地下水位抬升对人工回灌中悬浮物堵塞的影响

为了研究人工回灌条件下地下水位抬升对悬浮颗粒在含水层中的迁移-沉积的影响机理,在室内模拟实验中,采用100 mg/L的金刚砂悬浊水回灌中粒石英砂介质,分别研究了不同抬升速率(0、2、4cm/h)条件下人工回灌过程中的悬浮物堵塞规律。实验结果表明:地下水位抬升速率对堵塞位置和堵塞位置处悬浮物的级配影响不大,悬浮物主要淤积在0~2cm深度处;在26h前地下水位抬升引起的入渗量比地下水位固定的入渗量小,在26h后二者相反;水位抬升使介质表层堵塞发展速度减慢,非堵塞层渗流状态出现非饱和时刻滞后;在堵塞层0~2cm处地下水位抬升使堵塞速率小于地下水位固定的堵塞速率。     

城市雨水地下回灌过程中悬浮物表面堵塞规律

雨洪资源地下回灌是缓解城市供水压力、解决地下水过量开采引起环境负效应的有效途径之一,但堵塞问题却是制约回灌技术推广的关键问题。基于前人理论,研究了入渗介质与悬浮物粒径中值之比(D₅₀/d₅₀)对堵塞层空间分布的影响。以建立表面堵塞预测模型为目的,利用城市雨水回灌细粒石英砂介质开展室内实验,观测雨水回灌的表面堵塞过程并获取渗透性变化的观测数据。根据物理、化学与生物堵塞的产生条件及堵塞特点,判断雨水回灌产生的堵塞性质为物理堵塞。引入过滤模型描述堵塞的发展过程,确定了模型用于模拟细砂表面堵塞的参数值：孔隙堵塞系数（α）为0.15 m²/kg,阻力增长系数（f′R′）为20 000 m/kg。在不改变以上2个参数值的条件下,用该模型模拟不同悬浮物粒径悬浊水回灌细粒石英砂的堵塞过程,取得了较好的拟合效果。此过滤模型可以用于模拟入渗介质与悬浮物粒径D₅₀/d₅₀值小于5的表面堵塞的发展过程,可定量预测堵塞对回灌速率的影响。     

砂岩热储地热尾水回灌悬浮物堵塞研究

砂岩热储人工回灌过程中介质堵塞问题严重影响到回灌效率,为查明回灌过程中悬浮物堵塞对回灌效率的影响。试验依据德城区鲁北院内回灌井现场尾水中悬浮物粒径分布特征,并以市政自来水为水源,粘性土颗粒为入渗介质,配制0.038 mm和0.050 mm的不同悬浮物粒径和0 mg/L、20 mg/L、50 mg/L、60 mg/L、100 mg/L的不同悬浮物浓度开展一维砂柱模拟回灌试验。试验结果表明:悬浮物堵塞会引起整柱相对渗透系数呈现"快速下降-趋于稳定"的趋势,且堵塞主要发生在表层,可能在一定程度上抑制了悬浮物颗粒向下迁移;悬浮物粒径的大小和浓度均可以影响热储介质堵塞发生时间,悬浮物粒径越大堵塞发生时间越早,浓度越高,堵塞时间越短。试验针对悬浮物堵塞试验研究成果及现实情况,提出了一些针对性的治理措施:(1)设计一级除砂器,除砂器不仅可以沉降颗粒较大的悬浮物,降低悬浮物浓度,也能对尾水进行降温,有益于缓解物理悬浮物堵塞。(2)经过除砂器后,尾水进入二级过滤器,设计粗过滤器的过滤级为50μm,而精过滤器的过滤级为10μm,过滤器的个数可以根据尾水回灌量确定。     

