麦盖提斜坡玛南构造带鹰山组包裹体古流体压力特征

储层中流体古压力特征对刻画油气充注状态具有指示意义,流体包裹体PVTx热动力学模拟应用包裹体组分、均一温度和气液比,结合模拟软件可以恢复包裹体被捕获时的古流体压力,以塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡玛南构造带鹰山组为例,首先应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜测量油包裹体气液比,然后通过冷热台显微测温获得流体包裹体均一温度,最后通过荧光光谱仪,研究原油成熟度,综合划分了油气充注幕次并恢复了各幕次流体古压力,该应用有效区分了不同幕次流体古压力值。研究结果表明:玛南构造带鹰山组存在2期油气充注,第1期发生在海西中晚期,主要充注发橙色荧光的原油,其油包裹体均一温度范围43~59.2℃,伴生的同期盐水包裹体均一温度范围58.1~85.3℃,古流体压力为13.63~14.78 MPa,依据油包裹体荧光光谱参数判断该期原油为低成熟原油;第2期发生在喜山期晚期,主要充注发黄绿色、蓝绿色、蓝白色荧光颜色的原油,其油包裹体均一温度范围66~142.3℃,伴生的同期盐水包裹体均一温度范围95.4~189.2℃,古流体压力为20.09~33.52 Mpa,该期原油为中—高成熟度。研究结果有助于深化勘探区油气成藏规律的认识。     

黄骅坳陷滨海地区沙三段储层的油气成藏特征:流体包裹体证据

黄骅坳陷滨海地区沙河街组三段储层是中国深部油气勘探的新层位之一。为揭示该区油气成藏演化,对储层中流体包裹体岩相学特征、产出特征、包裹体均一温度和含油包裹体丰度进行了研究。结果表明,沙河街组三段储层中存在三期油气包裹体,分别代表了三期油气注入。Ⅰ期包裹体的均一温度为86℃～126℃,GOI为15%～35%,油气充注时期为36～25 Ma,开始有油气进入到储层中;Ⅱ期包裹体的均一温度为120℃～140℃,GOI为30%～60%,油气注入时期为27～12 Ma,烃源岩进入生排烃高峰期,发生大规模油气运聚,是主要的成藏时期;Ⅲ期包裹体的均一温度为138℃～155℃,GOI为1%～8%,油气注入时期为12～6 Ma,油气运移规模急剧减小。     

江苏句容-黄桥地区有机包裹体形成期次和捕获温度、压力的PVTsim模拟计算

据流体包裹体显微镜观测和石油包裹体群的气体色谱和全烃色谱、色谱-质谱分析结果，句容和黄桥地区三叠系和下二叠系地层中的石油包裹体明显不同，句容地区三叠系灰岩储层中的石油包裹体的个体较大，在透光下为黄色一棕黄色，荧光显微镜下发亮黄色荧光，包裹体中气态烃的C1／C2-5，比值较低，液态烃中三环萜炕、五环三萜烷和规则甾烷系列的生物标志物化合物含量比较丰富，而句容和黄桥地区下二叠系石油包裹体比较细小，发黄色-黄绿色荧光，包裹体中气态烃的C1／C2-5。比值较高，液态烃中均难检测到甾萜烷系列的生物标志物。由流体包裹体均一温度等观测资料与捕获温度、捕获压力的PVTsim的模拟计算结果：句容地区三叠系储层的石油包裹体捕获温度Tr=107．9℃，捕获压力Pr=289bar，约相当于白垩纪晚期（90～83Ma）充注成藏。句容地区下二叠深灰色灰岩中分布的油包裹体的捕获温度Tr=123℃，捕获压力Pr=305．95bar，反映白垩系晚期还有一期温度比较高的含烃流体充注的现象。黄桥地区在含CO2气藏的下二叠系存在有交切关系的，黄色和黄绿色两种荧光性质不同的石油包裹体，前者模拟计算的捕获温度Tr=97．3℃，捕获压力Pr=184．75bar，后者模拟计算的捕获温度Tr=145．5℃，捕获压力Pr=220．05bar，分别相当于白垩纪晚期（95～90Ma）和白垩纪末期（65～60Ma）有合烃流体运聚现象。但是，由于在白垩纪末-第三纪的抬升作用阶段，油气大量散失，因此在喜山期大量无机CO2充注成藏时期，储层中已不合烃类流体。     

冀北坳陷中元古界流体包裹体与油气成藏期次研究

冀北坳陷中元古界地层分布有广泛的沥青、油苗显示,说明该地区曾发生过大规模的生烃成藏历史。文章运用显微岩相学观察和流体包裹体分析技术,对冀北坳陷芦家庄古油藏和双洞古油藏进行了油气成藏期次研究。通过显微岩相学及包裹体测温显示,芦家庄古油藏在中元古代经历了第一次大规模的油气成藏后,在燕山期经历了第二期次的油气成藏过程;双洞古油藏则在燕山期经历了两个期次的油气成藏过程。包裹体均一温度分析显示,两个古油藏在燕山期的油气成藏时间集中于185~150 Ma。研究表明,冀北坳陷古油藏的成藏关键期与燕山期区域性火山活动异常活跃所致的古地温高温期有关。     

