晚新生代海洋磷循环模拟

理论分析表明,海水磷浓度控制了海洋自生磷沉积和热液磷沉积通量,并以此调节长尺度海洋磷循环的动态平衡.运用质量平衡原理,研究恢复了控制晚新生代海洋磷循环的各种通量,并据此模拟出海水磷浓度的演化.海水磷浓度演化与碳同位素分馏记录的浮游光合生物生长速度的变化一致,揭示在长时间尺度上,浮游光合生物的生长受海水磷含量控制.1500万年以来,大陆风化磷通量急剧增加,致使海洋磷浓度和磷沉积通量增加.海洋磷浓度增加促进了海洋生物生产力,导致海洋大气中生物气溶胶浓度升高,最终通过气溶胶的直接和间接辐射效应驱动晚新生代全球变冷.     

贵州瓮安生物群和磷矿形成的沉积地球化学研究

运用沉积学和元素地球化学的理论和方法,通过对瓮福磷矿陡山沱组地层古地理背景与沉积环境分析,进一步揭示沉积记录中热水作用的客观存在性。研究认为,上震旦统陡山沱组“瓮安生物群”繁盛及磷块岩富集与海底热水喷流活动存在联系,热水活动在海洋生物的繁盛和海洋磷的运移过程中可能扮演了一个极其重要的角色,在缺氧带和亚氧化带的大量细菌对磷的分解和有影响力的铁—硫酸盐的循环作用下,富集的磷在海底上升洋流作用下,运移到氧化还原界面上富集成矿。     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区早寒武世磷质岩的形成条件

根据地层层序与岩石学特征,对新疆库鲁克塔格地区下寒武统西山布拉克组磷质岩的形成环境,物质来源和形成机理进行了分析。认为本区磷质岩形成于从浪基面附近至氧化界面附近一个较宽泛的环境带中,具有热液和生物两个方面的物质来源。来自火山和生物的含磷物质由上升洋流带至沉积地点经化学沉淀形成磷质岩。而后又经历了水流与波浪的作用,以及重力产生的滑塌事件的改造。西山布拉克组沉积时期经历了三次海平面的升降变化,磷质岩是早期海平面变化的产物。沉积过程发生在高级别的海侵背景之下。     

湖泊中磷的循环与沉积作用

地壳存在大量微溶性磷酸盐矿物，是湖泊中无限的磷源。中国云南省的滇池周围分布着大量早寒武世梅树村期磷块岩，其可溶性大于内生磷灰石，因此滇池湖水中磷的浓度提高，达０．０４～０．３８ｍｇ／Ｌ，是一般湖水中磷浓度的４～１０倍。藻类与细菌在滇池大量繁殖，摄取磷等营养物质，死亡后又被分解生成可溶性颗粒有机磷，磷质又返回湖水中，而那些分解后的水溶部分、不易分解的顽性组分或者不能为后来的生物所利用的组分，形成泥状沉积物或有机泥浆沉入湖底加入湖相沉积物。     

贵州晚前寒武世海相磷酸盐循环模式

被动大陆边缘向前陆（盆地）充填的构造背景，形成了台棚、缓坡、陆坡组成的古地理，提供了陆源磷和发育了磷酸盐循环的古海洋；冰期形成了下降洋流，引起陆源磷酸盐的迁移和深海溶解磷酸盐的富聚；三级相对海平面快速上升和发育于低纬度区的上升洋流，为各种磷块岩形成开拓了沉积场所和磷保证。     

生物膜作用下沉积物-水界面溶液中pH和磷含量变化

采集城市排污水渠中的沉积物样品和底栖生物样品,应用微电极原位pH测量技术测量沉积物-水界面溶液的pH值,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定沉积物提取液中上覆水和空隙水中生物可利用磷的含量,研究了沉积物表面的生物膜对城市河流沉积物-水界面微环境中pH值和磷含量的影响。研究表明沉积物表面的生物膜由藻类(蓝藻门颤藻属Oscillatoria和硅藻门的菱形藻Nitzschia)和微生物组成,由于藻类的光合作用和微生物作用,沉积物空隙水中的溶解氧和CO2发生变化,因而改变了界面附近的pH值、氧化还原电位等物理化学条件,同时改变了界面附近溶液中磷的浓度和浓度梯度。在生物膜作用下,剖面中空隙水的pH和pH变化梯度、磷的浓度和浓度梯度高于非生物作用条件下。磷在生物藻垫的空隙水中高度富集。在生物膜存在情况下,在空隙水中形成了与非生物作用下相反的pH值和磷浓度的耦合关系。无生物作用的沉积物空隙水中pH越偏离中性,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加;在生物膜作用下,pH由弱酸性向中性变化时,沉积物中磷的释放量增加,空隙水中磷含量增加。依据界面附近pH值和磷的变化规律,可以将沉积物-水界面附近的生物作用分为生物膜的固定作用区和攫取作用区。     