地下水人工回灌气相堵塞特征的试验研究

地下水人工回灌可以高效地利用雨季丰沛的水量来缓解地下水过量开采造成的海水入侵、泉水断流等环境水文地质问题,但回灌堵塞一直是制约人工回灌效率的关键问题。针对雨洪水回灌携带的大量气泡问题,设计室内砂柱试验模拟装置,利用曝气水进行人工回灌,定时记录试验过程中测压管读数及出流流量,利用达西定律计算各层渗透系数,研究气相堵塞的发展过程和规律。结果表明:回灌过程中由于气相堵塞导致含水层渗透系数随时间呈指数衰减,气相堵塞主要发生在介质浅表层（0~30 cm）,且随时间有向下发展的趋势,堵塞速率随深度的增加逐渐减小,在回灌过程中适时停灌进行排气有利于减小气相堵塞对回灌效率的影响。     

雨洪资源地下回灌促渗技术的实验研究

针对雨洪资源地下回灌工程易堵塞、效率低、寿命短等问题,以入渗池为例,开展室内模拟实验。实验通过模拟雨洪资源地下回灌条件和过程、设定渗透介质的表面形态和回灌的工程工艺方法,观测渗透速率随时间的变化规律,分析堵塞层悬浮物的分布规律;通过对比相同目标补给层、不同回灌工程工艺方法对入渗速率的影响,分析促渗机理,评价堵塞的形成机制和管理方法,探索促渗关键技术。提出了局部高位入渗方法、垄沟池底方法、间歇回灌方法三种有效的促渗技术,对雨洪资源地下回灌的工程实践具有一定的借鉴意义。     

含水层人工回灌物理堵塞的实验与数值模拟

以地表水体和雨洪水作为回灌水源,人工补给地下含水层过程中会发生含水层堵塞问题(特别是物理堵塞),将严重影响人工回灌的效果.采用模拟实验系统研究了悬浮固体颗粒对含水介质堵塞的机理,并用数学模型预测了含水介质物理堵塞的发生和发展过程.研究表明,含水介质的渗透性在回灌初期不断下降,随着回灌时间的延长逐渐趋于稳定;另外,悬浮物堵塞会导致介质的非均质性,渗透距离越小的砂层,堵塞越严重.建议将回灌液悬浮物浓度控制在25mg/L之内,在雨季悬浮物浓度较高时要进行周期性反冲洗,其频率为1次/d.     

人工回灌物理堵塞特征试验及渗滤经验公式推导

人工回灌是提高水资源利用水平的重要工程措施,然而回灌过程中的堵塞问题会影响入渗效率和入渗工程的使用寿命。为了深入研究堵塞的机理,以控制堵塞问题,通过砂柱试验模拟了地下水人工回灌物理堵塞过程,通过测定含水率的变化分析了由堵塞引起的砂柱饱和-非饱和状态的转化。试验中出流速率经过了迅速增大到一峰值后快速减小,然后又缓慢变小的过程,即：仅经过72 h的回灌,砂柱的出流速率减小为2.18 m/d;72 h后砂样出流速率的减小明显放缓;192 h时,砂样出流速率为0.81 m/d,约为出流速率最大值的1/10。试验结果表明：回灌水悬浮物颗粒进入砂样空隙中引起渗透性减弱,和逐渐沉积在砂柱顶部形成的淤泥层是造成堵塞的直接原因,而淤泥层的形成是造成渗滤速率迅速下降的关键因素;淤泥层的弱透水性使砂样由上至下含水率发生了变化,导致了砂样导水率和水力梯度都降低,促使回灌渗滤速率迅速减小;回灌时间越长,淤泥层厚度越大,出流速率越小。由10组对比试验的结果,综合考虑引起雨洪渗滤系统堵塞的各种因素,建立了无砾石滤料雨洪水回灌过程计算渗滤速率变化的经验模型,拟合结果决定性系数为0.932。     

基于Origin的渗透系数衰减方程在地热水回灌中的应用

孔隙型热储层的回灌过程中,由于物理堵塞、生物化学堵塞、悬浮物堵塞和气体堵塞,热储层的渗透性下降,回灌能力变弱.为了定量查明渗透系数的衰减,以辽南地区某回灌试验为例,使用Origin软件计算出研究区渗透系数衰减方程,在此基础上计算了回灌井灌压-时间关系曲线和回扬周期.研究表明,利用Origin软件求取渗透系数衰减方程具有方便快捷、规范性好等优点,可在回灌试验数据处理中推广使用.     

