与回灌水质、入渗介质的矿物成分及颗粒组成特征等多种因素有关,通常根据成因将堵塞分为物理堵塞、化学堵塞和生物堵塞3种类型。大颗粒悬浮物的物理堵塞效应与机理的研究比较成熟,但对于中间颗粒,尤其是胶体颗粒物的堵塞作用机制的研究还相对比较薄弱;化学堵塞的机理复杂,影响因素众多,水文地球化学模拟技术在化学堵塞机理的研究中显示了良好的应用前景;生物堵塞主要由回灌水中细菌和藻类等微生物的繁殖和代谢导致,大量的研究集中在细菌方面,对藻类引起的堵塞问题研究尚不深入;多种堵塞的相互作用过程和作用机理是目前研究的难点问题。堵塞预测的方法主要包括3种:①指标法(如MFI、悬浮物浓度、浊度、AOC、BFR等),简单实用,但不能对堵塞演化过程进行描述或对堵塞程度进行定量表达;②经验公式法,受特定场地的条件限制,难以直接推广和利用;③解析公式法,对堵塞机理的表达更加科学、合理,但模型的建立与求解难度较大。通过合理的水质预处理技术和合理的回灌工艺,可以有效延迟堵塞发生的时间、减缓堵塞累积的程度。开发快速、高效、简单的堵塞处理技术对于延长工程使用寿命和降低经济成本具有重要的现实意义。     

人工回灌物理堵塞特征试验及渗滤经验公式推导

人工回灌是提高水资源利用水平的重要工程措施,然而回灌过程中的堵塞问题会影响入渗效率和入渗工程的使用寿命。为了深入研究堵塞的机理,以控制堵塞问题,通过砂柱试验模拟了地下水人工回灌物理堵塞过程,通过测定含水率的变化分析了由堵塞引起的砂柱饱和-非饱和状态的转化。试验中出流速率经过了迅速增大到一峰值后快速减小,然后又缓慢变小的过程,即：仅经过72 h的回灌,砂柱的出流速率减小为2.18 m/d;72 h后砂样出流速率的减小明显放缓;192 h时,砂样出流速率为0.81 m/d,约为出流速率最大值的1/10。试验结果表明：回灌水悬浮物颗粒进入砂样空隙中引起渗透性减弱,和逐渐沉积在砂柱顶部形成的淤泥层是造成堵塞的直接原因,而淤泥层的形成是造成渗滤速率迅速下降的关键因素;淤泥层的弱透水性使砂样由上至下含水率发生了变化,导致了砂样导水率和水力梯度都降低,促使回灌渗滤速率迅速减小;回灌时间越长,淤泥层厚度越大,出流速率越小。由10组对比试验的结果,综合考虑引起雨洪渗滤系统堵塞的各种因素,建立了无砾石滤料雨洪水回灌过程计算渗滤速率变化的经验模型,拟合结果决定性系数为0.932。     

地下水位抬升对人工回灌中悬浮物堵塞的影响

为了研究人工回灌条件下地下水位抬升对悬浮颗粒在含水层中的迁移-沉积的影响机理,在室内模拟实验中,采用100 mg/L的金刚砂悬浊水回灌中粒石英砂介质,分别研究了不同抬升速率(0、2、4cm/h)条件下人工回灌过程中的悬浮物堵塞规律。实验结果表明:地下水位抬升速率对堵塞位置和堵塞位置处悬浮物的级配影响不大,悬浮物主要淤积在0~2cm深度处;在26h前地下水位抬升引起的入渗量比地下水位固定的入渗量小,在26h后二者相反;水位抬升使介质表层堵塞发展速度减慢,非堵塞层渗流状态出现非饱和时刻滞后;在堵塞层0~2cm处地下水位抬升使堵塞速率小于地下水位固定的堵塞速率。     

Groundwater flow and capture zone analysis of the Central Passaic River Basin, New Jersey

Delineating capture zones of pumping wells is an important part of safe drinking water and well protection programs. Capture zones or contributing areas of a groundwater extraction well are the parts of the aquifer recharge areas from which the wells draw their water. Their extent and location depend on the hydrogeologic conditions such as groundwater recharge, pumping scenario and the aquifer properties such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity, heterogeneity of the medium and hydraulic gradient. Different methods of delineation can be used depending on the complexity of the hydrogeologic conditions. In this study, a 3-dimensional transient numerical MODFLOW model was developed for the Central Passaic River Basin (CPRB), and used with a MODPATH particle tracking code to determine 3-dimensional transient capture zones. Analytically calculated capture zones from previous studies at the site were compared with the new numerically simulated capture zones. The study results revealed that the analytical solution was more conservative, estimating larger capture zones than the numerical models. Of all the parameters that can impact the size, shape and location of a capture zone, the hydraulic conductivity is one of the most critical. Capture zones tend to be smaller in lower hydraulic conductivity areas.     