黔中陡山沱期磷块岩成因的系统研究

黔中成磷区是中国南方陡山沱成磷期磷块岩矿床的重要组成部分。包括瓮福、开阳两个大型磷块岩矿床和若干中小型磷矿床。本文从磷的来源、沉积和富集3个方面系统地揭示了该区磷块岩的成因。稀土元素分析表明,磷可能来自同期海底火山喷发物。海洋地球化学、生物化学及磷块岩的组构研究证明,藻类生物的吸收和固定作用是磷质沉积的主要途径。磷的富集的多阶段、多因素的,经历不同的富集阶段(或方式)形成不同的磷块岩类型。     

海洋沉积物—海水界面附近氮、磷、硅的生物地球化学

海洋沉积物中的N和P随沉积物的粒度由粗到细,含量逐渐升高,而Si则降低;积物中N、P、Si的含量还随海区、输入源、季节、动力学过程及生物生产过程不同而变化.控制海洋沉积物-海水界面N、P、Si沉积、释放及循环的因素,包括有机质和溶解氧的浓度、有机质中C、N、P、Si的相对比例、沉积物-海水界面附近的氧化还原环境、生物扰动、温度、水深、pH值、不同形态S的浓度、金属离子以及水动力条件等.一般其综合作用的表现是,沉积物-海水界面之间NH+4、PO3-4和Si(OH)4从沉积物向上覆水扩散转移,而硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的通量方向相反,通量的大小随着海区的不同差别较大.     

滇池现代沉积物中磷的地球化学及其对环境影响

湖泊沉积物中,磷是产生富营养化的重要元素.湖泊中磷元素含量、地球化学行为以及它的复杂矿物学特征,使人们对磷的研究极为重视.滇池湖中总磷超标10.3倍,底泥沉积物中P2O5平均含量0.52%,最高可达1.92%.滇池地处磷矿区,是磷质来源最丰富的湖泊,统计表明,磷含量每年在不断增长.滇池沉积物中磷主要以吸附态、有机态、铁结合态、钙结合态、铝结合态等几种形式存在.这些形态磷在底泥中是不稳定的,它们在环境改变条件下,又将磷释放到水体中.微生物在磷的循环过程中起了重要作用,乳酸菌对不溶性磷酸盐的分解,使湖泊中可溶磷含量增高.聚磷菌对磷元素的富集以及聚磷菌死亡后发生有机磷的矿化作用,是湖泊中水合磷酸盐矿物沉积的重要途径.当湖泊中这种不稳定的水合磷酸盐矿物在条件具备的情况下,经沉积物覆盖成岩作用后,最终形成磷灰石。     

中国扬子地台西缘寒武纪风暴事件与磷矿沉积

中国扬子地台及邻区海域,在早寒武世至中寒武世早期,风暴活动频繁,地理位置由西向东,由南向北,地层层序自下而上三个组段发现有风暴岩和风暴沉积物,其中以下寒武统梅树村组的磷质风暴岩最典型。风暴活动冲击川滇岛陆及牛首山岛陆的内侧,从而使两个岛陆间的海面下降,造成外海海水填充并形成上升洋流。富磷海水随着上升洋流运移,为磷质沉积提供来源。因此,风暴和风暴流作用不仅形成和加速了上升洋流的循环和补给,同时又是磷矿簸选富集的物理驱动力。风暴流向海的流动和上升洋流通过的方向,沿着扬子地台西缘形成了我国重要的磷质富集带与工业磷矿分布区。     

上升洋流与陆缘坻

通过对中国三大成磷期（也是世界８大成磷期中的３个）成矿构造－古地理单元的研究，提出了“陆缘坻”的新概念。陆缘坻不是一般意义上的台地、盆地，而是一个连接深海并与海岸平行的峡长水下槽地，它具有以断垒构造为主的活动性和地貌上的复杂性，甚至高耸地带可以出露水面。形成具有工业意义的大规模的磷块岩必需具备上升洋流和陆缘坻这两个基本条件，二者缺一不可。可以说陆缘坻的提出丰富和发展了上升洋流理论     

