云南小寨铜矿苏家箐矿段地气微粒特征

针对云南小寨铜矿苏家箐矿段地气采样所获得的16个地气微粒样品进行透射电镜观察分析,结果表明:地气中微粒呈现纳米级,大小为10nm到300nm不等,多为微粒聚合体,单体较少。微粒的形状多样,有似六边形、似椭球状、球状、不规则状等。微粒中含有成矿元素Cu以及伴生元素Fe,Pb,Zn,Mn,Co等,如SJQ-2A微粒中Pb含量为62.9%,SJQ-5B微粒中Co含量为24.1%。Cu出现频次很高,其质量分数也较高,如SJQ-1B和SJQ-6微粒中Cu含量分别为64.0%和73.3%。推测含金属微粒来源于深部隐伏矿体,金属微粒含有丰富的矿体信息。通过对比7个不同矿床的地气微粒特征,发现矿床类型不同其微粒特征(如种类、成分、形态、大小等)有较大差异;而与小寨铜矿苏家箐矿段具有相似地质环境的矿床,其地气微粒特征具有较大的相似性。微粒的元素组成与地下深处矿体具有较好的对应关系,无疑对该矿区今后的地质找矿具有指导意义。     

广西清明山铜镍硫化物矿床上升气流微粒研究

为探讨上升气流微粒与深部隐伏矿体之间关系,在广西清明山铜镍硫化物矿床上方土壤中采集上升气流微粒,并采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对微粒的形貌、大小、聚合状态、化学组分及结构等进行分析。结果表明,微粒主要由Cu、Co、Zn、Fe、Ca、Si、S等元素组成,其中成矿元素Cu、Co以自然Cu-Fe-Co、Zn-Fe-Co及Fe-Co合金微粒的形式存在,其余如Fe、Ca、Si、S等元素则以氢氧化物、氧化物及碳酸盐微粒形式存在。微粒可分为微粒聚合体及单个微粒,微粒的大小为50~500nm,微粒的形状多为不规则状、近椭圆形、近球状、水滴状和近长方体等。微粒中高含量的Cu、Co、Zn来源于深部隐伏矿体,含Fe、S微粒来源于矿床中金属硫化物矿物。此外,高价态的微粒组分指示微粒处于相对氧化的环境。清明山铜镍硫化物矿床的上升气流微粒组分与矿床矿物组分间存在着较好的对应性,本研究为隐伏铜镍硫化物矿床提供了新的找矿方法。     

隐伏金属矿床上升气流微粒特征、形成及迁移

结合地球化学和纳米科学技术的理论和研究方法,研究隐伏金属矿床有关微粒的形成、迁移和特征。对十多个金属矿床的研究表明,隐伏金属矿体地表沉积物中上升气流微粒样品有单个微粒和微粒聚合体,单个微粒形态有球状、近球状、不规则状、规则多边形、长柱状,微粒有晶质、非晶质和部分晶质。聚合体形态一般是不规则状、球状和近球状。它们的矿物成分主要有自然Au、自然Cu、氯化物、氧化物、硫酸盐、氢氧化物等。成矿元素Au、Cu可以自然金属或自然合金形式存在,Cu、Pb、Zn等成矿元素可以氧化物或硫酸盐等形式存在,也可以存在于氧化物、氢氧化物、氯化物、硫酸盐等微粒中作为杂质元素,这些是隐伏金属矿体的指示微粒。成矿期后,与隐伏金属矿体有关微粒主要形成于断层作用、氧化作用和生物作用。在上升气流中,微粒呈“布朗运动”。     

滇东北永胜得铜矿床地气微粒特征

为了研究地气微粒特征在探测隐伏矿体中的指示意义,采用地气静态测量法采集滇东北永胜得铜矿区隐伏矿体上方地气纳米微粒,通过高分辨的透射电子显微镜和能谱,对所采集的样品微粒进行形貌分析和元素种类、含量测定后,发现微粒中元素组合特征随着矿体或矿化蚀变带的存在与否出现相应的变化。用地气测量法原理可以较好地解释这一现象,即由脱气作用形成的地气流在从地球深部垂直向上迁移过程中,穿过地质体,吸附具有特征性的微粒并携带至地表,引起相应的元素种类差异和含量异常。这意味着结合这些微粒元素组合特征和地质背景,可以较直接地判断隐伏矿体的有关特点,为找矿工作提供帮助。     

