Characteristics of the Strik-Slip Fault Facies in Ordovician Carbonate in the Tarim Basin, and Its Relations to Hydrocarbon

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类.露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带.裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50 m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好.断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密.滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面.变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育.利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区.沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位.断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式.走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义.     

塔里木盆地走滑带碳酸盐岩断裂相特征及其与油气关系

通过露头与井下资料的综合分析,塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂带断裂相具有多样性,根据内部构造发育程度可以分为断层核发育、断层核欠发育两类。露头走滑带断层核部以裂缝带、透镜体、滑动面等断裂相发育为特征,断裂边缘的破碎带发育裂缝带、变形带。裂缝带主要分布在断层核附近50m的破碎带内,裂缝多开启,渗流性好。断裂核部透镜体发育,在破碎带也有分布,破碎角砾组合的透镜体多致密。滑动面具有平直截切型、渐变条带型等两种类型,多为开启的半充填活动面。变形带多为方解石与碎裂岩充填,破碎带局部部位裂缝与溶蚀作用较发育。利用地震剖面、构造图、相干图等资料可以判识塔里木盆地内部奥陶系碳酸盐岩走滑断裂相的特征及其发育程度,沿走滑断裂带走向上断裂相具有分段性与差异性,根据渗流性可以定性区分高渗透相、致密相区。沿断裂带高渗透相区是碳酸盐岩缝洞体储层发育的有利部位。断裂相的横向变化造成油气分布的区段性,形成高渗透相输导模式、致密相遮挡模式等两类成藏模式。走滑断裂带碳酸盐岩断裂相的特征及其控藏作用对油气勘探开发储层建模具有重要意义。     

碳酸盐岩内断裂带结构及其与油气成藏

以野外观察描述为手段,系统研究了碳酸盐岩断裂变形机制的影响因素及断裂带结构演化过程,剖析了碳酸盐岩地层中断裂带结构与流体运移的关系。研究表明,影响碳酸盐岩内断裂变形机制的因素包括岩性、孔隙度、变形深度、温度、胶结作用、先存裂缝等,控制断裂带结构形成的因素包括滑动位移和破裂模式等。低孔隙度碳酸盐岩以裂缝发育为主,高孔隙度碳酸盐岩变形早期产生变形带,带内裂缝联接逐渐发育成断层带。随着埋藏深度的增加,断裂带结构不同：埋藏深度小于3 km,断层核主要发育无内聚力的断层角砾岩和断层泥;埋藏深度大于3 km,断层核普遍发育有内聚力的断层角砾岩和碎裂岩,破碎带发育多种成因的裂缝。随着位移的增加,破裂模式从早期的破裂作用变为后期的碎裂作用,最终形成碎裂流。断裂带演化是一个四维过程,断层核和破碎带发育情况直接影响断层对油气的运移和封闭的作用。断裂变形机制、断裂带内部结构以及与流体运移关系的研究,都可为封闭性提供重要的理论依据。     

海相碳酸盐岩储层对断裂活动的响应

在海相碳酸盐岩含油气盆地中,碳酸盐岩储层对断裂活动的响应应主要表现在以下3个方面：①形成与断裂活动相伴生的裂缝;②形成断裂控制下的热液白云岩化;③断裂和裂缝控制岩溶型储层的发育深度。断裂活动通过以上3个方面的作用,改善了碳酸盐岩的储集性能。同时,在断裂带附近发育高孔渗带,为油气富集创造了条件。平面上,碳酸盐岩储层对断裂活动的响应范围一般局限在距主干断裂10km以内的区域。     

断裂系统对碳酸盐岩油气聚集的控制作用:以塔北隆起轮古东油气田为例

综合利用岩心、测井、试油及薄片等资料分析了轮古东奥陶系断裂对储层的改造作用,探讨了断裂与奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气富集程度的关系。研究表明,轮古东奥陶系碳酸盐岩基质孔隙不发育,孔洞缝及其组合为主要储集空间,断裂及伴生裂缝有效地改造了碳酸盐岩储集层,断裂发育形成的裂缝及断裂破碎带控制和促进了岩溶作用的发生,在断裂附近碳酸盐岩孔洞更发育,断裂带附近2 km内易形成高渗透带,高角度裂缝对碳酸盐岩孔洞的形成更为有效。EW向和SN向断裂是油气垂向运移的有效通道,控制着平面上和垂向上气油比、天然气产能及相态的变化。断裂控制着碳酸盐岩孔洞、洞穴、裂缝空间组合分布的多样性和差异性及油气富集的非均质性,断裂带附近高角度裂缝及孔洞较发育,油气产能较高,在远离断裂部位油气的聚集效率低,持续活动的走滑断层附近是油气最为富集的区域,因此,轮古东奥陶系具有纵向上多层系含油气、平面上分区分带的特征。     

