新疆哈密库姆塔格沙垄北段韧性剪切带特征及其地质意义

通过野外调研和显微构造测试,分析了新疆哈密库姆塔格沙垄北段韧性剪切带几何学、运动学和动力学特征,探讨了韧性剪切带的演化及其地质意义,详细研究了韧性剪切带S-C面理、波状消光、变形条带、变形纹、机械双晶、亚颗粒、动态重结晶颗粒、核幔结构、压力影、旋转碎斑系、显微裂隙和石英、方解石c轴组构等显微构造特征,并对其形成机制进行了解析。     

胶东新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境：显微构造和EBSD组构约束

新城金矿床是典型的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿,矿体形态和规模都严格受到断裂破碎带控制,是探讨复杂构造-流体耦合成矿系统控矿构造变形环境研究的理想选区。断裂破碎带中构造岩既是构造变形行为的载体,也是相应变形环境的受体。论文在新城金矿详细露头构造解析的基础上,系统采集该矿床控矿断裂破碎带定向构造岩样品,进行显微构造和EBSD组构分析。研究区构造岩显微构造特征主要表现为韧性变形和脆性变形。韧性变形有波状消光、带状消光、亚晶粒、动态重结晶、核幔构造、丝带构造、碎(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、机械双晶、蠕英结构、云母鱼等;脆性变形有书斜构造和显微裂隙等。长石(残)斑系、扭折带、变形纹、蠕英结构和石英颗粒边界迁移动态重结晶、丝带构造等矿物变形特征表明断裂带成矿前以高温韧性变形为主;石英波状消光、亚晶粒、亚颗粒旋转和膨凸动态重结晶、方解石机械双晶、长石显微裂隙充填物等矿物变形反映成矿期兼有中低温韧性变形和脆性变形;压剪性穿晶裂隙则反映出成矿后主要是低温脆性变形。根据差应力、应变测量和EBSD组构分析,将新城金矿床控矿构造变形环境可以分为3个构造期:成矿前在NW-SE向挤压作用下发生韧-脆性左行剪切变形,600~700℃,差应力61.37~111.09MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为2.295~3.978,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.466~1.599,反映矿区为高温中高压高应变带变形环境,应变速率较大;成矿期为NW-SE向逐渐NEE-SWW向转变的挤压作用,发生压剪性脆性变形,200~500℃,差应力65.91~135.68MPa,应变测量轴比a/c为1.403~2.204,动态重结晶石英颗粒边界分维值为1.321~1.378,反映矿区成矿期为中低温中高压低应变带变形环境,反应速率较小;成矿后在NWW-SEE向挤压作用下发生压剪变形,150~300℃,反映低温低压脆性变形环境。     

断层岩中变形矿物的镶嵌状消光及其成因

本文研究了断层岩中变形矿物内部常见的显微构造现象——镶嵌状消光的特征及其产出状态、形成条件和机制。具镶嵌状消光的矿物实质是由若干细粒级的、互相紧密嵌合的碎裂消光亚晶粒组成,它们在形态、粒级以及产出、分布等方面都具一定的特征。该微构造现象是在相对低温、较高差异应力条件下形成的,为岩石脆性或韧脆性变形的结果,为一低温动态回复现象,属位错作用下的亚晶粒旋转形成机制。依据研究结果,作者将矿物在低温条件下碎裂作用的演化过程划分为位错→位错壁→碎裂亚晶粒→碎裂新晶集合体等四个阶段,并确定了镶嵌状消光现象的判別准则。     

断层岩中变形矿物的镶嵌状消光及其成因

本文研究了断层岩中变形矿物内部常见的显微构造现象——镶嵌状消光的特征及其产出状态、形成条件和机制.具镶嵌状消光的矿物实质是由若干细粒级的、互相紧密嵌合的碎裂消光亚晶粒组成,它们在形态、粒级以及产出、分布等方面都具一定的特征.该微构造现象是在相对低温、较高差异应力条件下形成的,为岩石脆性或韧脆性变形的结果,为一低温动态回复现象,属位错作用下的亚晶粒旋转形成机制.依据研究结果,作者将矿物在低温条件下碎裂作用的演化过程划分为位错→位错壁→碎裂亚晶粒→碎裂新晶集合体等四个阶段,并确定了镶嵌状消光现象的判别准则.     

