我国东部某些地幔岩中圆形矿物包裹体及地幔岩退火时间的探讨

我国东部沿海地区新生代碱性玄武岩中,广泛分布尖晶石二辉橄榄岩等地幔岩包体,地幔岩的退火时间和退火温度是岩石圈演化的重要标志。研究表明,地幔橄榄岩是宿主岩石中的异源包体,为先已存在的固态的地幔物质。镜下观察表明,地幔橄榄岩的主要造岩矿物中常含有圆形矿物包裹体,如橄揽石中含有尖晶石和斜方辉石,斜方辉石中含有橄榄石和尖晶石包裹体等。矿物包裹体从原始的多边形转变为球粒状的形态变化是地幔岩在某种退火温     

闽北政和洋后变质超镁铁岩的岩石地球化学及矿物化学研究

岩石化学研究表明，洋后变质超镁铁岩是由变质方辉橄榄岩和变质超镁铁堆积岩组成。变质方辉橄榄岩的微量元素地球化学及矿物化学特征表明，应为亏损的残余地幔产物。通过系统的岩石地球化学、矿物化学及年代学研究，认为洋后变质超镁铁岩可能为华南晚震旦－早古生代的蛇绿岩组成部分。     

地幔置换作用:华北两类橄榄岩及其透辉石微量元素对比证据

在华北地块东部，河南鹤壁新生代玄武岩中的耐熔橄榄岩捕虏体被认为是克拉通地幔的残留；山东山旺饱满橄榄岩捕虏体被认为是新生代玄武岩所捕获的新生地幔物质，对它们全岩的常量、微量元素，组成单矿物的常量元素和透辉石微量元素进行了对比．结果显示代表古老岩石圈的鹤壁克拉通型地幔和代表新生岩石圈的山旺“大洋型”地幔分别相当于原始地幔经历15％一25％和1％一5％熔融的产物．它们在熔融之后又都遭受了硅酸盐质碳酸岩熔体的交代改造作用，但前者明显强于后者．古老岩石圈橄榄岩的固相线温度受地幔熔／流体的长期交代而降低．由于早中生代时华北地块受扬子地块碰撞的地幔热扰动和软流圈上涌影响，促使橄榄岩熔融．所融出的基性岩浆主要垫托在地壳底部，形成壳-幔过渡带并实现大规模的壳-幔物质和热交换．第三纪以后的热沉降使抬升的软流圈物质冷却垫托在岩石圈底部构成新增生的岩石圈．因此，发生于东部的中、新生代(相对于古生代)岩石圈减薄不是软流圈抬升所引起的简单岩石圈厚度变小，而是伴随着新生地幔物质对古老地幔的置换过程．     

新疆西克尔碧玄岩中的地幔橄榄岩包体

在新疆西克尔地区发现了尖晶石相橄榄岩包体。这些包体的寄主岩石为碧玄岩,其K-Ar同位素年龄为19.76～21.90 Ma。岩相学和矿物化学研究表明西克尔橄榄岩包体具有典型的岩石圈地幔橄榄岩包体的特征。利用矿物温压计对包体的平衡温压进行估算,发现西克尔地幔橄榄岩包体的平衡温压为736～1017℃和1.7～2.2GPa,与西南天山托云地区晚白垩纪火山岩中尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体(平衡温压为818～1113℃和1.5～2.0GPa)相比,具有温度明显偏低,而压力明显偏高的特点。这说明西克尔地区的地幔橄榄岩包体没有受到地幔热异常事件的影响,因此可以代表塔里木板块岩石圈地幔的原始性质。这对于研究塔里木盆地岩石圈地幔的热结构和地球化学特征以及塔里木盆地内大量幔源岩浆的成因具有重要意义。     

橄榄岩中尖晶石的氧同位素继承性与晶体结构转变

根据激光探针分析含尖晶石橄榄石中矿物的氧同位素组成,反应增量法计算矿物对氧同位素分馏曲线,得到正尖晶石－矿物对氧同位素温度高于含尖晶石橄榄岩的相平衡温度,而用反尖晶石－矿物的对计算的氧同位素温度则很接近含尖晶石橄榄岩的相平衡温度,较为合理,因此地幔橄榄岩中镁铝尖晶石的氧同位素组成继承了其母体反尖晶石特征,即与橄榄石,单斜辉石和斜方辉石平衡的是反结构尖晶石,在其发生相变作用变成正结构尖晶石时未发生氧     

