粤北良源铌钽铷钨矿床地质、成岩成矿时代与成矿模式

良源铌钽铷钨矿床位于南岭东西向构造岩浆带与武夷山北东向构造带交汇部位.良源铌钽铷钨矿床是粤北地区近年在石英型钨矿、云英岩型铌钽铷钨矿和花岗岩型铌钽铷多金属矿勘查评价取得最重要突破矿区,新发现铌钽铷钨矿体4条,共、伴生Nb2O5资源量3425.72吨,平均品位0.0108％;Ta2O5资源量1428.99吨,平均品位0....     

山东汶上低品位铁矿石的矿物学特征及磁选实验研究

在对山东汶上低品位磁铁矿矿石进行矿石工艺矿物学研究的基础之上,通过磨矿、磁选管实验及磁选扩大实验研究,确定了其最佳的磁选工艺流程结构及磨选工艺指标。工艺矿物学研究表明,汶上磁铁矿矿石的嵌布粒度较细,大部分磁铁矿的粒度为0．02mm～0．05mm,磁铁矿主要呈细粒浸染状分布在角闪石和石英等脉石矿物中;磨矿磁选管实验研究表明,铁矿石经过一段磨矿,磁铁矿的单体解离度较低,通过一段磁选难以获得品位合格的铁精矿,磁选扩大实验研究表明,控制一段磨矿细度-200目含量58．64％（-325目含量46．41％）,经过一段粗选,获得粗精矿;粗精矿再磨至细度为-325目含量98．5％,对再磨粗精矿经过再选和两段精选获得最终合格铁精矿的品位66．20％,磁选扩大试验铁回收率达到70．58％。     

拜耳法高铁赤泥回收铁的试验研究

以平果铝业公司的高铁泥为原料利用拜耳法分析高铁赤泥的基本性质,并研究采用添加煤粉还原的磁化焙烧——磁选工艺,从高铁赤泥中回收铁精矿的工艺技术,对工艺参数进行优化,寻找精矿品位和回收率参数等可能提高的途径,研究结果表明:焙烧温度800℃,焙烧时间30 min,磨矿时间5 min,煤粉用量4倍,磁选磁场强度2 000 Oe工艺条件下获得精矿品位为54.51％,回收率55.01％.回收率低的主要原因是铁矿和脉石没有实现单体分离,可以通过更高解离度的磨矿来实现.     

燕山花岗岩演化与铀矿化富集——对华南一些含铀岩体成岩成矿关系探讨

华南一些含铀岩体产于我国著名的钨,锡,铌,钽成矿带中;在区域上是吻合的,但在具体产出部位上,含铀岩体又往往与这些矿种的含矿岩体有一定距离。在成矿时间上,出现有规律的阶段性,钨矿的同位素年龄值为140-180百万年(以155-178百万年为主);铌,钽矿为132-140百万年;铀矿为70-90百万年。这种时,空的可分性也反映到演化特点上。众所周知,燕山花岗岩总的演化趋势是富硅,偏碱,少铁,少钙,铝过饱和以及挥发份含量逐步增高。但在这总的演化趋势下,含铀岩体往往是位于笔者所认为的钾质演化区,而钨,锡,铌,钽含矿岩体则位于钠质演化区,两种演化区有不同的演化特点和不同的成岩——成     

国外某钒钛铁矿工艺矿物学与磁选回收技术研究

采用矿物自动检测仪(MLA)、扫描电镜能谱仪(EDS)、X射线荧光光谱仪(AxiosmAX)等分析技术和光学显微镜(OM)观察,对国外某钒钛铁矿进行了系统的工艺矿物学研究.结果 表明,本矿石为深度蚀变氧化矿,包含了从原生到氧化带的一系列矿物,铁矿物为主要赤铁矿,少量磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,钒主要赋存于铁矿物中;钛矿物主要为钛铁矿和蚀变钛铁矿.铁矿物与钛矿物嵌布关系十分紧密,难以磨矿解离.在工艺矿物学研究基础上,采用磁选回收工艺,原矿经弱磁选得到了Fe、V2O5、TiO2品位分别为60.28％、1.06％、9.85％,回收率分别为7.98％、8.32％、4.05％的含钒铁精矿;弱磁选尾矿经强磁选得到较高品位的钛铁精矿,Fe、V2O5、TiO2品位分别为49.42％、0.82％、16.46％,回收率分别为78.52％、77.23％、81.19％,该精矿可作为进一步提取钒、钛、铁的原料.     

四川祁家河铅锌硫多金属矿选矿试验研究

对四川祁家河铅锌硫多金属矿采用优先浮选流程,实现了铅、锌、硫的有效分离回收,获得了的铅品位和回收率分别为55.50％和75.45％的铅精矿,锌的品位和回收率分别为50.58％和92.87％的锌精矿,硫的品位和回收率分别为47.22％和71.76％的硫精矿.     