通过构造岩鉴别岩石动态重结晶的机制

岩石如书,包含着丰富的地球演化信息。通过破解这本天书,地质学家得以了解发生在地球内部的地质过程。构造岩中的显微构造是“写在岩石中的变形过程”。通过显微构造观察,可以了解岩石矿物的变形机理。以天山造山带内发育的糜棱岩为具体实例,介绍了中、下地壳层次变形岩石动态重结晶的机理及形成的相关显微构造的特点。由于构造岩均是经历过重结晶作用的产物,显微观察只能揭示变形矿物重结晶的机制。在中、下地壳层次,矿物动态重结晶的主要机理分为3种（从低温到高温）：膨胀鼓出(BLG,又称膨凸)、亚晶粒旋转(SGR)和高温颗粒边界迁移(GBM)。这3种方式形成各具特色的显微构造：BLG形成近等粒交叉舌状构造;SGR产生定向排列的拉长新颗粒条带;而GBM造成典型的具不规则状颗粒边界、大小悬殊的新颗粒组合、颗粒内部波状消光不明显的显微构造。除了温度条件外,应变速率对动态重结晶机制也有明显的影响。在显微构造观察过程中,详细、全面应该是最重要的原则。     

苏南地区几条北西向断裂的显微构造及组构的研究

地壳各部分发生的一切形变都是地应力作用的结果。在构造应力作用下,组成地壳的岩石矿物也必然发生形变,从而形成各种显微构造形迹并产生相应的规律变化,这种变化表现在矿物形体方位和晶格方位上的定向排列——优选方位。石英是对应力作用最敏感的矿物之一。本文通过对苏南地区的虞山、沙山和西京山等三条北西向断裂所产生的构造岩的研究,阐述了石英的一系列显微构造形迹:波状消光、变形     

超高压变质岩的塑性流变：显微构造和变形机制

超高压变质岩是大陆深俯冲作用的产物。超高压变质岩在深俯冲和快速折返过程中,经历了长距离地构造搬运和构造力的作用。其构造变形主要集中在韧性剪切带中,并发生强烈地塑性流变。研究超高压变质构造岩的显微构造及其变形机制对于深入了解大陆壳岩石在深俯冲过程中的流变学行为有十分重要的意义,山东仰口的超高压韧性剪切带中榴辉岩质和花岗质糜棱岩记录了超高压变形的历史。在超高压条件下的稳定矿物绿辉石、多硅白云母、兰晶石和钾长石具有不规则波状消光、亚晶界、核幔构造和动态重结晶等显微构造特征,TEM 研究揭示了大量的位错构造,表明位错蠕变是其主要的变形机制。在花岗质糜棱岩中,金红石在刚性矿物的压力影中沉积,细粒的石榴石条带平行片理延伸,都说明超高压变形过程中有流体存在,流体助力的物质扩散迁移是又一个重要的变形机制。依据现有的流变学定律估算的流变应力应该在几十兆帕以上。     

显微构造中应变标志物及应变测量

显微构造的运动学差别原理及方法目标已得到广泛应用，但其定量计算的标志还局限于石英颗粒、鲕粒、化石等球形物体及少数别的标志物。本文介绍的是书斜构造了、布丁构造、显微褶皱构造、揉皱构造和滑脱构造等5种显微构造的应变特征及测量方法，这些标志的识别和测量有助于提高平衡剖面和缩短量的计算精度。在这五种情况下，测量应变量首先要找到视域内代表最大应变方向的变形前和变形后的长度，然后计算不同视域下的变形量并找出最大应变量，利用应变公式计算变形率。例如：大别山构造带龟山组是一套单斜地层，它的显微变形很发育，显微褶皱显示其缩短变形量达57％，由于龟山组是单斜地层，其样品所代表的地层厚度内其缩短量为57％。     

阿克塞—台湾断面显微构造研究

显微构造在阿克塞－台湾地学大断面研究中的应用揭示了该区带岩石圈上地幔、下地壳、中地壳和上地壳４个圈层中不同的显微构造特征、微观变形机制和变形的物理化学条件。通过对４个圈层中微观和宏观变形特征、变形机制的对比分析，建立起区带大陆岩石圈变形及动力学模式。     

天然变形方解石质岩石的低温塑性

对四套具不同特点的方解石质原岩断层构造岩应用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和阴极发光显微镜开展了系统研究。它们都表现出相似的变形显微构造特点与变形作用,宏观碎裂结构与微观糜棱状结构。碎屑颗粒或者变形的原岩颗粒具有发育的晶内变形显微构造(变形双晶、扭折和微破裂等),基质颗粒为弥散的极细粒物质。透射电镜下的微构造表现为反映脆性变形与晶质塑性变形共存的位错     

Microfabric characteristics and rheological significance of ultra-high-pressure metamorphosed jadeite-quartzite and eclogite from Shuanghe, Dabie Mountains, China

