珠江流域降水干湿时空特征及气候因子影响研究

利用模糊C-均值聚类算法、皮尔逊相关和滑动相关分析等方法,对珠江流域做了气候一致性分析,在此基础上,研究了珠江流域不同分区年降水和干湿季降水变化的时空特征,分析了区域干湿变化与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)、印度洋偶极子(IOD)和太平洋10年涛动(PDO)等主要气候因子的遥相关关系,探讨了珠江流域干湿变化的气候成因。在此基础上,进一步研究上述气候指标对不同时间尺度干湿变化影响的平稳性与差异性。除此之外,还研究了气候指标的冷暖期对基于6个月SPI值的珠江流域干湿状态的影响。研究表明:(1)IOD、NAO和ENSO分别是导致珠江流域年降水、湿季降水和干季降水发生变化的主要影响因素,且对当年及下一年降水的影响是相反的。(2)珠江流域不同时间尺度的降水与对其有显著影响的气候指标(年降水与IOD,湿季降水与NAO,干季降水与ENSO),两者之间不同时期的滑动相关往往具有较强的相关性和前后相关一致性。(3)各气候指标对珠江流域不同时间尺度降水的影响在空间分布上不太均匀。(4)不同位相下气候指标对珠江流域干湿状态的影响存在较大差异。总体而言,当处于各气候指标暖期时珠江流域出现湿润期的概率较冷期时更大且在空间分布上更均匀。     

雷州半岛南部湖相沉积揭示的全新世早中期气候环境演变

对雷州半岛南部徐闻县九亩村一段1.54m厚的湖相沉积剖面进行粒度、磁化率、色度及有机碳氮分析,结合AMS~(14)C测年结果,重建了该地区10.5~6.5cal ka BP的气候环境变化。共分为3个阶段:(1)10.5~9.5cal ka BP,湖泊水体较浅,气候较干燥;(2)9.5~7.2cal ka BP,湖泊水位较高,环境稳定,气候较湿润;(3)7.2~6.5cal ka BP,湖水相对变浅,气候相对阶段(2)干燥。雷州半岛地区降水变化与印度季风演变模式一致,可与北半球夏季平均太阳辐射及其影响下热带辐合带(ITCZ)的移动进行对比,指标时间序列的红外噪声谱分析结果表明,存在千年—百年的准周期,反映了研究区气候环境变化对太阳活动的响应。     

中国天山地区降水对全球气候变化的响应

天山地区的降水变化及其对全球气候变化的响应是近年来研究的热点。利用中国天山地区40个气象站1951-2014年的月降水数据,运用线性倾向估计、相关分析等气候诊断方法,分析了该区域的降水变化,探讨了主要气候指数与降水同步变化的相关关系。结果表明：年降水呈现出"西多东少,北多南少,高山多外围少"的特征,年降水变化率为6.0 mm·（10a）^-1。SASMI与年降水表现为显著正相关,PDO、PNA和AO与年降水表现为弱正相关,且有局限性。在枯水期,SASMI与天山北坡及部分中高山地带的降水表现为弱正相关,而在西天山南坡表现为弱负相关,ENSO与中、西天山南北坡的中低山带的降水变化相关性较高。在丰水期,SASMI与天山南坡和高山区降水变化相关性较高,PDO与中、西天山南北坡的低山带部分站点的降水变化相关性较高。     

呼伦湖湿地气候变化及其对水环境的影响

利用呼伦湖湿地所在地区的气象站1961—2005年的气温、降水和蒸发量资料及呼伦湖区域1959—2006年的水体面积、水位深度、水质状况等资料,分析了气候变化及其对水环境的影响.结果表明:呼伦湖地区近45 a来的气候变化呈现气温升高、降水减少、蒸发量增大的暖干化趋势,其空间变化具有较好的一致性,地形是影响气候空间变化的主要因子;呼伦湖地区气候暖干化是造成水资源短缺和水环境恶化及周边地区生态环境荒漠化等问题的重要原因;显著的气候暖干化加速了湖水水面积减少、水位下降和水环境恶化.     

天山地区夏季极端降水特征及气候变化

基于1961—2007年天山地区32站的逐日降水资料,分析了夏季天山地区极端降水事件的气候分布和时间变化特征.结果表明:夏季天山地区的极端降水量、极端降水日和极端降水比分布存在明显的区域差异.局地极端降水频繁,平均3～4d就有1次发生,大范围极端降水较少发生.连续性极端降水以1d为主.极端降水量在天山南北坡均随地形增加而增多,地形高度对降水的影响,北坡要大于南坡.在相同高度范围内,北坡极端降水量基本均大于南坡.天山地区的极端降水事件呈增多趋势,在1970年代中后期至1980年代中前期,极端降水事件为低值期,而1990年代是高值期.     

