未熟-低熟油流体特征--以济阳坳陷古近系为例

对济阳坳陷古近系储层中流体包裹体的研究进一步证明，其油气属未熟—低熟油气。除了油藏埋深浅、地层时代新、为自生自储同生油藏外，还具下列特征：油气生成温度低，包裹体均一温度范围为53～115℃；处于低演化阶段，储层中主要的包裹体类型是纯液态烃包裹体及纯液体盐水溶液包裹体。包裹体烃类成分中重烃及丁烷含量高，重烃平均占总烃的52．14％，丁烷平均占总烃的14．46％；流体压力高，估算的流体压力范围是10．0～40．5MPa；盐度较高；还原环境；古地温梯度高，为3．830℃／100m等流体特征。研究结果为该坳陷油气成因及识别未熟—低熟油成油物理化学条件等提供了信息。     

青海赛什塘铜矿床流体包裹体研究

对青海赛什塘铜矿床内与成矿有关的矽卡岩中石榴子石、透辉石及硫化物石英脉中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温学和显微激光拉曼光谱分析等的研究结果表明,流体包裹体有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体3种类型;早期矽卡岩阶段均一温度436～562℃,盐度为34 wt ％～45wt％NaCl eqv.,代表了高温、高盐度岩浆流体;退变质阶段均一温度322～419℃,盐度为15wt ％～39 wt％NaCl eqv.;硫化物阶段均一温度235～366℃,盐度5wt％～36wt％NaCl eqv..激光拉曼光谱分析结果表明,包裹体中气相成分以CH4、H2S、CO2和H2O为主.成矿流体属于中高温、高盐度的NaCl-H2O-CO2-CH4体系,在290～360℃之间发生了强烈的流体沸腾作用,导致大量的金属硫化物沉淀,成矿流体的沸腾作用是导致铜矿床形成的重要因素.     

宜川—旬邑地区长6～长8储层流体包裹体特征及意义

宜川—旬邑地区显示油气丰富,但是实际勘探效果不佳,通过宜川-旬邑地区延长组长6~长8储层流体包裹体岩相、均一温度、盐度的研究表明,该区主要发育液烃包裹体和气液烃有机流体包裹体。流体包裹体主要分布在石英次生加大边与石英颗粒裂纹、方解石胶结物和裂缝充填物中;包裹体个体多为5~15μm,均一温度为49~127℃,平均89℃。80%以上样品的含油流体包裹体丰度(GOI)大于或等于1%,其中近40%样品的GOI在5%以上。流体包裹体总体偏向低盐度,包裹体盐度与均一温度间的相关性差。结合延长组成岩作用、热史和埋藏史分析指出,延长组发生过广泛的油气运移与充注事件,充注时间主要在早白垩世早期—早白垩世晚期;油藏具储层边致密、石油边成藏的特点,受后期构造运动的影响,原始封闭体系遭到破坏,在方解石胶结物不甚发育且原生粒间孔隙保存较好的区域,有望获得油气勘探的突破。     

广东长坑金银矿床成矿流体成分及来源探讨

对广东长坑金银矿床流体包裹体的研究表明,该矿床矿石中流体包裹体种类较多,以富气态烃包裹体与盐水溶液包裹体为主,包裹体相对含量统计表明,富气态烃包裹体占包裹体总数的大多数,表明成矿流体为富含气态烃的水溶液。金、银矿石均一温度测定主要集中在１６０～２６０℃之间,单个包裹体的拉曼光谱分析结果证果,成矿充体成分与赋矿围岩有密切关系,成矿本主要为盆地富有机质的热流体。     

普光气藏储层流体特征及其演化过程

为了研究普光气藏储层流体的演化过程,对气藏包裹体进行了显微观察和显微测温研究。结果表明:普光气藏储层流体包裹体可划分为3期,即成岩早期(第Ⅰ期),成岩晚期早阶段(第Ⅱ期)和成岩晚期晚阶段(第Ⅲ期)。第Ⅰ期以气液水包裹体和液相水包裹体为主,均一温度为85~117℃,盐度(wB)为15.55%~20.43%,属于浅埋藏环境;第Ⅱ期包裹体类型有含沥青气相烃包裹体、残余沥青包裹体和气液水包裹体,含沥青气相烃包裹体及残余沥青包裹体是由液相烃包裹体、气-液烃包裹体热裂解而成的,该期包裹体均一温度为116~168℃,盐度为4.94%~19.95%,为中-深埋藏环境;第Ⅲ期包裹体主要为气相烃、烃-水包裹体和气液水包裹体,均一温度为133~250℃,盐度为4.48%~21.05%,属深埋藏环境。从第Ⅰ期到第Ⅲ期随着埋深的增加,均一温度依次升高,盐度大致呈降低的趋势。     