隐伏断裂上方地气异常特征及其机理研究

地气测量技术是捕集并测定地下上升气流中痕量金属和非金属元素来揭示较深部地层的信息。文章论述了不同类型隐伏断裂上方地气异常的特征，主要可概括为：（１）地气异常元素组合具有相似性，主要元素为Ｗ、Ｓｂ、Ｌａ、Ｓｍ、Ｃｏ、Ｋ和Ｎａ等微量元素和造岩元素。对隐伏含矿破碎带，除出现上述元素地气异常外，还叠加有与矿化密度相关的成矿元素及其伴生元素的地气异常。（２）在地气异常形态上，主要呈现异常“群”的分布特点，异     

应用地气测量技术探测甲基卡稀有金属矿区中的隐伏矿体

以甲基卡稀有金属矿区X03号矿体和烧炭沟矿体2个隐伏矿体作为研究对象,采用主动吸气法,以5%稀硝酸溶液作为捕集剂进行地气测量试验研究。结果表明,地气捕集液中Li、Be、Rb、Cs、Na、B等元素在矿体上方出现多点连续的组合异常,可以指示地表以下30～100 m的隐伏矿体。X03号矿体35号勘探线上,地气中成矿元素异常与土壤中元素含量之间没有相关性,表明地气异常并不是土壤元素含量所形成的,而是来源于隐伏矿体,是隐伏矿体的直接信息反映。地气异常表现为顶部异常特征,隐伏矿体位于异常的下部。甲基卡稀有金属矿区采用地气测量技术寻找隐伏矿体时,在成矿地质条件研究的基础上,结合电法等地球物理资料,可在地气异常的上方布置钻探工程进行钻探验证。     

地气测量在粤北某铀矿区的试验研究

在粤北某花岗岩铀矿勘查区开展了地气测量探测隐伏铀矿的试验研究.通过对勘查区4号和19号勘探线的快速地气取样,获取了U、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Sr和稀土等38种元素信息.利用聚类分析、Pearson相关性分析以及稀土配分、Eu异常判断等方法对矿体的地气异常进行了研究,结果表明,U、Mn、Sr、Zn等地气异常在矿体上方或矿体边缘位置有不同程度的显示;U异常与Mn、Sr、Eu、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ho有较好的相关性;矿体上方地气异常区具有相似的稀土配分模式和负Eu异常.这些特征可以作为判定隐伏铀矿矿致地气异常的依据.     

粤东火山岩盆地铜-铅-锌多金属矿床找矿新发现与认识

粤东地区燕山期火山岩盆地沿NE向呈带状展布,其中分布有众多的铜-铅-锌多金属矿点,具有良好的成矿地质条件和找矿潜力。近年该区的地质勘查工作取得了突破,发现了尖笔岽、四望坪矿床。矿床为隐伏的脉状充填型热液型矿床。隐伏矿床地表常表现为矿化蚀变带或褐铁矿化的小破碎带,土壤次生晕异常形态与隐伏矿体走向一致,异常元素组合和成矿元素一致,是本区隐伏的脉状矿床的有效的找矿标志。     

申家窑金矿床地气测量异常特征

河南申家窑金矿床属典型的蚀变破碎带型金矿,矿区大部分被第四系沉积物所覆盖。文章通过偏光显微镜与扫描电子显微镜观察、电子探针微区分析、矿石成分化学分析等方法,认为申家窑金矿床的主要金矿物为自然金和银金矿,主要载体矿物为石英、黄铁矿和方铅矿。作者在总结矿床矿物学特征的基础上,实验研究了地气测量在该隐伏矿床上方黄土覆盖层的勘查效果。地气测量使用泡塑为捕集介质,利用surfer软件绘制元素空间分布图。元素空间分布图表明Au具有明显的地球化学异常,同时Cu、Pb、Zn等成矿伴生元素也存在异常。综合矿床矿物学的研究结果和元素空间分布特征,认为地气测量异常为矿致异常,地气异常结果能够指示深部隐伏矿体的产状。地气测量方法作为深穿透地球化学找矿方法之一,在研究区能够反映深部矿化,可以应用于黄土覆盖区寻找隐伏矿床。     