中国海相烃源岩发育控制因素

烃源岩的形成取决于生烃母质生物的生存环境和有机质良好的保存条件,这两大因素从根本上来说又取决于生物繁殖时和埋藏时的古气候、古洋流、古构造及古环境等各要素的良好匹配。海相高有机质丰度烃源岩的形成与大气中的中等含氧量、干热的气候、冰期-冰后期之交的气温快速转暖、冰川迅速融化所导致的海平面快速上升等密切相关。大洋环流的形成和演变也是控制海相高有机质丰度烃源岩形成的主要因素,上升洋流富磷、富硅、富铁族元素等营养盐和富绿硫细菌极大地促进了有机质生产力、埋藏率的激增。通过研究,建立了中国华南和塔里木盆地寒武系上升洋流分布模式、塔里木盆地上奥陶统良里塔格组台缘斜坡灰泥丘相源岩形成时的反气旋洋流分布模式。研究发现,优质烃源岩仅发育于被动大陆边缘背景下的裂谷、克拉通内裂谷、克拉通内坳陷盆地和克拉通边缘坳陷盆地。欠补偿盆地、蒸发潟湖、台缘斜坡(灰泥丘)和半闭塞—闭塞欠补偿海湾,是高丰度烃源岩发育的有利环境;低的无机物输入和低的沉积速率,有利于高有机质丰度烃源岩形成;呈斜坡的海底地貌,有利于烃源岩形成。     

Issue of the relationship between primary productivity of organic carbon in ocean and phosphate accumulation (Holocene-Late Jurassic)

By analogy with the present-day ocean, the primary productivity of paleoceans can be reconstructed using calculations based on the content of organic carbon in sediments and their accumulation rates. Results of calculations based on literature data show that the primary productivity of organic carbon, the mass of phosphorus involved in the process, and the content of phosphorus in oceanic waters were relatively stable in the Mesozoic and Late Mesozoic. Prior to precipitation on the seafloor together with the biogenic detritus, the dissolved phosphorus could repeatedly be involved in the biogeochemical cycle. Therefore, only less than 0.1% of phosphorus is retained in bottom sediments. The bulk phosphorus accumulation rate in oceanic sediments is partly consistent with the calculated primary productivity. Some epochs of phosphate accumulation also coincide with maximums of primary productivity and minimums of the fossilization coefficient of organic carbon. The latter fact can testify to episodes of the acceleration of organic matter mineralization and the release of phosphorus from sediments, leading to increase in the phosphorus reserve in paleoceans and phosphate accumulation in some places.     

湖北京山地区大隆组沉积特征与烃源岩的关系

湖北京山大隆组出露甚好,根据沉积特征,该组为一套海退序列的沉积,其下部沉积环境为外陆棚沉积,上部沉积环境为内陆棚沉积。由于外陆棚紧靠大陆坡,极易发育上升洋流。处于这样的海退时期,带来了生物群的更新,由早期的放射虫变为大量藻孢子,无疑为高有机质、高生产力来源打下了良好的基础,极有利于京山大隆组广阔范围内优质、优良质烃源岩的发育。     

The Paragenesis of Organic Matter,Phosphorus, and Uranium in Marine Sediments

Using some uranium deposits and recent U-bearing sediments as examples, it is shown that all U-bearing rocks are characterized by an association of organic matter and calcium phosphate, irrespective of the quantitative relationship between these components. A considerable proportion of these components was delivered into sediments with remains of marine planktonic and nektonic organisms. Along with organic matter, calcium phosphate played a significant role in uranium concentration. This is related to a high sorption ability of the calcium phosphate. Uranium accumulated during diagenesis as a result of diffusion exchange between bottom and interstitial waters. The combination of anoxic bottom environment with high bioproductivity in upper aerated waters, a typical phenomenon in oceanic upwelling zones, is the most favorable factor of uranium concentration in the sedimentary process. This determines the stable paragenetic association of organic matter, phosphorus, and uranium in marine sediments, such as black shales and organogenic phosphate deposits.     

Fluxes of dissolved combined neutral sugars (polysaccharides) in the Delaware estuary

This project examined concentrations, composition and turnover neutral sugars in the Delaware estuary to gain insights into dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) use by heterotrophic bacteria and into the lability and diagenetic state of dissolved organic material (DOM) during passage through the estuary. Dissolved free monosaccharides were not measurable (<5 nM) in the estuary whereas concentrations of dissolved combined neutral sugars (DCNS) were high, much higher than observed in oceanic waters. DCNS made up a similar fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as in the oceanic waters examined to date, and the monosaccharide composition of the DCNS pool was similar to that of oceanic waters. The composition did not vary substantially within the estuary or seasonally, but it did vary among three size fractions of the organic matter pool. Glucose was enriched in the low molecular weight fraction of DOC and in particulate material, whereas the high molecular weight DOC fraction was slightly depleted in glucose. Depletion experiments indicated that DCNS is not used extensively on the day time scale in the Delaware estuary, although freshly-produced polysaccharides may still be important carbon sources for heterotrophic bacteria. The very low concentrations of free monosaccharides in the Delaware estuary help to explain why DIN use by heterotrophic bacteria is relatively low in this estuary. Although DOC-DIN interactions in the Delaware apparently differ from oceanic waters, the portion of DOM traced by DCNS, which is thought to be the labile fraction, appears to be similar to that of oceanic DOM, suggesting that organic material in the estuary is degraded extensively before being exported to the coastal ocean.     