回灌与回扬物理过程的解析推导及灌压变化规律

以回灌过程中渗透系数衰减模型为基础,推导了不同回扬次数的渗透系数解析表达式;将其应用于Theis公式,获得了考虑渗透系数衰减以及暂时性堵塞率条件下回灌与回扬物理过程中含水层压强的解析表达式,更准确地刻画了回灌与回扬的物理机制。计算结果表明：在连续回灌不回扬过程中,井内灌压增长符合指数曲线特征,而采取回扬措施后,由指数连续上升转变为间断式阶梯上升;回扬次数越多,灌压下降越明显,但灌压变化幅度随回扬次数的递增而减小。根据解析解定义的两种堵塞率的结果,可以实现利用实验判断不同成分回灌水源对含水层堵塞机理的分析,从而达到科学制定回灌水源标准的目的。     

超深层孔隙型热储地热尾水回灌堵塞机理

超深层孔隙型地下热水回灌难的问题已成为制约关中盆地地下热水可持续开发利用的瓶颈.本文以超深层孔隙型地热流体为载体,以热储原水-回灌尾水-热储介质-堵塞垢物之间水岩作用下矿物组分溶解沉淀规律为基础,以咸阳回灌1号井为例,应用室内堵塞实验模拟及水文地球化学模拟耦合方法,展开超深层孔隙型地热尾水回灌堵塞机理研究.结果表明:造成堵塞的主要因素有物理、化学、气体、微生物等,其中物理堵塞形式主要为颗粒运移和悬浮物堵塞,颗粒运移受回灌流速和储层物性影响明显,温度、压力是悬浮物堵塞的主控因素,而粘土膨胀影响甚微;化学堵塞程度随温度升高而加剧,主要化学沉淀为碳酸盐垢,且在回灌初期-中期达到沉淀量最大值;气体堵塞在回灌初期影响较大,之后随温度升高而减小;微生物堵塞的主要细菌类型为腐生菌,其堵塞程度与环境开放程度有关.     

Column test-based features analysis of clogging in artificial recharge of groundwater in Beijing

With the completion of South-North Water Transfer Project in China, plenty of high quality water will be transported to Beijing. To restore the groundwater level in Beijing, part of transferred water is planned to be used for artificial recharge. Clogging is an unavoidable challenge in the artificial recharge process. Therefore, a test is designed to analyse clogging duration and scope of influence and to test the reinjection properties of different recharge media. The test employs the self-designed sand column system with variable spacing and section monitoring, composed of four parts: Sand column, water-supply system, pressure-test system and flow-test system, to simulate the clogging of artificial recharge of sand and gravel pits. The hydraulic conductivity levels of all sand column sections are obtained to analyse the clogging of the injection of different concentrations in media of different particle sizes. In this experiment, two kinds of media are used–round gravel from sand and gravel pit in Xihuang village and the sand from sand and gravel pit by the Yongding River. The concentrations of recharge fluid are respectively 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L. The results show that clogging usually lasts for 20 hrs., and the hydraulic conductivity drops to the original 10%. Clogging usually occurs at 0–12 cm section of the sand column. The scope of influence is 0–60 cm. In column 3 and 4, whose average particle sizes are larger, section 20–50 cm also suffers from clogging, apart from section 0–12 cm. The effective recharge times are respectively 33 hrs. in column 1, 14 hrs. in column 2, 12 hrs. in column 3 and 12 hrs. in column 4. The larger the average particle size is, the quicker the clogging occurs. In media of larger particles, the change in suspension concentration does not have significant influence on the development of clogging. In conclusion, it is suggested that during artificial recharge, the conditions of reinjection medium should be fully considered and effective method of recharge be employed in order to improve effective recharge time.     