提高光谱分析微量钽铌结果准确度研究

发射光谱法简单、快速测定矿样中微量钽铌时,主要伴生元素锡对准确测定微量钽铌有辅助作用。改进在钨、铁等元素干扰存在时,钽铌分析线对选择。与化学分析测试结果比对验证后,发现光谱分析微量钽铌准确度得到很大提高,可满足地质找矿品位0.01%的需要。     

湖北断峰山铌钽矿矿物学特征和铌钽赋存状态

通过全岩化学分析、显微镜下鉴定、扫描电镜分析及矿物自动定量分析(AMICS),查明了断峰山铌钽矿床的矿石物质组成和铌钽赋存状态.矿石Nb2O5品位为0.0112％～0.0117％,Ta2O5品位为0.0033％～0.0084％,主要矿物组成为钠长石、石英、白云母、黑云母及高岭石等,矿石中的铌钽矿物主要有钽锰矿(Ta/Nb=2.94,Fe/Mn=0.45)、钽铌锰矿(Ta/Nb=0.51,Fe/Mn=0.56)和铌锰矿(Ta/Nb=0.11,Fe/Mn=0.82)3种.矿石含Nb2O5量为0.0112％～0.0117％,含Ta2O5量为0.0033％～0.0084％,该矿床为花岗伟晶岩类铌钽矿床.铌在铌锰矿、钽铌锰矿和钽锰矿分布率分别为48.76％、37.26％和13.99％.钽在钽锰矿、钽铌锰矿和铌锰矿的分布率分别为62.65％、28.96％和8.39％.铌钽矿物粒度主要分布于16～75μm之间,矿物单体解离度较低,占24.47％.     

铌钽精矿标准物质研制

铌钽精矿标准物质在监控选冶样品分析的过程起到重要作用,在选厂及冶金系统有很大的需求,国内外的文献检索均未发现铌钽精矿标准物质的报道;而铌钽矿物的性质决定了铌钽精矿的粉碎粒度及均匀性对铌钽精矿标准物质的研制提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了4个铌钽精矿标准物质的研制过程,铌钽精矿采集于宜春及尼日利亚铌钽选厂,样品经气流粉碎和高铝球磨两次细碎及机械混匀后,随机抽取包装好的样品进行均匀性和稳定性检验及定值。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法与质谱法(ICP-OES/MS)进行均匀性和稳定性检验,结果表明样品的均匀性和稳定性良好。采用多个实验室协同测试的定值方式,利用不同原理的分析方法对此样品的铌钽等12个元素进行定值,给出了各定值元素的认定值和不确定度。4个铌钽精矿标准物质Ta(Nb)_2O_5的含量为9. 89%、20. 55%、40. 79%、53. 69%,形成一个从粗精矿到精矿较为完整的含量体系,可以满足选冶试验各阶段流程样品分析对标准物质的需求。     

云南香格里拉铜钼多金属矿工艺矿物学研究

香格里拉铜钼多金属矿石中主要的可利用成分为钼、铜,伴生有钨等成分。为在选冶利用中选择合理高效的可利用方法,工艺矿物学研究主要针对矿石中可利用成分和相关伴生成分开展了赋存状态研究,特别是钼、铜金属矿物存在形式及其对选矿利用的影响进行了分析,为最终实现该类型矿石的高效合理利用提供基础依据。选矿实验采用"浮选-磁选-重选"联合工艺流程,获得钼精矿品位52.34%,钼回收率71.32%;铜精矿品位22.68%,铜回收率71.91%;钨精矿品位36.13%,钨回收率57.27%,从而实现了该矿中钼、铜、钨等有用元素的综合回收,验证了工艺矿物学研究结果的正确性。     

四川稀土矿尾砂的稀土元素和微量元素地球化学特征及开发利用意义

四川是我国轻稀土的重要产地,稀土开采至今已有二十多年的历史,积存了大量尾砂。尾砂中仍然有丰富的稀土资源,但这部分资源究竟有多大的量、能不能再次回收,如何回收,则是当务之急。为查明稀土尾砂中各类元素的分布特征,本文对A、B、C、D四个稀土矿山的尾砂开展了稀土元素和微量元素地球化学特征的初步研究。结果表明:尾砂中稀土元素配分特征继承了原矿石,稀土氧化物含量普遍偏高(0.78%~2.12%),均超过了现行工业指标的边界品位(0.5%~1.0%),且老尾砂的稀土含量高于新尾砂;除了富集稀土元素之外,B尾砂中Sr含量超过10%,C矿区尾砂中Sr含量为2.7%,A矿区尾砂中Ba含量可达1.8%。同时,不同矿区的尾砂中Mo、Bi、Pb、Ag等有用元素发生了不同程度地富集(值得综合回收利用),尤其是Mo达到了边界品位(磁选后的尾砂Mo含量达到2.275%)。本文提出,今后不仅要加强保护四川稀土尾砂,而且需对富集的有用元素采取恰当的方式加以综合回收。     

Major and trace metal mobility during weathering of mine tailings: Implications for floodplain soils