Authigenic pyrite and gypsum in South West African continental slope sediments

An unusual association of authigenic pyrite and authigenic gypsum has been found in silty clays recovered from the South West African continental slope. Nannofossil content suggests that the sediments are Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene in age. Pyrite occurs as (1) granular masses, (2) ‘worm’tubes, (3) foraminiferal infillings, and (4) framboids. Gypsum occurs as euhedral single or twinned crystals of selenite. ‘Worm’tubes and foraminiferal infillings of pyrite are partially or completely enclosed in some gypsum crystals. Electron microprobe analyses show a relatively high concentration of manganese in both the granular masses and tubes. Present-day waters off this coast are dominated by the upwelling of cold, nutrient-enriched waters (the Benguela Current). These rich waters support an enormous population of plankton. Death and decomposition of these plankton consume oxygen, thereby creating a belt of anaerobic sediments close to shore. An Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene regression (Dingle & Scrutton, 1974) lowered sea level and shifted an older analogue of this upwelling zone seaward, eventually establishing an anaerobic environment in places on the present continental slope. Anaerobic bacteria thrived in these conditions. They reduced SO₄ dissolved in sea water, initiating the formation of H₂S. The H₂S reacted with iron minerals present in the sediment to form FeS. Addition of elemental sulphur produced pyrite. This strongly reducing, low pH, environment became saturated with calcium obtained by the dissolution of planktonic calcareous organisms. Gypsum was precipitated once the product of the concentrations of dissolved calcium and SO₄ exceeded the gypsum solubility product.     

湘西地区前寒武纪-寒武纪转折期碳酸盐-硅泥质沉积体系的截然转换:地层-沉积样式,形成机理及意义

前寒武纪一寒武纪转折期是地球历史演化的重要阶段之一,不仅纪录了后生动物的产生、灭绝以及加速分异的过程,同时也伴随着海洋地球化学明显的变化、长期全球性海洋缺氧等.为了更好地认识这一重要时期地球表层环境演变及动力机制,我们对湘西地区台地一盆地转换带不同沉积类型及空间变化进行了重点解剖,发现寒武纪最早期该地区在台一盆转换带上...     

Shuram-Wonoka carbon isotope excursion:Ediacaran revolution in the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation

The late Ediacaran Shuram-Wonoka excursion, with δ~(13)C_(carb) values as low as-12‰(PDB) in marineshelf deposits and spanning up to 10 Myr, is the deepest and most protracted δ~(13)C_(carb) negative anomaly recognised in Earth history. The excursion formed on at least four continents in low(≤32°) palaeolatitudes, and in China is associated with a major phosphogenic event. Global and intrabasinal correlation, magnetostratigraphy, isotope conglomerate tests and further geochemical data are consistent with a primary or syn-depositional origin for the excursion. Continental-margin phosphorites are generated by oceanic upwelling driven by surface winds, and δ~(13)C_(carb) negative anomalies are explicable by oceanic upwelling of 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters, arguing that a feature common to these exceptional Ediacaran events was unprecedented perturbation of the world ocean. These events occurred during the transition from an alien Proterozoic world marked by low-palaeolatitude glaciation near sea level and strong seasonality to the familiar Phanerozoic Earth with circum-polar glaciation and temperate climate, suggesting that the Shuram-Wonoka excursion is related to this profound change in Earth's climate system. Of various hypotheses for Proterozoic low-palaeolatitude glaciation, only the high obliquity(54°) hypothesis, which posits secular decrease in obliquity to near the present-day value(23.5°) during the Ediacaran, predicts an unparalleled revolution in the Ediacaran world ocean. The obliquity controls the sense of the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation, which today is driven by the sinking of cold, dense water at the poles and upwelling driven by zonal surface winds.When the decreasing obliquity passed the critical value of 54° during the Ediacaran the meridional temperature gradient reversed, with the equator becoming warmer than the poles and Hadley lowlatitude(30°-35°) atmospheric zonal circulation reversing. This reversal of the temperature gradient is unique to the Ediacaran Period and caused reversal of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation,with upwelling of anoxic, 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters producing a deeply negative and protractedδ~(13)C_(carb) signature on late Ediacaran marine-shelf deposits.