Quantitative analysis of the structural evolution of jadeite‐quartzite, a rare ultra‐high pressure (UHP) rock type from the Dabie Mountains of eastern China, sheds light on the formation and evolution of UHP orogenic belts worldwide. Geological mapping of the Shuanghe area, where jadeite‐quartzites crop out, was carried out to determine the spatial relationships between different UHP rocks within this orogen. The deformation mechanisms of jadeite‐quartzite, geodynamical parameters (stress, strain, strain rate), and microstructure including lattice preferred orientation (LPO) were determined from six jadeite‐quartzite samples from the Shuanghe area. LPOs of clinopyroxene (jadeite and omphacite), garnet, rutile and quartz from these jadeite‐quartzite samples are compared with those of three eclogites preserving different degrees of deformation from the Shuanghe area. Microstructural LPOs of jadeite, omphacite, garnet, rutile and quartz were determined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Quartz fabrics were largely recrystallized during late, low‐grade stages of deformation, whereas garnet shows no strong LPO patterns. Rutile fabrics show a weak LS fabric along [001]. Jadeite and omphacite show the strongest eclogite facies LPO patterns, suggesting that they may provide important information about mantle deformation patterns and control the rheology of deeply subducted continental crust. Microstructural data show that the jadeite LPO patterns are similar to those of omphacite and vary between L‐ and S‐types, which correlate with prolate and oblate grain shape fabrics (SPO); quartz LPOs are monoclinic. Microstructural analysis using TEM shows that the dominant slip systems of jadeite in one sample are (100)[001], (110)[001] and (1 1 0)1/2[110], while in another sample, no dislocations are observed. Abundant dislocations in quartz were accommodated by the dominant slip system (0001)[110], indicating basal glide and represents regional shearing during the exhumation process. This suggests that dislocation creep is the dominant fundamental deformation mechanism in jadeite under UHP conditions. The protoliths of jadeite‐quartzite, metasedimentary rocks from the northern passive continental margin of the Yangtze craton, experienced the same deep subduction and were deformed under similar rheological conditions as other UHP eclogite, marble and paragneiss. Experimental UHP deformation of quartzo‐feldspathic gneiss with a chemical composition similar to the bulk continental crust has shown that the formation of a jadeite–stishovite rock is associated with a density increase of the host rock similar to the eclogite conversion from basaltic protoliths. The resulting rock can be denser than the surrounding mantle pyrolite up to depths of 660 km (24 GPa). Thus, processes of deep continental subduction may be better‐understood through understanding the rheology and mechanical behaviour of jadeite. Jadeite‐quartzites such as those from the Shuanghe may be exhumed remnants of deeply‐subducted slabs of continental crust, other parts of which subducted past the ‘depth of no return’, and remain in the deep mantle.     

翡翠的结构特征及其对宝石质量的影响

翡翠的结构是决定翡翠质量的重要因素.翡翠中常见的结构可分为3类:变晶结构、交代结构、碎裂及变形结构.变晶结构是翡翠的主体标型结构,交代结构、碎裂及变形结构对翡翠质量也有很大的影响.翡翠结构的复杂性导致了翡翠质地的多样性变化,同时翡翠的结构直接影响翡翠工艺价值.     

阴极发光在翡翠研究中的应用

通过对多个翡翠及其他玉石标本进行阴极发光实验,观察不同品种的翡翠、处理翡翠制品以及翡翠的相似玉石品种在阴极发光镜下的荧光颜色、发光强度、环带特点、颗粒形态和裂隙状况等的不同特征,来有效鉴别翡翠、处理翡翠及翡翠的相似品。同时依据不同类型翡翠在阴极发光下的特征,对翡翠的品质、颜色等的划分提供依据。     

Microstructural Features of Garnets in Jadeite Quartzite from Dabie Mountains, China

The research into the high- pressure(HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metam orphism has remained on the cuttingedge as well as a hot issue in the contemporary geosciencessince the coesite and diamond were discovered in the metamor-phic rocks.The jadeite quartzite from Anhui Province occur-ring as lenses within gneisses contains a m ineral assem blage ofjadeite,garnet and quartz.The discovery of coesite and itspseudomorphs in jadeite and garnet proves that the jadeitequartzite is an im portan…     

大别山双河地区超高压变质岩矿物超微构造的HRTEM研究

报道了大别山双河地区超高压榴辉岩和硬玉石英岩矿物超微构造及缺陷结构的高分辨透射电镜研究结果。在天然变形绿辉石晶内的自由位错、位错倾斜壁、位错环、位错网、亚晶界、堆垛层错等亚构造中 ,发现了纳米级水分子团 ,这种球形状水分子团包体的存在是导致绿辉石晶体水解弱化和塑性变形的重要因素。在榴辉岩矿物中广泛发育的层错、(10 0 )变形双晶、晶畴结构、界面与晶面的交叉滑移、晶格畸变等变形构造及缺陷结构 ,指示超高压岩石经历了快速折返。在硬玉单晶大约 5 0 0nm的微晶畴内 ,发现了C2 /c和P2 1/n两种结构 ,C2 /c结构的晶体学参数对应于硬玉 ,而P2 1/n结构的晶体学参数对应于绿辉石 ,纳米级P2 1/n出溶结构的存在 ,表明在退变质过程中 ,硬玉在纳米尺度上部分转变为绿辉石 ,并且未能达到平衡。也说明在主体岩石的抬升过程中 ,硬玉晶体伴随有复杂的非平衡退变质作用。对于大别山超高压变质岩的p T轨迹描述及其构造解释具有重要意义。     

