湘西北下寒武统黑色岩系中贵金属镍-钼-钒矿床的有机成矿作用

湖南西北部广泛分布的下寒武统木昌组黑色岩系中富含Ni、Mo、V，多处形成了镍-钼-钒多金属矿床（点）。主要可划分的Ⅱ类含矿岩性序列为：①含磷黑色岩系——镍-钼矿床；②碳硅质黑色岩系——钒矿床。研究认为，有机成矿作用对镍-钼-钒矿床的形成起了主导作用。     

粤东北嵩溪银锑矿床中有机质与成矿关系

通过控矿地层和矿床中岩石赋存的有机质研究和对比后指出,粤东北下侏罗统嵩灵组黑色岩系建造是一套富含生物及有机质的含矿建造。沥青、干酪根和焦沥青是构成围岩与矿化岩石中主要的有机质显微组分。有机质热演化处于高成熟一过成熟阶段。这套黑色岩系控矿围岩中有机碳与银、锑等成矿元素具有较好的正相关关系。黑色岩系含矿建造中的有机碳对形成银、锑矿化起了一定的控制作用。有机质的镜质体反射率测定表明,嵩溪银锑矿属低温(150～170 ℃)浅层热液改造型矿床。有机质热成熟异常区是一种特殊的指示矿化作用的找矿勘查标志。     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系古地温及其指示意义

采用显微光度计测定黔北下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系固体沥青反射率平均为5.89%,按相关经验公式折算出来的镜质体反射率平均为4.123%,在迈维尔图解、Karwell图解、Hood图解上投点,结合干酪根和孢粉颜色指数法,推断黑色岩系的古地温为60～250℃。结合黄铁矿热电系数法和包裹体均一法测温值,认为黑色岩系属中、低温沉积成岩成矿作用,以低温沉积成岩成矿作用为主。"热"的来源为海底火山喷溢,含矿热卤水提供了丰富的有用元素。黑色岩系有机碳含量高,属好烃源岩,有机质成熟度高,热演化程度高,属过成熟。黑色岩系古地温的研究,对阐明黑色岩系的沉积、成岩和成矿条件具有重要意义。     

吉林老岭地区与早元古代黑色岩系有关的Cu-Co-Ni矿床铂族元素地球化学特征与矿床成因研究

同样赋存于老岭地区早元古代黑色岩系的大横路、杉松岗两Co-Cu矿床基础地质特征基本一致。用ICP-MS测定了两矿床共六件样品的微量元素及PGE元素。与前人统计资料的对比认为,PGE元素的地外物质来源可能性不大,Au-PGE的异常富集是海底热卤水与正常海水共同作用的结果。两矿床属于海底喷流加后期叠加改造的成因模式。     

黑色岩系型矿床与页岩气藏之间的耦合关系

黑色岩系,作为众多多金属矿床的矿源层,具有重大的经济和科研价值而广受国内外学者关注。中国南方下寒武统黑色岩系中广泛产出大中型金属型矿床,如Ni-Mo矿、V矿及PGE矿。但同时作为能源矿产的页岩气在下寒武统黑色岩系中也广泛成藏,因此有必要研究两者之间的耦合关系。本文综述前人已经发表的黑色岩系的一些地球化学特征,特别是有机地球化学特征,初步揭示金属成矿与页岩气成藏之间的耦合关系,研究成果有利于进一步探讨黑色岩系型金属成矿与页岩气成藏的沉积古环境,对指导金属矿床与页岩气藏资源协同勘探及综合预测及开发具有重大科学意义。     

辽宁青城子地区黑色岩系与矿床

黑色岩系的形成反映了环境的突变事件,构成了许多重要矿床的赋矿岩系.辽宁青城子地区许多岩组中均有石墨含量较高的岩层,可以认为这些石墨较高的岩石组合为黑色岩系.青城子地区含矿岩系中产有多处大中型金、银、铅、锌矿床,为一重要的金、银多金属矿化集中区.青城子地区的矿床形成与古元古代发生的多期火山喷发活动有关.与成矿关系密切的岩石为浊积岩成因.水下火山活动所释放的高含量的CO2有利于黑色岩系的形成,生物作用、变质作用对矿床的形成均起了重要的作用.在青城子地区还应当重视开展产在黑色岩系中其他矿种的找矿勘查工作.     