碳酸盐岩地层裂缝层控性发育特征研究——以柯坪地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩为例

下古生界碳酸盐岩地层是塔里木盆地油气勘探的重点层系,而裂缝系统是影响碳酸盐岩储层非均质性的重要因素,裂缝的空间发育分布不仅影响着储层的岩溶改造,还在一定程度上控制了油气的运移聚集。近年来,随着在塔里木盆地阿满过渡带的走滑断裂带取得一系列重大油气勘探发现,断裂的控储、控藏作用逐渐得到重视。为研究碳酸盐岩地层中裂缝的空间发育规律及控制因素,结合前人研究成果,对柯坪地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩野外露头剖面进行了详细解剖。结果表明,裂缝在垂向地层中具有层控性发育的特征,层序边界、岩性界面、岩层界面等沉积界面控制了碳酸盐岩地层裂缝的发育,裂缝的终止端多位于该类界面处或附近;同时,裂缝的发育还受岩层厚度的影响,当岩层厚度较小时,裂缝密度总体上随岩层厚度的增大而增大,而当岩层厚度超过一定值1.0～1.5 m时,裂缝密度趋于恒定。碳酸盐岩地层裂缝的层控性发育对流体在地层中的流动具有重要影响,力学界面处裂缝的大量终止促使裂缝系统内流体的主要流动方向发生改变,从而影响岩溶作用的发育和分布,力学界面附近是形成区域性岩溶孔洞、洞穴系统的有利部位。     

柯坪褶皱冲断带构造变形特征解析

柯坪褶皱冲断带位于塔里木盆地西北缘,勘探程度低,地表、地下构造变形复杂,构造模型存在多解性.本文通过对最新地震资料的解释,结合地质露头和钻井资料,建立起该地区新的构造模型.柯坪褶皱冲断带构造变形具有东西分段、南北分带的特征.东西向具有“跷跷板式”的沉积特征.中部皮羌段中寒武统盐层厚度大,主要发育盐下冲断构造和盐上反向滑脱构造;东、西两段主要发育基底卷入构造.石炭纪柯坪褶皱冲断带存在一期古隆起构造.晚石炭世一早二叠世沉积的康克林组具有填平补齐的特征.皮羌段发育两期断裂.早期为海西期断裂,晚期为喜山期断裂.石炭纪古隆起受控于早期断裂.喜山期形成的盐上滑脱构造对下伏潜在的古油藏具有封闭和保存作用.     

新疆巴楚地区走滑断裂对碳酸盐岩构造裂缝发育的控制

走滑断裂如何控制附近构造裂缝的发育程度是碳酸盐岩地区构造裂缝定量研究的重要内容,对碳酸盐岩裂缝油气藏的储层预测具有重要意义。通过对野外测量的测量面距断裂的距离和构造裂缝面密度的定量关系进行统计分析,发现新疆巴楚地区的2条走滑断裂(张扭性皮羌走滑断裂和压扭性西克尔走滑断裂)控制的构造裂缝的密度与距断裂的距离呈指数关系,即远离断裂,裂缝密度呈指数下降,且存在一个裂缝密度骤减的范围,这个范围内为断裂控制的裂缝带;范围以外为区域控制的裂缝带,此带裂缝密度变化缓慢,相对稳定。新疆巴楚碳酸盐岩地区压扭性走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝的带宽与走滑断距的比值是张扭性走滑断裂的10倍以上,说明碳酸盐岩地区压扭性走滑断裂控制的构造裂缝带远比张扭性断裂控制的宽,压扭性走滑断裂附近的构造裂缝相对更发育,更有利于裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层的发育。     

