滨里海盆地东缘盐构造特征及其与乌拉尔造山运动关系

通过对滨里海盆地东缘地震剖面的解释,揭示了丰富多样的盐构造变形特征及其与乌拉尔造山运动的关系。滨里海 盆地东缘盐构造变形样式主要包括盐底辟、盐枕、盐滚、盐焊接、龟背构造和盐边凹陷等,表现出明显的分带变形特征, 自东向西依次为盐焊接带、盐滚带、盐枕带、盐底辟带。盐层控制了盐上层和盐下层的构造变形,以盐层为界,上构造层 主要发育正断层,下构造层主要发育逆断层。平衡剖面分析表明,滨里海盆地东缘盐构造变形主要经历了重力变形和差异 负载变形两个阶段,并与乌拉尔造山运动有紧密联系。乌拉尔造山运动引起滨里海盆地东缘地层发生倾向反转,进而控制 了盐层沉积及随后的重力变形和差异负载变形过程。     

滨里海盆地东缘构造演化及油气成藏模式分析

滨里海盆地是中亚地区油气资源最为丰富的沉积盆地之一。本文以油气地质理论为指导,对盆地东缘的构造演化以及其油气成藏组合进行分析,认为乌拉尔造山运动对盆地东缘的构造演化造成了深刻影响。盆地东缘盐上层系的生烃条件较差,主要油气来源应为盐下层系。石炭系碳酸盐岩KT-I层和KT-II层是盆地东缘发育的良好储层。下二叠统盐层为区域性盖层,特别是对盐下油气藏起到了良好的区域封盖效果,盐相关构造圈闭类型发育。不整合面、断层和孔、洞、缝等组成复合的油气输导体系。盆地东缘的油气成藏模式主要为盐下层系的"自生自储型"和"下生上储型"以及盐上层系的"下生上储型"。     

滨里海盆地东缘中段盐构造变形特征

利用地震剖面解释和构造编图,对滨里海盆地东缘中段下二叠统孔谷阶盐构造变形特征进行了分析。结果表明,孔谷阶含盐层系变形强烈,主要发育盐底辟、盐枕、盐滚、盐焊接、盐边凹陷和龟背构造等多种盐构造变形样式。不同盐构造规模差别较大,隆起幅度自东向西逐渐增大,平面展布具有明显的分带性。盐构造运动对周缘地层变形也产生了重要影响,形成了楔型褶皱地层,并导致盐间和盐上地层发育一些特征各异的断裂。盐构造运动受乌拉尔造山作用影响明显,强烈的盐构造活动主要发生在晚二叠世一三叠纪。     

哈萨克斯坦日良矿成矿模式及其开发潜力

中国是个缺钾的国家,每年需要大量进口钾肥。哈萨克斯坦的日良钾盐矿是一座大型钾石盐-杂卤石矿山,位于哈萨克斯坦西部滨里海盆地的东部边缘,紧邻乌拉尔褶皱带。含盐矿层为二叠系孔谷阶,矿体位于近南北向的日良背斜上,上钾盐层为2~3个钾石盐分层,下钾盐层为3个杂卤石分层。日良钾盐矿与滨里海盆地及乌拉尔褶皱带上的其他钾盐矿(如上卡姆钾盐矿)的沉积条件类似,同时拥有滨里海盆地及乌拉尔褶皱带上其他钾盐矿的特征,但具有独特的产生大规模原生杂卤石成矿条件,使得研究日良的杂卤石对研究滨里海盆地及乌拉尔褶皱带这2个重要钾盐成矿带的形成和演化有很大的参考价值。     

库车盆地秋里塔格构造带构造圈闭及油气勘探方向

库车盆地秋里塔格构造带的构造圈闭具有上、下分层的特征,且上构造层的圈闭与下构造层的圈闭完全不同。上构造层圈闭位于第三系膏盐岩滑脱面之上,主要有断层传播褶皱、滑脱褶皱和盐拱背斜等类型。这些圈闭常以下第三系和上第三系吉迪克组及康村组砂岩为储层,以上第三系库车组泥岩作为区域性盖层。下构造层圈闭位于下第三系膏盐岩滑脱面之下,三叠侏罗系煤层滑脱面之上,主要有断层转折褶皱、断层转折——断层转折叠加褶皱等构造圈闭类型;这类圈闭以三叠系、侏罗系和白垩系砂岩为储层,以下第三系膏盐层为区域性盖层。文章分析了库车盆地的油气勘探方向,认为秋里塔格构造带的东段较西段有利,下构造层较上构造层有利。     

塔里木盆地库车前陆褶皱带中段盐相关构造特征与油气聚集

塔里木盆地北部库车前陆褶皱带古新统一始新统发育盐岩层系，将库车前陆褶皱带构造变形和圈闭样式分为三层，即盐上构造、盐层(盐间)构造和盐下构造。盐上构造包括盐上背斜、盐上逆冲断层及断层相关褶皱、盐上背冲断块构造、强制褶皱、盐上逆冲断层遮挡构造和盐推覆构造等；盐层(盐间)构造主要包括盐枕构造、盐间断褶构造、盐焊接构造和外来盐席等；盐下构造主要有背冲断块构造、断层相关褶皱、叠瓦冲断带和双重构造等。库车前陆褶皱带盐构造的形成可能受挤压作用、重力滑动和重力扩展作用多重控制。笔者等讨论了盐相关构造油气成藏条件和模式，认为库车前陆褶皱带盐岩层变形与丰富的圈闭构造形成密切相关，烃源岩主要位于盐下，盐岩层作为优质盖层构成石油和天然气藏最优越的遮挡条件，断裂对盐下、盐间和盐上油气成藏都起重要控制作用，但盐下是最有利的油气聚集场所。     