干旱荒漠区隐伏金矿覆盖层中金的分布与迁移：以新疆金窝子金矿田210金矿带为例

以新疆金窝子金矿田210金矿带为例,实验研究了该区地气和土壤活动态测量等深穿透地球化学方法的效果。实验表明地气测量和土壤活动态测量可以有效地反映覆盖层下隐伏矿体。揭露矿体覆盖层的钻孔研究表明,金活动态形式具有“C”型分布特征。采集矿体上方地表异常位置土壤孔隙中地气、土壤样品,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)实测样品中微粒物质的粒径、形貌和成分,在地气和土壤中观测到了Au-Cu、Au-Bi成矿元素纳米微粒,此微粒是形成地表深穿透地球化学异常的物质,来源于覆盖层下隐伏矿体。微粒到达地表,可以形成地气和土壤活动态异常。纳米微粒具有可从土壤颗粒表面分离的性质,在其向上迁移过程中,可以从吸附固定状态解吸,此性质可以用于解释活动态异常在钻孔垂直剖面上的“C”型分布。     

Study of Carbon‐Bearing Particles in Ascending Geogas Flows in the Dongshengmiao Polymetallic Pyrite Deposit,Inner Mongolia,China

Samples of ascending geogas flow particles were collected on to SiN grids directly in the Quaternary sediments overlying the Dongshengmiao polymetallic pyrite deposit, China. Corresponding soil samples were collected in the surface of Dongshengmiao district at the same time. After pretreatment, these SiN grid samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The tests focused on the characteristics of particles including size, shape, chemical composition, structure and association. The results show that there are numerous carbon‐bearing particles in particulate samples of the ascending geogas flow. The particles contain organic matter, carbonate or carbonate mixed with other minerals. These carbon‐bearing particles generally contain metallic elements like Fe/Zn/Au/Cu/Pb. However, all of the soil particles do not contain elemental C and only consist of common elements (O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti) just like the composition of earth crust. Through a comparison between the particles from different sources, the carbon‐bearing particles were found to come only from the deep earth and carried useful information about concealed deposits as they pass through the deep‐seated orebodies. Given the influences of organic matter on mineralization, the carbon‐bearing particle may provide information on the deposit genesis. Combining the use of geogas particle for prospecting with characteristics of large depth, and the carbon‐bearing materials' close spatial and genetic relationship with orebodies, we propose a new prospecting method based on the characteristics of carbon‐bearing particles, including morphology, size, chemical component and ultra‐microstructure. This approach could be applied to the exploration of deposits deep in the earth and abundant in carbon‐bearing matter. This approach can provide efficient and effective deposit exploration.     

冲积平原区隐伏金属矿地气法试验研究

文章通过冲积平原区(山东王家庄铜矿区)的地气试验研究及其与常规土壤测量结果的对比,总结了冲积平原区隐伏金属矿矿床上方地气元素的分布特征.研究结果认为:①在不同覆盖条件、常规土壤测量无效的情况下,地气测量均可发现清晰的金属元素异常,异常强度高,且与矿体空间位置相吻合;显示出地气法在厚覆盖条件下对隐伏金属矿的独特作用;②液...     