哈拉哈塘地区超深层走滑断裂构造变形特征及其石油地质意义

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂控制着碳酸盐岩储层的发育和油气的富集。受多期构造活动和地层岩性差异的影响,哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂的空间结构多样、断裂演化过程复杂,走滑断裂带结构差异对油气富集的控制机理仍存在争议。本文基于高精度三维地震资料、钻井资料的一体化研究,建立起哈拉哈塘地区走滑断裂的空间变形样式及分层分段模型。通过分析走滑断裂控制下的单井油气产能差异,明确了走滑断裂构造变形差异对油气富集的控制作用。结果表明：(1)该区走滑断裂在平面上具有分段特征,断裂带相互交切导致断裂空间结构复杂,形成多种组合样式,单一断裂带可划分为尾部、主位移带、叠接区以及断裂间截切部位,共发育9种平面样式,分别是尾部的羽状、马尾状、雁裂状样式,主位移带发育的线性及分支型样式,断裂叠接部位发育的辫状及软连接型样式,截切部位的交汇型和终止型样式。走滑断裂变形特征符合Riedel剪切模型,主干断裂周围发育分支断裂,断裂的发育以生长连接为主,截切部位伴随有断裂相继滑动引起的调节变形;(2)走滑断裂的纵向分层变形控制着油气的运移和成藏过程。断裂贯穿膏岩层是油气向上运移的关键。奥陶系碳酸盐岩的改造作用控制着油气的储集规模及...     

柯坪断隆寒武—奥陶系硅质岩特征及储层分析

塔里木盆地柯坪断隆寒武—奥陶系硅质岩发育广泛,据野外硅质岩产状特征,将该区硅质岩大致可分为两类,即下寒武统玉尔吐斯组中与黑色泥页岩共生的薄层状硅质岩和下奥陶统蓬莱坝组碳酸盐岩中的硅质条带和结核.通过大量野外露头和镜下薄片观察,玉尔吐斯组中薄层状硅质岩含泥铁质,具纹层状构造,岩性为纹层状含泥铁质硅质岩,生长于低Eh的静水中,属Wilson模式的深水或克拉通深水盆地.蓬莱坝组的碳酸盐岩沉积相为潮下带台内滩相,部分碳酸盐矿物被硅质交代,在裂缝发育地区和旋回界面附近形成残余结构硅质岩,主要有残余砂屑硅质岩、残余藻纹层硅质岩.     

Influence of host lithofacies on fault rock variation in carbonate fault zones: A case study from the Island of Malta

Relatively few studies have examined fault rock microstructures in carbonates. Understanding fault core production helps predict the hydraulic behaviour of faults and the potential for reservoir compartmentalisation. Normal faults on Malta, ranging from <1 m to 90 m displacement, cut two carbonate lithofacies, micrite-dominated and grain-dominated carbonates, allowing the investigation of fault rock evolution with increasing displacement in differing lithofacies. Lithological heterogeneity leads to a variety of deformation mechanisms. Nine different fault rock types have been identified, with a range of deformation microstructures along an individual slip surface. The deformation style, and hence type of fault rock produced, is a function of host rock texture, specifically grain size and sorting, porosity and uniaxial compressive strength. Homogeneously fine-grained micrtie-dominated carbonates are characterised by dispersed deformation with large fracture networks that develop into breccias. Alternatively, this lithofacies is commonly recrystallised. In contrast, in the coarse-grained, heterogeneous grain-dominated carbonates the development of faulting is characterised by localised deformation, creating protocataclasite and cataclasite fault rocks. Cementation also occurs within some grain-dominated carbonates close to and on slip surfaces. Fault rock variation is a function of displacement as well as juxtaposed lithofacies. An increase in fault rock variability is observed at higher displacements, potentially creating a more transmissible fault, which opposes what may be expected in siliciclastic and crystalline faults. Significant heterogeneity in the fault rock types formed is likely to create variable permeability along fault-strike, potentially allowing across-fault fluid flow. However, areas with homogeneous fault rocks may generate barriers to fluid flow.     