四川黄龙降水氢、氧同位素对气候变化的指示意义

与全球大气降水线相比,黄龙大气降水线的斜率和常数项均较小,这与水滴在未饱和大气中降落时重同位素的蒸发富集作用有关,且反映了近几十年以来黄龙的气候有向暖干变化的趋势。降水稳定同位素的显著降水量效应说明黄龙降水的水汽主要来源于低纬度海洋。过剩氘的季节变化及降水氢、氧同位素的降水量效应反映了黄龙地区旱季受大陆性气团的影响,空气干燥,降水量小,因此蒸发强,重同位素的富集作用强,从而降水中稳定同位素比率高;在雨季,受来自海洋水汽的影响,空气湿润,降水量大,因此蒸发弱,重同位素的富集作用轻,从而降水中稳定同位素比率低。据此推测,降水量效应可能是不同水汽来源对降水稳定同位素影响的结果。黄龙的降水温度效应不显著,季风气候抑制和掩盖了温度效应。      

1926-2009年额尔齐斯河流域中游地区气候变化及其对水资源的影响分析

额尔齐斯河流域中游地区是哈萨克斯坦共和国重要的水资源富矿与战略经济区, 资料表明这一地区过去几十年来气候与水资源均发生了显著变化, 分析研究其气候变化及其对水资源的影响, 对水资源合理利用具有重要的指导意义.利用研究区7个气象站1926-2009年84 a逐月降水和气温资料, 应用高桥浩一郎公式计算研究区月平均蒸发量及可利用降水量, 分析了1926-2009年研究区气候变化及其对水资源的影响.结果表明: 1)与全球气候变暖一致, 过去84 a来研究区平均气温呈较快的升高趋势, 且自20世纪80年代末以来进入快速升温变暖期; 2)84 a来, 研究区降水总体呈增加趋势, 随着温度的升高, 蒸发量同步增加. 因此, 研究区可利用降水量尽管有波动但总体变化不大; 3)降水是影响研究区可利用降水量的最重要的影响因素, 二者呈现显著的正相关关系, 1%的降水变化可导致1.68%的可利用降水量变化.研究区是全球气候变化的敏感区域, 水资源开发利用需切实做好应对气候变化的适应性对策.     

过去2000年东亚夏季风降水百年际变化特征及成因的模拟研究

利用地球系统模式CESM过去2 000年气候模拟试验结果,探讨了在百年尺度上东亚夏季风降水的时空变化特征及其成因,对于认识百年尺度气候变化规律、区分外强迫因子对东亚季风的影响有着重要的科学意义。研究表明:1东亚夏季风降水与温度基本同相变化,降水存在准100年、准150年和准200年周期。2降水标准化EOF第一模态为由北向南"负—正—负—正"的条带状空间分布,而EOF第二模态基本为全区一致的分布型态。3东亚夏季风降水准100年周期主要受太阳辐射、火山活动和气候系统内部变率的共同影响;准150年周期主要受太阳辐射的影响;准200年周期主要受太阳辐射和火山活动的影响。东亚夏季风降水在温带地区主要受温室气体和土地利用/覆盖的影响;在副热带地区主要受太阳辐射和火山活动的影响;在热带地区主要受太阳辐射、火山活动和气候系统内部变率的影响。     

云南寻甸地区最近八千年气候环境变迁

通过对云南寻甸白石岩仙人洞1号石笋进行高精度TIM S-U系测年和氧碳稳定同位素分析,重建了寻甸地区中全新世8. 0ka 以来高分辨率古气候演化序列。石笋剖面的碳氧同位素记录揭示,云南寻甸地区自8. 0kaB. P.以来的气候演化可以分为三个气候期: (1) 8000～6000aB. P.为温暖湿润期,夏季风强盛,气温较高,降水丰沛,石笋的氧碳同位素偏负; ( 2) 6000～5200 a B. P.为季风气候衰退期,在这期间气温和降水都发生了较大变化,气候由温湿变为冷干,石笋氧碳同位素持续偏正; ( 3) 5200～2100aB. P.凉干气候期,这一时期气候基本稳定,东亚季风对气候影响较大,但气温和降水都低于第一个气候稳定期。      