地气测量的原理及其在地质勘查中的应用

本文介绍了金属气体和金属微粒的形成、地气流的垂向搬运以及内生金属矿床周围地气分散晕的广泛存在,同时还介绍了地气测量在找隐伏矿和勘查运积物覆盖下的岩石类型的应用前景。     

Application and Current Status of Geogas Prospecting in Concealed Uranium Deposits Exploration

The research achievements of geogas prospecting through the mechanisms of geogas prospecting and its applied research in the area of concealed uranium deposits prospecting were analyzed. Geogas prospecting is a new means of deeply concealed deposits exploration that started to develop gradually from the 1980s and is at an initial stage of research in concealed uranium deposits exploration. Furthermore, comments and suggestions were provided for following research work by summarizing the shortcomings and problems of current studies in this paper. A general upward micro-flow of geogas could carry the metal nanoparticles associated with ore body underground to the surface of earth to come into being anomaly halos of elements contents above the ore body, and with these anomaly halos, the relevant information of deeply concealed uranium deposits (or other classes of metal ore bodies) would be reflected. The depth that geogas measurement could achieve for prospecting concealed deposits under the covering layers is up to a thousand meter. Geogas prospecting can be used for investigating in small scales, surveying generally and in detail in big scales and locating the ore bodies. At the present stage, there are three primary under-mentioned problems in the studies of geogas prospecting: ①On the one hand, the researches of how mediums (covering layer) would affect the migration process of geogas are far from enough. On the other hand, appropriate mathematical theory models have not been set up yet. ②In China, there are currently few accurate and practical physical models for geogas prospecting to carry out controllable and repetitive series experiments as well as theoretical studies. It is essential that an appropriate physical model should be established timely in order to provide an experimental platform and a kind of technical assistance for the mechanism study of geogas prospecting. ③To achieve the aim of popularizing the geogas prospecting in the uranium exploration area, the research of trapping solution and sampling and measuring methods should be further developed and the methods of rapid geogas in-site measuring which are suitable for various geologic structures of uranium deposits should be made reasonably to cater to the need of rapid and accurate field measurement.     

TEM observation of geogas-carried particles from the Changkeng concealed gold deposit,Guangdong Province,South China

Geogas prospecting is a relatively new technique in exploration for deep-seated and concealed mineral deposits. Now, the technique is to reveal the presence of concealed ore bodies by analyzing the element concentrations of substances that are transported by geogas from concealed ore bodies to the Earth's surface. However, the element concentrations provide us with limited information about the concealed ore bodies. In our work, to investigate the category, size, shape, chemical component of geogas particles, copper grids for transmission electron microscopy measurement were directly used to capture the geogas-carried solid particles in Quaternary sediments overlying the Changkeng concealed gold deposit, Guangdong Province, South China. In the samples, we found Au, PbSO₄, WO₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃ particles, etc. using a transmission electron microscopy. Of which, gold particles, and Hg-, Zn-, Pb-, W-bearing particles may originate from concealed ore bodies and can provide more direct information than those provided by element concentrations.     

地气法－找深部金矿的新方法

介绍一种八十年代发展起来的找深部金矿的新方法一地气法。文中讨论了地气法的找矿机理，认为是地壳中上升气流将成矿元素微粒携带至地表而造成多元素异常。对工作方法着重讨论了地气采样与测试的系统，以及比较了积累式取样的效果。最后列出山东招远地区大尹格庄金矿８０号勘探线的地气测量多元素异常图。     

纳米金属微粒发现——深穿透地球化学的微观证据

在400m深度隐伏铜镍矿上方气体和固体介质中同时发现纳米级铜等金属微粒。透射电镜下显像直观、质感,图像清晰。单个金属微粒呈球形或椭球形,多个微粒大多构成团聚体。单个金属微粒粒径主体在几十纳米,最小到10nm,大到上百个nm。微粒具有有序晶体结构。原位测量微粒成分为:①单一成分纳米自然铜微粒;②金属复合成分纳米微粒Cu-Fe,Cu-Ag,Cu-Cr,Cu-Ni,Cu-Fe-Mn;③含有Si、Al、Ca、O、P复杂成分的纳米Cu微粒。在地气和土壤中微粒大小、形貌特点和成分基本相似,同时微粒具有有序晶体结构。以上事实说明二者之间具有成因联系,即都来自于矿体。在实验室建立的模拟迁移柱,证实纳米金属微粒具有极强的穿透能力和快速迁移能力。这不仅为深穿透地球化学提供了直接的微观证据,而且为利用土壤作为采样介质的微粒分离深穿透地球化学技术寻找隐伏矿具有重要的应用价值。