辽河坳陷古近系碎屑岩储层孔隙演化特征探讨

辽河坳陷古近系的沉积特征是物源多、沉积体系多、砂岩成熟度低及砂体规模小。通过成岩作用和成岩相研究，储层成岩相可划分为4种,即碳酸盐胶结相、自生粘土矿物胶结相、石英胶结相和粘土矿物转化相。这4个相可进一步划分为7个亚相：自生粘土膜胶结亚相、晶粒状碳酸盐胶结亚相、自生高岭石胶结亚相、石英胶结亚相、嵌晶状碳酸盐胶结亚相、伊/蒙混层亚相和伊利石亚相。不同成岩相分布明显受深度控制，具有在垂向相连的展布特征，垂向上可组成6个成岩相带。通过大量的砂岩和泥岩孔渗数据统计分析，建立了6个对应的高孔渗带（ABCDEF）与6个低孔渗带（abcdef），它们与6个成岩相带在空间分布上具有一一对应关系，即A－a、B－b、C－c、D－d、E－e和F－f分别与晶粒状碳酸盐相带、自生高岭石相带、石英胶结相带、嵌晶状碳酸盐相带、伊／蒙混层粘土矿物相带和伊利石相带相对应。可见,不同成岩相带对应不同孔隙度发育带的孔隙演化，并从有机质演化的角度解释了上述对应关系。应用这一规律在鸳鸯沟地区有利储层孔隙预测中取得了较好效果，验证了该区储层孔隙演化特征及其对油气运聚的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层特征*

探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地中奥陶统马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法。应用露头、岩心、薄片分析及储集层物性测试及压汞实验方法开展了碳酸盐岩储集层岩性、孔隙结构及物性研究,应用储集层流动带指标FZI开展了储集层岩石物理相特征及储集层分类方法研究。马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层岩石类型主要为岩溶角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、膏盐溶蚀角砾泥晶—粉晶白云岩、含膏盐或膏盐质白云岩、粉晶—细晶白云岩、残余结构中晶—细晶及粗晶—中晶白云岩、次生灰岩、泥晶灰岩及白云岩,发育洞穴、溶洞、孔隙及裂缝4种储集空间,主要发育晶间孔型、裂缝型、裂缝—晶间孔型、裂缝—晶间孔—溶洞型4类储渗类型。依据流动带指标将储集层划分为6类岩石物理相及24类亚相,据此将储集层分为5类7亚类：一类储集层是天然气赋存的优质储集层,主要分布于马五₁、马五₄及马五₆段;二、三类储集层是马家沟组主要储集层类型,以孔隙为主的二₁、三₁类储集层主要分布于马五₁—马五₆段,以裂缝为主的二₂、三₂类储集层主要分布于马四段;四类储集层物性差,见于各段;五类为非储集层。研究结果表明,基于岩石物理相的储集层研究方法是揭示碳酸盐岩储集层特征及开展储集层定量分类与评价的有效途径。     

Permeability upscaling of fault zones in the Aztec Sandstone,Valley of Fire State Park,Nevada, with a focus on slip surfaces and slip bands

The effect of open and filled slip surfaces on the upscaled permeability of two fault zones with 6 and 14 m strike-slip in an eolian Aztec Sandstone, Nevada, USA is evaluated. Each fault zone is composed of several fault components: a fault core, bounded by filled through-going slip surfaces referred to as slip bands, and a surrounding damage zone that contains joints and deformation bands. Slip band geometry, composition, and petrophysical properties are characterized. Measurements and modeling show that slip band permeabilities can vary over 12 orders of magnitude depending on the degree of fill within the slip bands. The slip bands along with other fault zone components are represented in finite volume numerical calculations and the impact of various slip-band representations on upscaled fault zone permeability is tested. The results show 2 orders of magnitude variation in upscaled fault zone permeability in the fault-normal direction and a factor of 2 variation in the fault-parallel direction. The numerical results presented here are compared to the earlier numerical results in which structured Cartesian grids were used for the numerical simulations, and are in qualitative agreement with earlier calculations but use about a factor of 250–400 fewer numerical cells.     