滨里海盆地的岩相古地理特征及其演化

滨里海盆地内充填了巨厚的古生代、中生代和新生代沉积物。在剖面上可分为三套地层组合，即盐下层系、含盐层系和盐上层系。盐下层系为下古生界-下二叠统，包括巨厚的碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩沉积，在泥盆纪-早二叠世，滨里海盆地周缘广大地区普遍发育碳酸盐岩，在许多古隆起上还发育生物礁体，说明这一时期盆地的滨、浅海地带具有浅、清、暖的沉积环境，盆外陆源碎屑供应较少。含盐层系为下二叠统上部孔谷阶。早二叠世中-后期由于持续构造抬升，盆地气候变得干旱，海水变浅，潮上带蒸发环境发育，以致这一时期广泛发育盐类沉积，形成含盐层系，主要由盐岩和硬石膏层构成，并形成许多大小不等的盐丘构造。盐上层系为上二叠统-第四系。晚二叠世-三叠纪盆地又经历了一次大的海侵，为浅海陆棚环境，局部为海陆过渡三角洲相。侏罗纪-白垩纪在总的浅海陆棚环境下，盆地不同地区也形成了湖泊和瀉湖环境。晚二叠世以后形成的盐上层系沉积，主要为碎屑岩，在局部地区有碳酸盐岩。     

滨里海盆地盐下构造处理解释一体化研究

滨里海盆地在二叠系发育巨厚盐丘,由于高速盐岩厚度的剧烈变化导致盐下地震资料成像困难、构造形态畸变等.如何消除盐丘速度的影响,恢复盐下的真实构造形态是该区油气勘探急需解决的难题.笔者通过处理解释一体化的攻关研究,在解决静校正、盐下振幅恢复等叠前保真的基础上,采用浮动基准面叠前时间偏移方法对高陡构造准确成像,通过对盐体及盐下构造的精细刻画和层速度反演建立层位—速度模型,最后利用叠前深度逆时偏移的方法对盐下构造进行准确成像和构造恢复,形成了一套针对盐下构造处理解释一体化技术,并在滨里海含盐盆地得到了应用.     

含盐沉积盆地挤压盐构造及其对油气成藏的意义

挤压盐构造是在区域挤压应力场作用下形成的一种重要的盐构造类型,对沉积盆地内油气的生成、运移和圈闭成藏等具有重要的影响。在过去几十年内,挤压盐构造研究取得了重要进展,有效指导了挤压型含盐沉积盆地油气藏勘探。在综合分析盐岩物理特性、挤压盐构造变形演化,以及盐构造形成对油气成藏分布影响的基础上,探讨了挤压盐构造变形演化特征,分析了国内外典型含盐褶皱冲断带及其油气成藏特征;通过对比国内外含盐褶皱冲断带盐构造及典型油气藏,总结出国内外典型的含盐褶皱冲断带盐岩层均参与了构造变形,使得由造山带向盆地腹地,构造变形由强烈基底卷入逆冲推覆变形逐步过渡到薄皮滑脱褶皱变形,并影响褶皱冲断带内油气成藏的分布。最后,分析了目前我国含盐褶皱冲断带盐构造研究存在的问题以及未来盐构造研究方向。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中部构造变形样式及分布特征

库车坳陷是塔里木盆地北部一个次级构造单元,受晚新生代陆内造山作用控制,发育典型的挤压冲断构造; 同时,由于古近系和新近系盐层的存在,发育丰富的盐相关构造; 另外,冲断构造各段之间的调节作用还形成了一系列的走滑构造。本文利用最新的2D、3D 地震资料及钻井资料,分析总结了库车坳陷中部的变形样式及分布特征。研究结果表明: 1)根据变形的成因机制,将库车坳陷的构造变形划分为收缩构造、盐构造及走滑构造。2)收缩构造以逆冲断层及褶皱样式为主,盐上构造层可划分为断层相关褶皱和褶皱相关断层,其中断层多在盐层内滑脱。盐下构造层根据断层组合方式可划分为叠瓦状冲断构造、楔形冲断构造及滑脱冲断构造。盐构造可以划分为盐席、盐墙、盐楔入、盐刺穿及盐拱构造。走滑构造在剖面上可见花状构造及不协调变形,平面上则可见雁列褶皱、马尾断层及海豚效应。3)收缩构造及盐构造主要分布于克拉苏构造带及秋里塔格构造带内,自南天山至盆地中心,盐下构造层由叠瓦状冲断构造过渡至滑脱冲断构造,过渡带内则发育楔形冲断构造; 走滑构造集中于坳陷西部的阿瓦特-却勒构造段以及东部的克拉3-东秋8构造段。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.