湖泊沉积物中生物分子标志物稳定氢同位素在古气候变化研究中的应用

湖泊沉积物中包含有丰富的气候变化信息.其中生物分子标志物稳定氢同位素作为优良的气候变化代用指标已经得到广泛应用.由于湿润地区和干早地区湖泊的蒸发作用和水文条件不同,用来重建所得的降水稳定同位素变化所指示的气候意义也不相同.文章介绍作者过去几年内在湿润地区和干早地区所进行的探索,并探讨这些生物分子标志物同位素变化所代表的气候指示意义.在湿润地区,主要由水生植物产生的C22脂肪酸可以很好地记录湖水同位素变化和降水同位素变化,而后者又与采样地点的地表气温变化一致,因此C22脂肪酸的稳定氢同位素在湿润地区可以作为温度代用指标.在干早地区,湖水受强烈的蒸发作用影响,由水生生物产生的生物分子标志物氢同位素不能反映降水同位素变化,而在湖泊沉积物保存的、由陆生植物产生的叶蜡化合物可以很好地记录降水同位素变化.最后介绍了在湿润地区的湖泊中应用Czz脂肪酸稳定氢同位素成功重建北美洲东北部地区晚更新世到早全新世气候变化,并讨论其变化机制.     

Drought in the Sahel

The Sahel region of West Africa is well known as a region of environmental degradation. The reported incidence of desertification has been challenged but persistent and widespread drought is still widely accepted. Drought, defined solely as a function of rainfall, is believed to have commenced in the early 1970s and continued through to the present. It is usually defined as a meteorological phenomenon and standardised rainfall anomalies are employed to indicate the severity of negative departures from the ‘norm’. There are several difficulties with this approach. The period of standardising rainfall has changed from 1931–1960 to 1961–1990 but the impacts on drought occurrence have not been fully determined. The spatial aggregation of rainfall anomalies may mask important local variation and the purely statistical approach to defining drought takes little account of human impact. The first two issues, averaging period and spatial aggregation, are investigated through an analysis of rainfalls in Continental Sahel (Bukina Faso, Mali and Niger). A new classification of drought classes is suggested. Despite the clear evidence of negative rainfall anomalies for rainfalls aggregated across the Sahel region, it is found that the averaging period has a significant impact on our perceptions of the occurrence of what can be considered to be meteorological drought according to the definition employed and that there is significant spatial variation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

1896–2006 Sahelian annual rainfall variability and runoff increase of Sahelian Rivers

Updated rainfall data to 2006 confirm that the Sahelian rainfall has increased since the end of the 1990s, but the annual average rainfall is still as low as during the drought of the 1970s. The decrease of rainfall is higher in the Northwest and lower in the Southeast Sahel. The increase of temperature over West Africa during the end of the 20th century induced an increase of Potential Evaporation, which might reduce the runoff. However, the joint effect of climate change and of human activities on land cover over more than three decades is responsible for an increase of the runoff coefficients of the West African Sahelian Rivers since the 1970s, despite the rainfall shortage during the same period, as revealed by the analysis of runoff from Mauritania, Burkina-Faso and Niger. The runoff coefficients have increased in regions with less than 750 mm of annual rainfall, under Sahelian and subdesertic climates, leading to increased flood peaks, occurring earlier in the season. Even if it is difficult to separate which part of this runoff coefficient increase is due to climate change alone or to human impact on land cover, the highest values are observed in the most inhabited areas, where land cover is dominated by cultivated areas. This climatic/human impact on land cover is so huge that it has changed since decades the hydrological regimes of the Sahelian Rivers, from the small watershed to the largest one, such as the Niger River at Niamey.     

Vulnerability of water resources in northern Cameroon in the context of climate change

Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices, unsustainable use of water resources, increased demand of water, deforestation, land-use change, etc., (2) human-induced climate change. Northern Cameroon in this study includes: the Adamawa, North and Far North regions located closer to the Sahel regions of Africa. These regions are already water stressed because of their location and any further change in climate with rising temperature would impact water resource either positively or negatively. Time series analysis and a 12-month standardized precipitation index (SPI12) with digital data between 1957 and 2006 were used to investigate the variation of water resources in northern Cameroon. Results obtained varies between the different regions with an increased annual trend in temperature and precipitation for Ngaoundere (Adamawa region) and Garoua (north region), whereas Maroua (far north region) had a decreased annual trend in both precipitation and temperature. Further variability results obtained from a SPI12 show that wetter period out number drought period in all three regions. The study concluded that water resources vary with the changing climatic condition and the severity of the impact varies from region to region. Furthermore, water deficiency in northern Cameroon might not be due to climate change. The reasons might be a combination of poor water management and other factors such population growth, the environmental condition, etc.     