女山超镁铁岩包体及其形成的温压条件

安徽女山含有丰富的超镁铁岩包体，它们赋存在两种寄主岩中。根据副矿物种类不同可分为Ｓｐ－二辉橄榄岩、Ｈｂ－二辉橄榄岩和Ｇａ－二辉橄榄岩。本区超镁铁岩包体在地幔中遭受不同的地质事件局部熔融、变形作用和重结晶作用。笔者采用几种不同的方法对本区包体形成的温压条件进行了估算，其形成的温度ｔ／℃为１０２８～１２２３，压力ｐ／ＧＰａ为１．４３～３．５７。本区上地幔的形成与Ｒｉｎｇｗｏｏｄ的模拟地幔岩（Ｐｙｒｏｌｉｔｅ）成分接近，也与我国东部其他地区上地幔的成分接近     

苏北盆地新生代玄武岩中的地幔橄榄岩包体

苏北盆地盘石山和方山新生代玄武岩中广泛发育橄榄岩包体,以尖晶石二辉橄榄岩为主,少数为尖晶石方辉橄榄岩。盘石山橄榄岩的岩相学特征表明其经历过Ol Cpx Melt=Ol Opx Melt的反应过程,而方山橄榄岩的这种反应过程不明显,表明古老的岩石圈地幔物质在方山下部仍有残留。与华北地块东部早古生代地幔橄榄岩相比较,本地区橄榄岩包体中橄榄石的Fo值为0.89～0.90,斜方辉石的En值为0.88～0.90,表现为饱满玄武质组分的特点,表明从早古生代至新生代期间经历了岩石圈的减薄和岩石圈地幔的置换。平衡温压估算结果表明,方山橄榄岩平衡温度为985℃～1 081℃,平衡压力为1.65 GPa～2.61 GPa,对应的深度为53 km～84 km;盘石山橄榄岩平衡温度为940℃～1 010℃,平衡压力为0.90 GPa～2.07 GPa,对应的深度为29 km～66 km。盘石山橄榄岩包体的起源深度小于方山,苏北盆地新生代时期岩石圈地幔的厚度约为50 km,位于岩石圈30 km～80 km之间。     

吉林省伊通地区橄榄岩包体的同位素特征与岩石圈地幔时代

吉林省伊通新生代火山群中大孤山所伴生的东小山火山含有丰富的地幔橄榄岩包体,详细的岩石学和矿物学工作显示,这些包体的主要岩石类型为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩,含有少量的方辉橄榄岩和异剥橄榄岩。包体的结构类型多样,包括粒状变晶结构、碎斑状结构、糜棱结构和筛状变晶结构。主量元素及矿物化学资料表明,这些地幔橄榄岩包体大都比较饱满,说明其所经历的部分熔融程度较低。微量元素显示,包体在形成以后经受过不同程度地幔交代作用的影响。矿物平衡温度计算结果表明包体的平衡温度为989～1142℃,来源深度约为40～70km。Sr-Nd-Hf同位素资料反映二辉橄榄岩包体具有亏损地幔的特征。Re-Os同位素资料显示上述岩石圈地幔的主体形成于显生宙期间,少量具有中元古代Re亏损年龄的样品所代表的古老地幔与本区上覆地壳成因无关,可能是软流圈中固有的较古老的大陆岩石圈地幔。     

地幔柱活动对克拉通岩石圈地幔的影响：西伯利亚克拉通地幔橄榄岩包体Sr-Nd-Hf同位素制约

利用单矿物溶液法分析了Obnazhennaya金伯利岩中橄榄岩包体单矿物的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,并且与Udachnaya金伯利岩中橄榄岩包体单矿物的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成进行了对比。结果显示,Obnazhennaya金伯利岩中橄榄岩包体单斜辉石具有亏损的Sr同位素组成和富集的Nd、Hf同位素组成。橄榄岩包体石榴子石的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成表现出原始的特征,没有受到交代作用的影响。通过对比Udachnaya和Obnazhennaya金伯利岩中地幔包体的特征和单斜辉石的二元混合模拟发现,Udachnaya金伯利岩中的地幔包体的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成更偏向于金伯利岩的特征,而与之相反,Obnazhennaya金伯利岩中的地幔包体的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成则位于金伯利岩和地幔柱溢流玄武岩之间,且更加偏向于溢流玄武岩的同位素特征。因此,地幔柱活动对西伯利亚克拉通岩石圈产生了影响,改变了其岩石圈地幔的同位素组成。     