红外光谱法检测、鉴定翡翠

翡翠分天然翡翠和人工优化处理翡翠,其红外光谱吸收谱带有所区别。利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪获取天然翡翠和高分子聚合物充填处理的翡翠及蜡质物充填处理的翡翠特征红外光谱,可以鉴别。直接透射法:波数4000～2000cm~(-1),漫反射法:波数4000～400cm~(-1),分段测定。     

Mechanical twinning of jadeite – an indication of synseismic loading beneath the brittle–plastic transition

The orientation distribution of mechanically twinned jadeite crystals in a metagranite from the Sesia Zone, Western Alps, is evaluated to derive the orientation of the principal stress directions for a prominent stage of ductile deformation at ca. 300 to 350 °C that has been interpreted to reflect synseismic loading and postseismic creep by Küster and Stöckhert (1999). It is tested whether the orientation distribution can be used to obtain information on the magnitude of differential stress if the critical shear stress for twinning is known. Assuming that the critical shear stress of 140 MPa determined by Kollé and Blacic (1982) for mechanical twinning of clinopyroxene in the (100) [001] system holds true for jadeite, and assuming a homogeneous stress field as a first approximation, differential stresses of the order of 1-2 GPa are inferred for metagranites with ca. 15% jadeite, and of 0.5 GPa for jadeitite with 80% of jadeite. Notwithstanding the uncertainty for the critical resolved shear stress for jadeite, these unexpectedly high values are suspected to be due to a combination of the following effects: (1) an inhomogeneous stress field in the polyphase material with curved stress trajectories, (2) stress concentration in jadeite due to load transfer from the quartz matrix, and (3) minor reorientation of the jadeite crystals in the flowing quartz matrix. Hence, absolute values of differential stress cannot be derived from the orientation distribution of twinned jadeite in polyphase rocks. Notwithstanding the failure in deriving reliable absolute values, a short period with exceptionally high stress must have occurred, and is fully consistent with the microstructural record of other minerals. It is proposed that the mechanical twinning of jadeite was caused by a short-lived stress peak and flow at laboratory strain rates related to quasi-instantaneous loading of the uppermost level of the ductile lower crust during brittle failure of the brittle upper crust in a major seismic event.     

Strain analysis using quartz deformation bands

Quartz deformation bands are kink bands in quartz crystals. A deformation band develops as a region of localized crystal-plastic deformation with boundaries perpendicular to the slip plane and slip direction, which usually is along an -axis in the basal plane. Under cross-polarized light, the difference in crystallographic orientation between a deformation band and its host is indicated by a difference in extinction positions. The displacement between the c axis in a deformation band and the c axis in the host represents the angular shear of the deformation band in the direction of the c axis in the host grain. Assuming the deformation is homogeneous at the grain scale, the angular shear of the grain (the gauge) is calculated by multiplying the angular shear of the deformation band by the ratio of the sheared part to the whole grain. Using the strain-gauge method for three-dimensional infinitesimal strain analysis, a minimum number of five grains measured on universal stage is needed to solve for the deviatoric strain components of the aggregate if the strain is homogeneous in the aggregate. Data from more than five grains are used to find the best-fit strain components by a least-squares method. The principal strains and their orientations are found from these strain components by calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. A 3-D strain ellipsoid also is obtained from strain ellipses in three perpendicular planes determined from the two-dimensional flat-stage measurements by the Wellman method. Both the strain-gauge method and the Wellman method are tested by using synthetic data sets and applied to a naturally deformed sample. Both methods give similar results; the established Wellman method thus confirms the strain-gauge calculation.     

翡翠玉的岩石学特征

本文根据翡翠玉的矿物成分特征与岩石的结构构造特征将其划分为五类，把翡翠的生成划分为五个世代，并认为翡翠玉岩体是低温，高压条件下的产物，目前，对于翡翠玉的矿物组成，结构构造的研究，不仅有助于揭示翡翠玉的成因，探讨其宝玉石学的意义，而且可为翡翠玉的处理工艺和鉴定，提供科学的依据。     

碳酸盐岩断裂相分类特征——以新疆塔里木盆地柯坪露头为例

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