浙江建德铜矿流体包裹体研究

浙江建德铜矿(原名岭后铜矿)是20世纪60年代初期探明的中型铜矿,位于扬子板块和华夏板块结合带(即钦杭结合带)北东段。文中系统研究了建德铜矿主成矿期块状矿石石英中的流体包裹体。岩相学研究表明主要发育三类包裹体:包括富液相包裹体(I型),富气相包裹体(II型),以及含子晶包裹体(III型);显微测温结果显示:I类富液相包裹体加热后均一到液相,均一温度分布范围主要集中在280~340℃,流体包裹体盐度0.63~8.00 wt.%Na Cl eqv,II类富气相包裹体加热均一到气相,均一温度296~334℃,盐度1.22~2.00 wt.%Na Cl eqv的低盐度范围,III类含子晶包裹体,均一温度范围与II类包裹体基本相同,介于290~326℃,盐度则较高,介于31.87~38.16 wt.%Na Cl eqv。激光拉曼探针分析揭示,流体挥发分主要为水蒸气,同时部分包裹体气相组分中含有CO2、CH4、N2。II类与III类流体包裹体在视域内共存,且两者均一温度相似,盐度相差很大,表明强烈的流体沸腾作用发生。流体强烈沸腾作用是造成建德铜矿成矿物质沉淀富集的原因。成矿流体研究结合地质特征表明,建德铜矿是燕山期的矽卡岩型矿床而不是海西期的喷流沉积矿床。     

川东北毛坝气藏含自然硫包裹体的发现及其地质意义

根据流体包裹体显微观察,均一温度、盐度测定和激光拉曼分析结果,毛坝气藏储层中存在多种类型包裹体,包括气液H20包裹体、烃一H20包裹体、气相烃包裹体、沥青包裹体和含自然硫气液H20包裹体。在含自然硫气液H20包裹体中,自然硫的特征激光拉曼峰值是151．1cm^1～、217．9em^1和473．3cm^1。根据包裹体的产状、分布以及组合特征,可将本区下三叠统储层流体包裹体划分为3期。晚成岩期方解石中气液H20包裹体均一温度变化范围为104～206°c,盐度为4．03％～19．29％NaCl。温度和盐度呈一定的负相关关系,反映随着成岩环境的埋藏深度增加,地层中孔隙水的温度趋于升高,同时烃类与流体中SO42发生热化学还原反应（TSR）,生成H2s和H20,使盐度降低。在区域抬升降温、降压期,由于外来流体的不均匀混合,流体温度、盐度进一步降低（均一温度为31～108℃,盐度为0．35％～4．03％NaCl）,在低温及硫主要以H2s形式存在的条件下,02与H2s反应生成大量自然硫。在自然硫形成过程中,随着温度的降低,pH值趋向于升高,lgf（02）趋向于降低。当温度为100℃时,自然硫在pH=2．9～3．4,lgf（02）=-50．61～-49．92的环境中形成;25℃时,自然硫形成于pH=1．9～6．5,lgf（02）=-69．30～-63．11的环境中。     

流体包裹体在庆深气田火山岩气藏研究中的应用

松辽盆地北部庆深气田储层火山岩的流体包裹体均一温度为97.1～156.7℃。根据成分的不同可将本区的次生包裹体分为盐水包裹体和含烃盐水包裹体,其中含烃盐水包裹体所占的比例要远小于盐水包裹体。在徐家围子断陷区营城组火山岩储层中检测到6期活动热流体和4期天然气充注,其中含烃盐水包裹体记录了4期天然气向储层的充注过程,其对应的均一温度分别为97.1～114.1℃、121.4～128.3℃、130.5～138.2℃和140.6～156.7℃。结合本区的埋藏史分析,认为4期天然气充注成藏中第三期是形成大规模天然气藏的主期,即泉头组沉积末期至青山口组沉积中晚期。     

焉耆盆地侏罗系油气成藏期次分析

着重用油藏地球化学分析方法探讨了焉耆盆地侏罗系油气藏的成藏时间和期次。油源对比表明八道湾组是主力烃源岩层，三叠系烃源岩对八道湾组原油有一定贡献；油气经短距离的侧向运移后，沿断层通道向上进入三工河组和西山窑组。盆地经历了2次生烃，侏罗纪末期为主要生烃期，第三纪晚期为次要生烃期。储层流体包裹体分布特征、均一温度和组分特征、储层自生伊利石测年和油气成熟度分析都显示了焉耆盆地在侏罗纪中晚期的2次成藏作用，即晚侏罗世以八道湾组低成熟油气的生成、运移和聚集为主的第1期成藏事件和侏罗纪末期以成熟油气的生成、运移和聚集为主的第2期成藏事件，受储层流体包裹体和自生伊利石形成机理的控制，第三纪晚期生烃、成藏事件在流体裹体和储层自生伊利石同位素年代学上均没有记录。侏罗纪末期是主要成藏期，第三纪晚期是调整成藏和定型期。     

包裹体测温技术在高邮凹陷北斜坡戴南组油气成藏期中的应用

为确定高邮凹陷北斜坡戴南组油藏的成藏期次,采用流体包裹体测温技术,对研究区3口井的流体包裹体特征和均一温度进行了分析。结果表明,该区戴南组储层流体包裹体分为盐水包裹体和有机包裹体;均一温度呈1期连续分布,主峰温在90～100℃。根据包裹体均一温度、地层埋藏史和热史,推测该区戴南组油气成藏时对应的地质年代约为垛二段沉积末期。结合圈闭发育史和烃源岩生排烃史等分析,最终确定研究区戴南组为1期成藏,时间为垛二段沉积末期。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.