贵州天柱早寒武世黑色岩系重晶石矿床有机地球化学研究

贵州天柱大河边早寒武世黑色岩系重晶石矿床在全球同类矿床中储量最大,是研究的热点,含矿岩系富有机质,但对其研究薄弱。本文对这些有机质新进行了系统的有机地球化学研究,并进一步结合其有机岩石学特征,研究讨论了尚存有争议的矿床成因。结果发现,成矿岩系中有机质含量丰富,有机碳含量最高可达8.3%,有机质母质主要来源于低等菌藻类,它们在成矿过程中发挥了重要作用;矿床形成于缺氧还原的海水环境,典型证据包括强烈的植烷优势,姥植比小于0.4,普遍检出四环萜烷与伽马蜡烷等;还受到热水作用影响,典型证据包括成矿岩系具有较高的沥青反射率,矿层比与围岩的有机质含量低,以及矿层干酪根同位素组成高于围岩等。据此,提出矿床经历了热水喷流与生物有机质的共同作用,建立了成矿新模式。这些认识还可望对其他沉积岩型矿床研究提供一定启示。     

湘西地区晚震旦世—早寒武世黑色岩系的生物和有机质及其成矿作用

在湘西地区,上震旦统金家洞组第二、四段,留茶坡组中上部和下寒武统小烟溪组下部发育了大量黑色岩系。湘西慈利、大庸、沅陵、溆浦和黔阳等地晚震旦世和早寒武世黑色岩系中生物群分布发育特点与金、银、铀、钒、镍和钼含量关系研究表明,银、钒和钼的局部富集与多细胞植物和文德带藻类的发育有关,铜和镍的富集则分别与菌类和小壳化石的繁盛相连。区内黑色岩系中有机质丰富,其中,硅质板岩的总有机碳含量最高,达4.51％～13.4％。分散有机质红外光谱研究表明,区内黑色岩系等效镜质组反射率(中间值)均大于2.65％,指示其有机演化进入了过成熟阶段。有机流体对有机质成熟的强化作用,导致湘西大多数地区黑色岩系的有机质成熟度与地层埋深倒置。银、钒、镍、钼和铀的富集是有机碳吸附作用的结果,而金的     

下扬子皖南大隆组黑色岩系发育特征及油气资源潜力初探

下扬子地区上二叠统大隆组黑色岩系是区域潜在的烃源层,但过去关注较少。为加深对该问题的认识,本文以新近在皖南地区发现的3条剖面为例,通过详细的岩石学和有机地球化学综合研究,讨论了大隆组黑色岩系的发育特征及油气资源潜力。结果表明,宣城牛山、泾县蔡村和泾县昌桥三条剖面中大隆组黑色岩系均稳定发育,岩石类型包括硅质岩、钙质泥岩和硅质泥岩等。综合地层对比和沉积学研究结果,发现研究区在大隆期经历了一个完整的海进—海退的沉积旋回,黑色岩系主要发育于深水、还原滞留、欠补偿的海洋环境。岩石学和有机地球化学研究结果显示该地区大隆组黑色岩系的有机质丰度高,有机碳含量平均在2.0%左右,有机质类型以II_2和III型为主,并普遍进入高过成熟演化,因此区域勘探应以天然气勘探为主。对比研究区大隆组黑色岩系与中新生代火成岩的分布关系,推测大隆组黑色岩系中有机质的高过成熟演化可能与华南中新生代大规模的岩浆作用影响有关,因此在未受/少受影响的地区(例如泾县—广德一带),也可能存在一定的原油资源潜力。这些认识还可供区域黑色岩系基础地质研究参考。     

辽东硼矿床矿石的稀土元素特征及其地质意义

辽东硼矿床赋存于辽东古元古代的镁质火山-沉积地层中.矿石与含矿岩系具密切的交代继承关系：（1）矿石与含矿镁质岩石具交代继承的矿物组成、结构构造;（2）矿石的稀土元素特征主要受含矿岩系岩石的控制,在混合岩化弱的含矿岩系中,矿石的稀土元素特征与含矿镁质岩石相似,而在混合岩化强的含矿岩系中的矿石与混合岩的稀土元素特征相近;（3）辽东的硼矿床的形成是在混合岩作用过程中形成的含硼成矿流体交代镁质岩石的结果.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。