沁水盆地北端中生代构造变形与构造应力场特征

在对沁水盆地北端发育的中生代褶皱、断层和节理等构造研究的基础上,分析并总结了区内的构造变形及构造应力场特征,。结果表明:研究区西部构造线以NE-SW向为主;东部构造线以近SN或NW-SE向为主;两者之间的构造线方向主要表现为近EW向。研究区内的褶皱、断裂、节理以及水系的发育特征均表明:本区在晚古生代—中生代经历过一期近SN向的挤压作用,其最大主应力方位为161°~174°,倾角在10°以内,这期挤压作用可能是对印支期构造活动的响应;此外,在距今165±5 Ma至136 Ma期间,本区可能还经历过一期NW–SE向的挤压作用,其最大主应力方位为152°,倾角1°。      

哈达门沟金矿床构造应力场演化及控矿规律分析

以矿区构造节理统计分析为基础,结合矿区地质特征及区域构造演化,分析了哈达门沟金矿区构造控矿特征及应力场演化。认为山前"钾化带"与矿体就位直接相关,它沟通了复式褶皱核部的隐伏岩体与浅部节理,并成为流体运移的主要通道。与成矿控矿有关的构造应力场可分为四期:第一期变形在新太古代的乌拉山旋回,最大主应力σ1方位15°～195°,共轭节理为NNW和NE向;在成岩、变质作用同时进行下除形成了区内透入性的强塑性叠加小褶皱外还有整体上的大型复背斜。第二期构造应力场作用时间在晚古生代,σ1方位约在160°～340°,形成近SN和NE向共轭节理和西侧的大桦背岩体,这一期有局部的矿化现象;前两期应力场形成了轴向近EW向的叠加褶皱、断裂和两期共轭剪节理等成矿前主要构造。第三期应力场处于主成矿期,变形为燕山运动中、晚期构造,σ1在290°方位近水平扭压,形成EW和NW向共轭剪节理;张扭性应力场使近EW向的节理弯曲变形,并形成追踪张节理,这两类裂隙成为主要的矿液通道及容矿空间。第四期构造应力场应在晚燕山运动及以后,为成矿后构造变形,σ1近直立,整体抬升使矿脉遭受剥蚀而出露地表。     

肃北县德勒诺尔铁矿区构造应力场分析

本文以德勒诺尔铁矿区发育的节理为研究对象,在约20ｋｍ²的研究区内布置了93个观测点,在野外共观测三百余组节理,采用数学统计方法,对节理进行分期配套,确定区内主要发育3组高倾角平面X剪节理,通过节理之间相互错断、限制关系对节理期次进行配套分析,并对不同期次构造应力场形成的共轭剪节理进行了研究,利用吴氏网绘制各观察点的主应力图解,获得各点应力轴（σ₁,σ²,σ₃）的产状。研究得出本区第1次构造应力场最大主压应力轴（σ₁）的优选产状为181°∠8°,中间应力轴（σ²）为141°∠81°,最小主应力轴（σ₃）为89°∠5°,可能是区内的主体构造格架的动力来源,在区内形成了近ＥＷ向的复式背斜及叠瓦状逆冲断裂。第２期构造应力场最大主压应力轴呈NE—SW向,最大主压应力轴（σ₁）的优选产状为250°∠12°,中间应力轴（σ²）为56°∠78°,最小主应力轴（σ₃）为143°∠11°,为区内形成NW—NWW向展布的逆冲断裂的主要动力来源。第３期构造应力场最大主压应力轴呈NNW—SSE向,最大主压应力轴（σ₁）的优选产状为344°∠3°,中间应力轴（σ²）为79°∠80°,最小主应力轴（σ₃）为252°∠13°,可能为区内ＮＷ、ＮＥ向展布的张性断裂的主要动力来源。研究总结了区内不同期次构造应力场的特征,并对动力来源进行了初步探讨。     

额尔古纳地区中生代应力场演化及其与金铅锌矿的关系

额尔古纳地区中生代主要受到3期区域应力场的影响,分别是印支期（T2-J1）、塔木兰沟期（J3）和上库力期（K1）。印支期的主压应力方位为北北西南南东向,该期应力场在区内形成两条大型韧性剪切带,剪切带走向0~20°塔木兰沟的主压应力方位为北西西南东东向,形成了区域上极为发育的两组共轭剪节理,其走向分别为66~90°和320~340°上库力期的主压应力方位为北北东南南西,它使塔木兰沟期的两组共轭节理复活,形成劈理带、逆断层等。本地区金、铅锌矿点、矿化点或矿化异常区较多。矿（化）体产状与塔木兰沟期、上库力期构造特征相吻合,它们的形成时间基本一致。塔木兰沟期、上库力期强烈的火山作用及其地球化学特征反映当时具有良好的成矿地球化学条件,说明该地区中生代的主成矿期为塔木兰沟期和上库力期。本区已知的金矿（化）点、砂金矿点均位于两条韧性剪切带附近,所以两条韧性剪切带附近是本地区金矿的找矿远景区。     