四川盆地奥陶系岩相古地理与勘探潜力

在前人研究基础上,依托露头和钻井资料,以沉积相分析为核心,结合四川盆地构造演化,采用单因素分析多因素综合法,以"组"为单元编制了奥陶纪岩相古地理图。奥陶纪四川盆地及邻区总体呈现西高东低的古地理格局,自西向东发育滨岸相、混积潮坪相、局限台地相、开阔台地相和斜坡相—盆地相。从岩相古地理视角对成藏条件的分析表明:奥陶系五峰组沉积期四川盆地主体属于局限海环境,发育了一套优质烃源岩,此外,与奥陶系临近的上覆志留系龙马溪组和下伏寒武系筇竹寺组烃源岩在有断层沟通的情况下可提供有效气源;奥陶系碳酸盐岩总体致密,白云石化、表生溶蚀和裂缝的存在是储层形成的关键因素,对应发育了桐梓组—红花园组颗粒滩白云岩储层、岩溶储层和宝塔组裂缝储层等三类储层;奥陶系发育下部(下生上储)和上部(上生下储)两套成藏组合,具有较好的勘探潜力。     

Influence of carbonate facies on fault zone architecture

Normal faults on Malta were studied to analyse fault propagation and evolution in different carbonate facies. Deformation of carbonate facies is controlled by strength, particle size and pore structure. Different deformation styles influence the damage characteristics surrounding faults, and therefore the fault zone architecture. The carbonates were divided into grain- and micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies. Stronger grain-dominated carbonates show localised deformation, whereas weaker micrite-dominated carbonates show distributed deformation. The weaker micrite-dominated carbonates overlie stronger grain-dominated carbonates, creating a mechanical stratigraphy. A different architecture of damage, the ‘Fracture Splay Zone’ (FSZ), is produced within micrite-dominated carbonates due to this mechanical stratigraphy. Strain accumulates at the point of juxtaposition between the stronger grain-dominated carbonates in the footwall block and the weaker micrite-dominated carbonates in the hanging wall block. New slip surfaces nucleate and grow from these points, developing an asymmetric fault damage zone segment. The development of more slip surfaces within a single fault zone forms a zone of intense deformation, bound between two slip surfaces within the micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies (i.e., the FSZ). Rather than localisation onto a single slip surface, allowing formation of a continuous fault core, the deformation will be dispersed along several slip surfaces. The dispersed deformation can create a highly permeable zone, rather than a baffle/seal, in the micrite-dominated carbonate lithofacies. The formation of a Fracture Splay Zone will therefore affect the sealing potential of the fault zone. The FSZ, by contrast, is not observed in the majority of the grain-dominated carbonates.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统良里塔格组储集层类型及有利区带预测*

塔里木盆地塔中地区Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统良里塔格组为目前国内较典型的碳酸盐岩油气储集层,且有巨大的勘探潜力,深入研究该套储集层的类型及分布对塔中地区的下一步勘探将具有重要的指导意义。通过大量岩心分析,根据孔隙度—渗透率相关关系将塔中地区Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统良里塔格组碳酸盐岩储集层划分为3 种主要类型：孔隙型、裂缝型、裂缝—孔隙型。根据各单井储集层类型,结合沉积相及断裂等储集层影响因素,推断了良里塔格组3个岩性段的不同类型储集层的分布范围,认为裂缝型储集层最为发育,而最有利于油气成藏的裂缝—孔隙型储集层主要发育于良二段,孔隙型储集层分布范围较小。最后认为塔中Ⅰ号断裂带塔中82井区—塔中24井区为油气勘探最有利区。     

A geometric model for the formation of deformation band clusters

Arrays of closely-spaced (approximately <70 mm) sub-parallel cataclastic deformation bands are common structures in deformed, high-porosity (∼10–35%) sandstones. The distribution of strain onto many small-displacement deformation bands is thought by some to result from strain-hardening of the cataclasite within individual bands. Examination of both normal and strike-slip faults with displacements ≤7 m from southeastern Utah, USA, and the North Island of New Zealand suggests, however, that clusters of deformation bands systematically develop at fault geometric irregularities (e.g., fault bends, steps, relays, intersections and zones of normal drag). The strain-hardening model does not account for clustering of deformation bands at fault geometric irregularities or the associated widespread coalescence of bands, and is not unequivocally demonstrated by post-peak macroscopic mechanical responses in laboratory rock deformation experiments. A geometric model is proposed in which individual bands within clusters develop sequentially due to migration of incremental shear strains at fault geometric irregularities as part of a slip localisation, asperity removal and strain weakening process. The geometric model, which does not require strain hardening of the fault rock, applies for the duration of faulting and a range of rock types in the brittle upper crust.