Late Holocene climates of the Near East deduced from Dead Sea level variations and modern regional winter rainfall

The Dead Sea is a terminal lake of one of the largest hydrological systems in the Levant and may thus be viewed as a large rain gauge for the region. Variations of its level are indicative of the climate variations in the region. Here, we present the decadal- to centennial-resolution Holocene lake-level curve of the Dead Sea. Then we determine the regional hydroclimatology that affected level variations. To achieve this goal we compare modern natural lake-level variations and instrumental rainfall records and quantify the hydrology relative to lake-level rise, fall, or stability. To quantify that relationship under natural conditions, rainfall data pre-dating the artificial Dead Sea level drop since the 1960s are used. In this respect, Jerusalem station offers the longest uninterrupted pre-1960s rainfall record and Jerusalem rains serve as an adequate proxy for the Dead Sea headwaters rainfall. Principal component analysis indicates that temporal variations of annual precipitation in all stations in Israel north of the current 200 mm yr⁻¹ average isohyet during 1940–1990 are largely synchronous and in phase (70% of the total variance explained by PC1). This station also represents well northern Jordan and the area all the way to Beirut, Lebanon, especially during extreme drought and wet spells. We (a) determine the modern, and propose the past regional hydrology and Eastern Mediterranean (EM) climatology that affected the severity and length of droughts/wet spells associated with multiyear episodes of Dead Sea level falls/rises and (b) determine that EM cyclone tracks were different in average number and latitude in wet and dry years in Jerusalem. The mean composite sea level pressure and 500-mb height anomalies indicate that the potential causes for wet and dry episodes span the entire EM and are rooted in the larger-scale northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation. We also identified remarkably close association (within radiocarbon resolution) between climatic changes in the Levant, reflected by level changes, and culture shifts in this region.     

Response of the groundwater system in the Guanzhong Basin (central China) to climate change and human activities

The Guanzhong Basin in central China features a booming economy and has suffered severe drought, resulting in serious groundwater depletion in the last 30 years. As a major water resource, groundwater plays a significant role in water supply. The combined impact of climate change and intensive human activities has caused a substantial decline in groundwater recharge and groundwater levels, as well as degradation of groundwater quality and associated changes in the ecosystems. Based on observational data, an integrated approach was used to assess the impact of climate change and human activities on the groundwater system and the base flow of the river basin. Methods included: river runoff records and a multivariate statistical analysis of data including historical groundwater levels and climate; hydro-chemical investigation and trend analysis of the historical hydro-chemical data; wavelet analysis of climate data; and the base flow index. The analyses indicate a clear warming trend and a decreasing trend in rainfall since the 1960s, in addition to increased human activities since the 1970s. The reduction of groundwater recharge in the past 30 years has led to a continuous depletion of groundwater levels, complex changes of the hydro-chemical environment, localized salinization, and a strong decline of the base flow to the river. It is expected that the results will contribute to a more comprehensive management plan for groundwater and the related eco-environment in the face of growing pressures from intensive human activities superimposed on climate change in this region.     

Conversion relationship of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater in Quaternary thick cohesive soil in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province,China

The scientific field test site of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater conversion in Dabie Mountain Area–Jianghan Plain is located in the northern region of the Jianghan Plain, the transition zone between the Dabie Mountain Area and Jianghan Plain. It’s a great field test site to study the material and energy exchange among rainfall, soil moisture, and groundwater of the Earth ’s critical zone in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas. This paper analyzed the connection between rainfall and volume water content (VWC) of soil at different depths of several soil profiles, and the dynamic feature of groundwater was discussed, which reveals the rainfall infiltration recharge of Quaternary Upper Pleistocene strata. The results show that the Quaternary Upper Pleistocene aquifer groundwater accepts a little direct rainfall recharge, while the lateral recharge is the main supplement source. There were 75 effective rainfall events among 120 rainfall events during the monitoring period, with an accumulated amount of 672.9 mm, and the percentages of effective rainfall amount and duration time were 62.50% and 91.56%, respectively. The max evaporation depth at the upper part in Quaternary cohesive soil was no less than 1.4 m. The soil profile was divided into four zones: (1) The sensitive zone of rainfall infiltration within 1.4 m, where the material and energy exchange frequently near the interface between atmosphere and soil; (2) the buffer zone of rainfall infiltration between 1.4 m and 3.5 m; (3) the migration zone of rainfall infiltration between 3.5 m and 5.0 m; and (4) the rainfall infiltration and groundwater level co-influenced zone below 5.0 m. The results revealed the reaction of soil moisture and groundwater to rainfall in the area covered by cohesive soil under humid climate in Earth ’s critical zone, which is of great theoretical and practical significance for groundwater resources evaluation and development, groundwater environmental protection, ecological environmental improvement, drought disaster prevention, and flood disaster prevention in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.     