大陆岩石圈地幔异剥橄榄岩化的证据和意义

异剥橄榄岩化是地幔橄榄岩与硅不饱和熔体发生强烈相互作用的地幔过程。这一过程通常伴随地幔物理-化学性质的显著改变,与克拉通岩石圈减薄和破坏密切相关。本文梳理了前人对异剥橄榄岩化的驱动机理、结构和成分特征及其对大陆稳定性影响等方面的定性认识,并在此基础上通过热力学模拟,刻画了不同属性地幔与熔体在不同温度压力条件下的相互作用过程,目标是为定量限定异剥橄榄岩化的发生条件、物理-化学效应及地球动力学意义。研究显示,异剥橄榄岩化通常会出现磷灰石、角闪石、金云母和碳酸盐等标志性交代矿物,并以斜方辉石被单斜辉石替换为典型特征,还可发育海绵边、熔体囊(已冷却结晶为单斜辉石、橄榄石等细粒矿物)和矿物环带等非平衡结构。热力学模拟表明,熔岩反应过程受原岩、熔体性质以及熔/岩比例的共同控制,不同属性地幔(难熔方辉橄榄岩、饱满二辉橄榄岩)与贫硅(如霞石岩)熔体反应都能生成富单斜辉石橄榄岩,且在较高压力(如2.5GPa和4.0GPa)条件下更容易形成异剥橄榄岩;相比之下,不同性质地幔与富硅(如MORB)熔体反应在任何压力条件下均不能产生异剥橄榄岩。此外,两类熔体参与的熔岩反应均能引起围岩密度逐渐增加,并在高压条件下...     

Geochemical aspects of permeability controlled partial melting and fractional crystallization

Magma accumulation in the mantle requires that the mantle be permeable. Experimental investigations show that the permeability threshold first will be attained after a certain degree of partial melting. The influence of the permeability threshold on the composition of partial melts is evaluated using the fayalite-forsterite system as an example. In addition the variation in trace element concentrations are calculated for different distribution coefficients. Primary magmas formed by accumulation when a minimal degree of partial melting is required for permeability display a remarkably small variation in composition up to 30% partial melting. It is suggested from REE abundances that primary tholeiitic magmas have been generated by permeability controlled partial melting. The compositions of the primary magmas generated by permeability controlled partial melting will not differ much from the compositions obtained by batch melting, but the degrees of partial melting will differ for similar compositions.     

碳酸岩的地质地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

从已知碳酸岩的地质产状、岩石学特征、Nd-Sr-Pb-O-C同位素及痕量元素地球化学特征数据,结合高温高压实验岩石学资料,论述了其地幔源区的物质成分、交代过程软流圈地幔部分熔融机制和碳酸岩岩浆的演化模型。碳酸岩既可以产生于拉张岩石圈构造背景,也能够产生于挤压而派生的引张岩石圈构造背景。前者以产于裂谷环境、与硅酸不饱和过碱性岩构成环状碳酸岩—碱性杂岩为特征,主要由起源于软流圈地幔的霞石质超基性—基性岩浆经液态不混溶作用而形成;后者产于碰撞造山过程中派生的引张岩石圈断裂带,以单一的透镜状、条带状和似层状碳酸岩体为标志,直接由导源岩石圈富集地幔的低程度部分熔融作用而产生的碳酸岩浆侵入或喷发所形成。     