渤中坳陷流体包裹体特征及其对成藏研究的意义

通过详细观察渤中坳陷部分钻孔岩心和充分认识坳陷沉积特征,对重点井段进行了流体包裹体的研究。研究表明:渤中坳陷次生流体包裹体主要赋存于石英颗粒的微裂隙、碳酸盐胶结物和方解石脉中,可分为4类:纯液相包裹体、纯气相包裹体、液态+气态包裹体、盐水溶液包裹体。包裹体均一温度的测定显示其主要分为3期:88~100℃、115~140℃和140~155℃,说明渤中地区油气运聚期次至少存在3期。结合埋藏史和热史的资料分析表明,渤中坳陷总的成藏时间较晚,主要运聚期发生在13Ma(馆陶晚期)以来。      

塔里木盆地有机包裹体特征

对塔里木盆地三叠系、石炭系和奥陶系有机包裹体的岩石学特征、均一温度、色谱和拉曼光谱分析表明虽然不同地区不同时代储层中有机包裹体种类可能不同,但都是4期有机包裹体中的一期(种)或几期(种).塔里木盆地发生过明显的4次油气事件第Ⅰ期低成熟含油(重质烃)高盐度热液活动,温度为80℃±,但未形成代表性油藏,以沥青包裹体和盐水油气四相包裹体为特征;第Ⅱ期以甲烷为主的天然气直接进入,温度约为140～160℃±,以气烃包裹体为特征;第Ⅲ期成熟轻质油的注入,温度为90℃±,以无色液烃包裹体为特征;第Ⅳ期温度120℃±,为一系列成熟油气活动,先是以气为主、重质油为次的注入,后以重质油为主的注入(此为主期),最后是油水的混合液,以褐色气液烃包裹体为特征,属大范围、大规模的一次油气活动事件.     

临清坳陷德南洼陷含油气性的流体包裹体分析

应用流体包裹体观察和激光拉曼探针等微观技术对临清坳陷东北部的德南洼陷流体包裹体特征及成分、压力等物理化学条件的研究表明,研究区共有6种类型的包裹体:单相盐水包裹体、富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含液态CO2三相包裹体、富液态烃有机包裹体、富气态烃有机包裹体,其中富液态烃有机包裹体的均一温度为100～140°C的较多.包裹体的液相成分主要为H2O和Cl-,气相成分主要为CO2、CH4以及微量的C2H6等,包裹体成分研究结果表明在古近系和新近系中主要为未成熟-低成熟的液态烃流体活动;在古生界及部分上部层段中主要为成熟、高成熟的气态烃流体活动.根据盐水溶液包裹体的均一温度和冷冻温度计算得出研究区的流体压力为10～95 MPa,其中,在烃类流体大量排出运移时期经历过压力由突破到释放的过程;初步评价了区内的油气有利远景区.     

舞阳、襄城盐湖盆地未熟-低熟油成藏模式

舞阳、襄城凹陷下第三生活费为膏、盐岩相盐湖沉积。半咸水-咸水湖相、盐湖相是形成未熟-低熟油的良好环境，沉积旋回中期断坳式沉积形成了主要油源层系，其高丰度未熟烃类推岩体是形成未熟-低熟油藏的物质基础，中-高孔、中-高渗碎屑岩层构成了未熟-低熟油藏的重要储集层，并发育了较好的生储盖组合，这些有利条件为舞阳、襄城凹陷形成未熟-低熟油藏提供了重要保证。指出凹陷陡坡带为背斜、断鼻型油藏分布区，还可能有混合型油藏；中部洼陷带为岩性油藏、裂隙型油藏发育区；斜坡带主要发育断鼻型油藏。     

油气聚集对石英矿物成岩演化的影响

油气在砂岩储层中的聚集会对石英矿物的胶结作用产生影响。对黄骅坳陷三马探区的石英矿物的包裹体分析以及对开放孔隙中原油抽提物和包裹体中原油的生物标志物进行分析,含油级别较低的油层与水层具有相似的均一化温度分布范围,但富含油层中流体包裹体均一化温度高值分布范围比低级别油层和水层低,包裹体中的烃类组成与开放孔隙中的主要存在成熟度上的不同。分析认为石油的充注不会使石英矿物的胶结作用立刻停止,石英的次生加大作用仍在继续,但胶结作用受到一定的抑制,当石油充注到一定程度后,胶结作用将会停止,后期进入储层的成熟度较高的原油可能未被捕获。     

柴达木盆地西部英东地区油气成藏过程

柴达木盆地西部英东地区多期构造运动导致油气分布复杂,勘探难度大.采用油气地球化学、流体包裹体、定量荧光以及傅里叶红外光谱等方法系统分析英东地区油气成藏演化过程.研究表明:(1)英东地区新近系储层发育黄色和蓝色荧光两类油包裹体和天然气包裹体,黄色荧光和蓝色荧光油气包裹体对应两期油气充注时间分别为12 Ma和5 Ma.(2)现今油藏原油具有同源-低熟的特点,黄色荧光油包裹体成熟度较低与现今油藏原油特征相似, 是现今油藏的主要贡献者.(3)蓝色荧光油包裹体的成熟度较高,蓝色荧光油包裹体和气烃包裹体是早期低熟原油沿后期构造产生的断层疏导体系向上调整运移至浅层分馏和脱气的产物.通过以上分析明确了英东油藏经历了下油砂组(N₂1)沉积末期(12 Ma)的低熟原油充注和上油砂组(N₂2)沉积末期(5 Ma)至今油气调整与改造的成藏过程, 与喜山期主要构造活动期有很好的对应关系,反映构造活动对油气成藏具有重要控制作用.      

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the