鄯善油田裂缝特征及构造应力场

通过野外节理裂缝的观测,钻井岩心裂缝的古地磁定向与倾角测井裂缝解释,分析了鄯善油田构造应力场,得出鄯善油田储层构造裂缝发育方位主要为N30°-40°E,N30°-50°W,为一对NE、NW向共轭断裂.高角度缝和垂直缝为主.鄯善构造带是近南北挤压作用下形成的,侏罗纪末期燕山期构造运动为近SN向的主压应力模式,形成油田内一系列近SN向正断层,以及测量的NE、NW向共轭断裂.鄯善油田储层断裂是侏罗纪末期燕山期构造运动形成的.通过倾角测井椭圆井径曲线分析等方法判别的鄯善油田现今最大水平主应力方向约140°.人工压裂的裂缝方位理论上当为140°,它与320°方位的构造缝如果匹配,可能对压裂产生影响.     

黄土状土中的构造现象及其对某些工程关系的初步观察

观察地段是天水、陇西、兰州。现象是通过工程地质踏勘及调查的实践,在人工路堑边坡坡面上看到的。一、黄土状土中的构造现象1.非垂直性斜节理垂直节理及性质,很早以前就有被大家所公认的概念,本观察地段,该节理也是存在的;但除垂直节理外,分布于黄土状土中的非垂直性斜节理,也是客观存在的事实。它们的何角一般是60°至80°,少部是30°至50°;走向一般是北东15°、50°、65°、80°,少部是北西5°、25°、50°;倾向大部向南东,少部北东及南西。斜节理面及分布通常没有岩质岩层中那样光     

西秦岭关家沟组物源分析

西南秦岭摩天岭地区关家沟组的时代、沉积环境及构造背景一直是争论的焦点。对关家沟组粉砂岩、板岩进行了常量、微量及稀土元素地球化学分析表明关家沟组物源主要来自活动大陆边缘的岛弧环境。以本区地层斜层理产状及砾石优选方位为依据,对关家沟组岩层古水流方向综合分析,推测其古水流方向为230°~356°,以北西向为主;砾石的优选方位在228°~338°之间,以北北西向为主;砾石分布特征由南向北颗粒由大逐渐变小、磨圆度由差至较好、优选方位由杂乱到较好的变化趋势。结合前人成果,关家沟组应属于碧口弧前盆地系统内,推测关家沟组内的沉积物主要来自南东向的岛弧。     

面向构造分析的赤平投影的计算机实现与应用

地壳中的矿产分布受一定的地质构造控制,正确认识区域构造与矿床构造特征,有助于对矿产资源进行科学预测与评价。在地质构造分析中,赤平投影是经常使用的分析方法,能定量计算节理的优势方位,直观、形象地展示节理的几何形态。运用构造分析理论,系统介绍通过吴氏网绘制节理赤平投影弧、通过施氏网计算节理优势方位的方法。使用C++语言实现了绘制赤平投影的程序,运用该程序处理胶西北多个金矿床的地质体产状数据,计算得到的优势方位走向符合实际区域地质构造。与Dips软件的处理结果进行比较,优势方位的误差在±2°以内,符合实际精度需求,验证了程序的正确性和实用性。     

微震监测技术在南泥湾油田长6油藏的应用

针对南泥湾油田三叠系延长组长6组油层段压裂产生何种裂缝形态问题,笔者以微震监测技术为基础,对该油田具有代表性6口油井进行实验,结果显示,油层埋藏深度650.0m～797.0m为垂直裂缝;349.0m～383.0m为水平裂缝。形成垂直裂缝的延伸长度为138.0m～149.3m,最大裂缝方位为108.9°,最小裂缝方位为58.0°;形成水平裂缝的延伸长度为99.1～117.4m,最大裂缝方位99.2°,最小裂缝方位为76.6°。     

岩石节理对大石林景观空间结构塑造和控制

大石林景区节理走向集中在NW30°～60°以及NE50°～75°两个方向,形成“X”型共扼性质,表现出高密度、高角度、深切割、延伸长的特点。景区剑状石林与溶蚀洼地的组合、石柱的定向展布以及空旷地、廊道和游路所体现出的特有空间结构都受到上述节理的塑造和控制。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。