MINERALOGICAL FEATURES OF ULTRAMAFICHYPOXENOLITHS IN ALKALI-RICH PORPHYRY

Ultramafic hypoxenoliths found in the alkali-rich porphyry in the Liuhe Village, Heqing, Yunnan, China, are of great significance in understanding the origin and evolution of the porphyry. This paper discusses the mineralogical features of the hypoxenoliths. It shows that the xenoliths are characterized by the upper mantle rocks modified to certain extent by the enriched mantle fluid metasomatism in the mantle environment, with the enriched mantle property of low-degree partial melting. This constitutes the important mineralogical evidence for the petrogenesis and mineralization of alkali-rich porphyry. Keywords: alkali-rich porphyry; deep-source xenoliths; enriched mantle; low-degree partial melting; mineralogical characteristics     

富碱斑岩中超镁铁深源包体岩石的元素地球化学分析

云南省鹤庆县六合乡富碱斑岩体中的超镁铁深源岩石包体，对于研究富碱斑岩岩浆的起源和演化及其成岩成矿作用具有重要意义。在对深源包体岩石的元素地球化学特征进行系统研究后，发现该深源包体具有原始上地幔岩在地幔条件下受到一定程度富集地幔流体交代作用改造的特征，具有富集地幔的低程度部分熔融属性，为富碱斑岩的成岩成矿作用提供了重要的元素地球化学依据。     

汉诺坝橄榄岩捕虏体的单斜辉石LAM-ICPMS分析及其岩石圈地幔演化意义

橄榄岩成分及其中矿物(如单斜辉石)微量元素组成可以很好地揭示岩石圈地幔性质．在对汉诺坝新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩捕虏体做详细岩相学和岩石化学研究基础上,重点分析了单斜辉石的激光原位微量元素,并探讨了新生代华北克拉通北缘岩石圈地幔特征及地幔演化．汉诺坝地区岩石圈地幔是相当于原始地幔经过不同程度的部分熔融抽取形成的,除个别样品的部分熔融程度为15％-20％外,多数样品<5％．全岩主元素、单斜辉石成分体现出新生代汉诺坝地区的岩石圈地幔是很不均一的:在主体饱满型中有亏损型地幔的残留．这种共存现象可能是软流圈物质对古老地幔进行侵蚀、混合和改造置换的结果．单斜辉石微量元素组成所体现的碳酸岩岩浆交代作用和硅酸盐熔／流体的交代作用也支持这一认识．     

Parameterization of the Melting Regime of the Shallow Upper Mantle and the Effects of Variable Lithospheric Stretching on Mantle Modal Stratification and Trace-Element Concentrations in Magmas

Parameterization of melting phenomena in the upper mantle hasprimarily focused on two basic themes, namely the physical andchemical processes that govern partial melting. Parameterizationof physical processes mainly refers to establishing relationshipsbetween parameters such as the temperature, pressure, matrixand melt flow geometry, lithospheric stretching, and volumeof magma. By contrast, parameterization of chemical processeslargely implies unravelling the relationships between type anddegree of melting, and source and melt composition. Few attemptshave been made, however, to interrelate the two processes. Thepresent work is an effort to provide a link between physicaland chemical parameters associated with mantle melting and toallow in-depth modelling of partial melting processes in upwellingasthenosphere in a rigorous yet simplified manner. Several correlationsamong the most important physical parameters (e.g., equilibrationand extrusion temperature and pressure of magma, melt fractionand thickness, stretching factor, etc.) are explored. On thisbasis, a model for the compositional stratification of the lithosphereis proposed, and its bearing on the nature of intra-oceanicarc magmatism is emphasized. Trends of melting residues in termsof modal olivine and clinopyroxene are calculated for a widerange of possible potential temperatures that may be appliedto xenolith or abyssal peridotite suites to constrain furthertheir original depth of upwelling. Dry solidus equations fordepleted peridotite compositions are also derived that may beused to infer the effects of volatiles on the melting of refractorysupra-subduction zone mantle. The sensitivity of certain elementsto temperature variations during melting in a column of ascendingmantle is highlighted using Ni as an example, and the dangersof using single-value distribution coefficients to predict concentrationsof transition metals in magmas are emphasized. MORB-normalizedmulti-element profiles calculated using a variety of sources,mantle potential temperatures, and stretching factors are presented,and the differences between instantaneous and pooled melts arediscussed. A technique to calculate mineral proportions duringtransformation of garnet lherzolite to spinel lherzolite, togetherwith estimates of the modal composition of fertile spinel andgarnet lherzolite are included. Selected trace-element abundancesin various sources [bulk silicate Earth, depleted MORB (mid-oceanridge basalt) mantle, N-MORB) and distribution coefficientsfor common rock-forming minerals are also tabulated.     