The spatial variability of streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity in an intermittent river, northwestern China

Streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K) plays an important role in river water and groundwater interaction. The K at the ten transects (Ts1–Ts10) at the Donghe River (an intermittent river) in the Ejina Basin, northwestern China, was measured to investigate its spatial variation. Based on the sediment characteristics and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed, the entire riverbed of the Donghe River could be divided arbitrarily into two parts: an upper part (starting at Ts1 and ending at Ts9, without an obvious and continuous clogging layer) and a lower part (the remaining riverbed, with an obvious and continuous clogging layer). In the upper part, although the K varied with depth within the 0–30 cm layer, the variability with depth could be ignored in practice. The arithmetic mean K of the upper part ranged from 12 to 27.6 m/day, three orders of magnitude larger than that of the lower part (0.06 m/day). The change of K along the river cross section was significant, and larger values of K often occurred in the parts of the channels with greater water depth. However, there were no consistent patterns of the variability of K at transects across the river, which was influenced by the variation in streambed characteristics. The results could be useful for the estimation of groundwater recharge from river and groundwater resources evaluation in the Ejina Basin.     

Dynamics of the soil water and solute in the sodic saline soil in the Songnen Plain,China

According to the field experiment in the sodic saline soil region in the Songnen Plain, the dynamics of the soil water and solute affected by the shallow groundwater were explored during the growing season in 2004. The results presented that, influenced by the strongly evaporative demand, the soil water tended to transport to the upper soil layer with salt. The layered soil water balance model (LSWB model) revealed that the ratio of the water exchange between the groundwater and upper layer of the soil was 11.7:1. The groundwater discharge was 53.86 mm, but the groundwater recharge from the upper layer of soil was only 5.04 mm from 11 July to 06 September, which indicated that the groundwater could discharge to upper layer of soil and influence the soil salinization through capillary rise. The observed values of the salt content from July to mid-October presented that the soil solute was more changeable influenced by the climatic condition at 30 cm depth. As the field saturated hydraulic conductivity was low, the salts mainly accumulated in about 50–70 cm depth soil layer and hardly leached into deeper soil layer. Furthermore, the salt content was mainly controlled by the groundwater in the subsoil below 100 cm depth, the salt content decreased with the groundwater level receding. As influenced by the shallow groundwater and freeze-thaw action, further studies should be performed on the mechanism of soil salinization in the sodic saline soil region in the Songnen Plain of China.     

Groundwater travel time computation for two-layer islands

A closed-form analytical computation of groundwater travel time (GWTT) for two-layer oceanic small island aquifers is developed assuming steady-state and sharp-interface conditions. The two-layer geology impacts on the GWTT are investigated using the developed analytical solution to achieve a greater transparency of such conceptualizations. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of geologic layering leads to large changes in the GWTT. Sensitivity analyses, using specified dimensionless parameters, are employed to assess the influences of hydraulic conductivity, recharge rate, upper layer thickness, and seawater/freshwater density difference parameters, which influence the GWTT. These evaluations reveal that the GWTT is mainly influenced by the recharge rate and the upper layer thickness compared to the other influential parameters when the typical parameter ranges are considered.     

Chemical and mechanical clogging of groundwater abstraction wells at well field Heel,the Netherlands

Well field Heel, in the south east of the Netherlands, consists of a row of wells drilled in an anoxic pyrite-containing aquifer alongside a former gravel pit, which now serves as a recharge basin, where water is actively aerated. All wells are seriously affected by chemical (screen slot) and/or mechanical (well bore) clogging. The objective of this study is to explain this combined occurrence. A combination of chemical, hydraulic and well-maintenance data indicate three groundwater quality types: (1) oxic basin water, (2) anoxic iron-containing basin water after oxidation of the traversed aquifer, and (3) deeply anoxic native groundwater. Wells abstracting a mixture of oxic basin water and anoxic basin water and/or native groundwater experience chemical well clogging, whereas wells abstracting (only or partly) native groundwater are vulnerable to mechanical well clogging. In the end, after oxic basin water has completely oxidized the traversed the aquifer, only two groundwater quality types will be present. Wells abstracting only oxic basin water will show no clogging, and wells abstracting a mixture of native groundwater and oxic basin water will experience chemical and possibly also mechanical well clogging. In this reasoning, the sequence in abstracted groundwater quality types coincides with a sequence in well clogging: from mechanical to chemical to no clogging. As well field Heel is situated in sloping terrain, the interplay between regional hydraulic gradient and different water qualities results in one-sided chemical clogging in the upper part of the well screen during abstraction, and in the lower part during the resting phase.