First investigation of desert Lake Hongjiannao, Shannxi Province based on its sediment study

1IntroductionGlobal change studies on the decennial and cen-tennial timescales,which can help put together the in-formation from long timescale study and meteorologicalstudy,is crucial for predicting future global changes(Hegerl,1998;Wang Pinxian and Jian Zhimin,1999;Wang Sumin et al.,1998).Lacustrine sedi-ments characterized by their continuity,major sedi-mentation rate,and high resolution can provide usefulinformation for reconstructing the past global changes(Steven,1996;Wang Sumin and …     

气候变化背景下海河流域干旱特征及趋势

为了深入研究近60年来多种气候、水文要素对海河流域干旱变化的影响,采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法对流域内气温、降水、径流等要素进行了分析,并采用Z指数法对流域的干旱特征进行了研究。结果表明：20世纪50年代以来,海河流域经历了湿润-正常-干旱的变化过程;21世纪初,流域北部地区出现偏旱现象,多次干旱的面积覆盖率低于40%,少部分干旱覆盖率较高,最高达98%;从时间上看,1980年是发生干旱现象的一个临界点,无论是从发生次数还是覆盖面积上,1980年以后要明显大于1980年以前。从干旱发生频率上分析,海河流域发生轻度和一般干旱的高频地区多分布在滦河流域以及北部山区,中部平原地区干旱爆发频率相对较低,重大干旱事件则在中南部平原地区发生频率更高。综合全部干旱事件,滦河流域为干旱频发区,其次为海河流域东部地区,西部地区则频率相对较低。     

The influence of climate on mechanistic pathways that affect lower food web production in Northern San Francisco Bay estuary

Significant coherence among time series of environmental and biological production variables suggested mechanistic pathways through which climate contributed to the downward shift in estuarine production (biomass) in northern San Francisco Bay estuary, 1975–1993. Climate directly and indirectly affected physical processes in the estuary through precipitation and its subsequent impact on streamflow and physical variables affected by streamflow. Climate also directly influenced air temperature and wind velocity. The influence if climate was evaluated through a climate index based on sea level pressure. A shift in this climate index in the early 1980s coincided with changes in many environmental variables including water transparency, water temperature, wind velocity, and rainfall. These physical changes were accompanied by a decrease in diatom, total zooplankton, andNeomysis mercedis carbon at the base of the food web throughout the estuary. Box-Jenkins time series coherence analysis was used to quantify associations among these physical, chemical, and biological time series for nine regions of the estuary. These associations were used to develop a conceptual model of mechanistic pathways that directly linked food web carbon production to climate. Strong coherence among diatom, zooplankton, andN. mercedis carbon time series suggested climate also had an indirect impact on food web production through trophic cascade. Differing mechanistic pathways among the nine regions of the estuary suggested climate was an important contributor to the spatial variability in total food web production and trophic structure.     

中国西北地区的干旱与旱灾——变化趋势与对策

干旱与水资源短缺是西北地区的基本环境特征。西北地区在气候变暖的背景下,区域降水量出现了明显的区域差异:西北西部的新疆地区,20世纪80年代以来降水量增加;西北东部大部分地区降水量持续减少,干旱、连旱趋势增加;黄河流域西北区域降水量减少,干旱化趋势最为显著。在气候干旱化增强的背景下,新疆地区总体上经过70年代的枯水期后,在80年代中期开始较大范围内径流量呈现增加趋势;河西东部、西北东部的黄河流域等地区,70年代以来径流持续减少,大部分河流枯水频率在78%以上,水文干旱化趋势显著。水资源的开发利用、水土保持以及土地利用等人类活动使得西北地区水文干旱进一步加剧。干旱是西北地区最为严重的自然灾害之一,受干旱化气候和水文变化趋势的影响,黄河流域和内陆流域干旱灾害不断加剧,近50a干旱灾害受灾面积急剧扩张,旱灾造成的农业粮食损失不断增加。从创新水资源开发利用途径与管理等角度,提出了提高气候变化的地区适应性和区域水-经济系统旱灾抵御能力的对策与建议。