北秦岭弧后盆地俯冲消减与陆壳物质再循环——桃园岩体和黄岗杂岩体的地球化学证据

对桐柏北部加里东期桃园岩体和黄岗杂岩体的地球化学研究表明, 桃园岩体形成于与洋壳消减作用有关的弧后盆地环境, 与二郎坪基性火山岩具有相同的岩浆来源.黄岗杂岩岩浆中含有一定比例的陆壳物质, 该物质来自俯冲板片上陆壳沉积物的再循环, 与二郎坪弧后盆地向北的俯冲消减有密切联系.      

Basic phase relations of polybaric batch, percolative and critical melting

Summary ?Partial melting of the mantle is polybaric which implies that the phase relations change during partial melting. In addition to the pressure the composition of the melt depends on the melting mode. Various melting models have been suggested. Here the basic phase relations of polybaric batch, percolative, and critical melting are considered, using a simple ternary system. The percolative melts are in equilibrium with their residua, but differ somewhat in composition from those of batch melting. Critical melting is a fractional type of melting where the residuum contain interstitial melt. The critical melts differ in composition from batch melts. The linear trends of peridotites from ophiolites show that the extracted melts had nearly constant compositions, and therefore were extracted within a small pressure interval. A comparison between the trends of mantle peridotite and experimental batch melts suggests strongly that the melt extracted from the peridotites are in equilibrium with their residua. This could suggest that either batch or percolative melting are relevant melting modes for the mantle. However, isotopic disequilibria favor instead a critical mode of melting. This inconsistency can be avoided if the ascending melts are accumulated within a source region and equilibrate with the residuum before the melt is extracted from the source region. The evidence for equilibrium suggests that multisaturation of tholeiitic compositions in PT-diagrams is relevant for estimating pressure and temperature of generation of primary tholeiitic magmas. Received September 2, 2001; revised version accepted March 20, 2002     

Composition of liquids coexisting with spinel lherzolite at 10 kbar and the genesis of MORBs

Because of the controversy over the nature of the parental magma for MORBs, experiments have been performed at 10 kbar in order to assess the effect of modal variations in the source peridotite and the effect of temperature (degree of partial melting) on the composition of partial melts. A peridotite-basalt sandwich method was used and a run duration of 72 h was found to be necessary to equilibrate basalt and peridotite. A range of melt compositions, coexisting with olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel, was produced at 10 kbar, indicating that partial melting of peridotite cannot be regarded as isobarically pseudoinvariant. On projections in the normative tetrahedron OL-PL-CPX-SIL, the liquids obtained in this study define an area, rather than a point or narrow band. The compositions of some liquids in this study are similar to magnesian MORBs (MgO>9.5 wt%), providing evidence in support of the derivation of magnesian MORBs by partial melting of mantle lherzolite at about 10 kbar.     

Anhydrous partial melting of an iron-rich mantle II: primary melt compositions at 15 kbar

Primary melt and coexisting mineral compositions, at increasing degrees of partial melting at 15 kbar, were determined for an iron-rich martian mantle composition, DW. The composition of primary melts near the solidus was determined with basalt-peridotite sandwich experiments. In order to evaluate the approach of the liquids to equilibrium with a DW mantle assemblage, experiments were also performed to establish the liquidus mineralogy of the primary melts. Primary melt compositions produced from an iron-rich mantle are more picritic than those produced from an iron-poor mantle. By increasing the iron content of a model mantle composition (decreasing the mg#, where mg# = atomic [Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)^*100]), picritic and komatiitic magmas result at lower percentages of melting and at temperatures closer to the solidus than in an iron-poor mantle. Terrestrial iron-rich primitive volcanics may be the partial melting products of iron-rich, mg# 80, source regions. The DW partial melting results support the conclusion of previous authors that the parent magmas of the SNC (shergottites, nakhlites, chassignites) meteorites were derived from a source region that had been previously depleted in an aluminous phase.