Clogging mechanisms and preventive measures in artificial recharge systems

Groundwater which occurs in fractured rock or porous aquifers or other geological weak zones such as faults and fractures is usually extracted via boreholes, hand wells or other sources such as springs.Water scarcity has become a severe problem due to many factors, such as an alarming increase in population and per capita water consumption, over exploitation of groundwater resources and abrupt global climatic change along with its related eco-environmental geological problems. In such situation, application of artificial recharge systems(e.g. surface recharge basin and deep injection well systems) can help to effectively manage and augment the unitization of groundwater resources. However, the clogging problem,which may be caused by a complex interdependent mechanisms of physical, chemical and biological has been a challenge for the efficacy and the implementation of recharge facilities. Clogging can reduce the permeability, recharge rate and longevity of recharge facilities and increase the operational and maintenance costs. Major influencing factors associated with the occurrence of clogging include the chemical composition of groundwater(both the recharge water and native groundwater), aquifer medium and microbial diversity, together with other environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, total dissolved solids, total soluble salts, pH, Eh, nutrients, gases, carbonates and others; these factors ultimately increase the piezometric head but reduce the permeability and infiltration rates of porous/seepage media.Pretreatment of recharge water can minimize the potential clogging. In the case of clogged wells,rehabilitation methods need to be deployed. In the meantime, there is an urgent needs to understand the basic causes and developmental processes/mechanisms of clogging in order to mitigate this problem. This paper reviews the major clogging mechanisms and their possible preventive measures and redevelopments in artificial recharge systems.     

Chemical and mechanical clogging of groundwater abstraction wells at well field Heel,the Netherlands

Well field Heel, in the south east of the Netherlands, consists of a row of wells drilled in an anoxic pyrite-containing aquifer alongside a former gravel pit, which now serves as a recharge basin, where water is actively aerated. All wells are seriously affected by chemical (screen slot) and/or mechanical (well bore) clogging. The objective of this study is to explain this combined occurrence. A combination of chemical, hydraulic and well-maintenance data indicate three groundwater quality types: (1) oxic basin water, (2) anoxic iron-containing basin water after oxidation of the traversed aquifer, and (3) deeply anoxic native groundwater. Wells abstracting a mixture of oxic basin water and anoxic basin water and/or native groundwater experience chemical well clogging, whereas wells abstracting (only or partly) native groundwater are vulnerable to mechanical well clogging. In the end, after oxic basin water has completely oxidized the traversed the aquifer, only two groundwater quality types will be present. Wells abstracting only oxic basin water will show no clogging, and wells abstracting a mixture of native groundwater and oxic basin water will experience chemical and possibly also mechanical well clogging. In this reasoning, the sequence in abstracted groundwater quality types coincides with a sequence in well clogging: from mechanical to chemical to no clogging. As well field Heel is situated in sloping terrain, the interplay between regional hydraulic gradient and different water qualities results in one-sided chemical clogging in the upper part of the well screen during abstraction, and in the lower part during the resting phase.     

Stormwater harvesting in ephemeral streams: how to bypass clogging and unsaturated layers

To cope with water scarcity in drylands, stormwater is often collected in surface basins and subsequently stored in shallow aquifers via infiltration. These stormwater harvesting systems are often accompanied by high evaporation rates and hygiene problems. This is commonly a consequence of low infiltration rates, which are caused by clogging layers that form on top of the soil profile and the presence of a thick vadose zone. The present study aims to develop a conceptual solution to increase groundwater recharge rates in stormwater harvesting systems. The efficiency of vadose-zone wells and infiltration trenches is tested using analytical equations, numerical models, and sensitivity analyses. Dams built in the channel of ephemeral streams (wadis) are selected as a study case to construct the numerical simulations. The modelling demonstrated that vadose-zone wells and infiltration trenches contribute to effective bypassing of the clogging layer. By implementing these solutions, recharge begins 2250–8100% faster than via infiltration from the bed surface of the wadi reservoir. The sensitivity analysis showed that the recharge rates are especially responsive to well length and trench depth. In terms of recharge quantity, the well had the best performance; it can infiltrate up to 1642% more water than the reservoir, and between 336 and 825% more than the trench. Moreover, the well can yield the highest cumulative recharge per dollar and high recharge rates when there are limitations to the available area. The methods investigated here significantly increased recharge rates, providing practical solutions to enhance aquifer water storage in drylands.