Mine tailings discharged to river systems have the potential to release significant quantities of major and trace metals to waters and soils when weathered. To provide data on the mechanisms and magnitudes of short- and long-term tailings weathering and its influence on floodplain environments, three calendar year-long column leaching experiments that incorporated tailings from Potosí, Bolivia, and soil from unaffected downstream floodplains, were carried out. These experiments were designed to model 20 cycles of wet and dry season conditions. Two duplicate columns modeled sub-aerial tailings weathering alone, a third modeled the effects of long-term floodplain tailings contamination and a fourth modeled that of a tailings dam spill on a previously contaminated floodplain. As far as was practical local climatic conditions were modeled. Chemical analysis of the leachate and column solids, optical mineralogy, XRD, SEM, EPMA, BCR and water-soluble chemical extractions and speciation modeling were carried out to determine the processes responsible for the leaching of Al, Ca, Cu, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Sn, Sr and Ti. Over the 20 cycles, the pH declined to a floor of ca. 2 in all columns. Calcium, Cu, Mg, Mn and Na showed significant cumulative losses of up to 100%, 60%, 30%, 95% and 40%, respectively, compared to those of Al, K, Sr, Sn and Ti, which were up to 3%, 1.5%, 5%, 1% and 0.05%, respectively. The high losses are attributed to the dissolution of relatively soluble minerals such as biotite, and oxidation of chalcopyrite and Cu-sulfosalts, while low losses are attributed to the presence of sparingly soluble minerals such as svanbergite, cassiterite and rutile. These results strongly suggest that the release of tailings to floodplains should be limited or prohibited, and that all tailings should be removed from floodplains following dam spills.     

Trace element distribution in the soils above deeply weathered pegmatites, Virginia, U.S.A.: implications for exploration

Chemical partitioning data are of fundamental interest to exploration geochemists. This paper is one of the few studies which has investigated the relative proportions of the rare elements in various soil extracts. The dispersion of trace elements from weathering pegmatites in Powhatan Country, Virginia, was found to be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the pegmatites. A sequential extraction procedure was used to measure the distribution of Be, La, Nb, Sn, U, Li, and Ni,among the following fractions of the B soil horizons: exchangeable, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxide, residual, and aqua regia digestion. The elements Sn, Be, Li, and U were found to be associated with soils over the complex Herbb No. 2 pegmatite, whereas La and Ni were generally associated with the background soils.A geochemical exploration model was developed using stepwise discriminant function analysis to determine the combination of elements and soil extracts that best differentiates between complex pegmatitic, simple pegmatitic, and background soils. Log-transformed aqua regia extract concentrations of Sn, La, U, and Li were the most effective variables when used to separate complex pegmatitic from simple pegmatitic soils.     

Distribution of trace elements in soils surrounding the El Teniente porphyry copper deposit,Chile: the influence of smelter emissions and a tailings deposit

In the area surrounding the El Teniente giant porphyry copper deposit, eight soil sites were sampled at three depth levels in the summer 2004. The sites were selected for their theoretical potential of being influenced by past SO₂ emissions from the smelter and/or seepage from a now idle tailings impoundment. The soil mineralogy, grain size distribution, total organic matter contents, major element composition, cation exchange capacity, and Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, As and SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were determined for all samples after nitric acid extraction and separate leaches by ammonium acetate (pH 7) and sodium acetate (pH 5). For water rinses, only Cu could be determined with the analytical set-up used. Cu and SO₄ ²⁻ enrichment in topsoils was found at six sites either downwind from the smelter or within the combined influence of the smelter and the tailings impoundment. Both elements were released partially by ammonium and sodium acetate extractions. Due to the scarce background trace element concentrations of soil and rock outside the immediate mine area, assessment of trace element mobility for Mo, Zn, Pb and As was difficult. Arsenic was found to be concentrated in soil horizons with high smectite and/or organic matter contents. Mo appears to be linked to the presence of windblown tailings sediment in the soils. Mobilization of Mo, Zn, and As for the acetate extractions was minimal or below the detection limits for the AAS technique used. The presence of windblown tailings is considered to be an additional impact on the soils in the foothills of the El Teniente compound, together with the potential of acidity surges and Cu mobilization in topsoils after rainfalls. Two sites located at the western limit of the former SO₂ saturated zone with strongly zeolitized soils and underlying rock did not show any Cu or SO₄ ²⁻ enrichment in the topsoils, and remaining total trace element concentrations were below the known regional background levels.     

Distribution of arsenic and nickel in uranium mill tailings,Rabbit Lake,Saskatchewan, Canada

The Rabbit Lake U mine in-pit tailings management facility (TMF) is located in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. The tailings body is approximately 425 m long×300 m wide and 91 m thick at its centre. An investigation of the TMF was performed to collect tailings samples from depth to quantify the distribution of As and Ni in the tailings with respect to ore type and assess the distribution of As and Ni with respect to tailings mineralogy. The tailings body consists of alternating layers of ice, frozen tailings and unfrozen tailings which varied in texture from a slurry to a firm silty sand. The tailings solids are predominately composed of quartz (16–36%), calcium sulphate (0.3–54%) and illite (3 and 14%). Arsenic and Ni concentrations in the tailings show similar patterns with depth which were strongly related to historical changes in As and Ni concentrations in the mill feed. Mineralogy of the ore bodies indicated that As and Ni in the mill feed occurred primarily as 1:1 molar ratio arsenides such as niccolite and gersdorffite. Arsenic and Ni concentrations in the tailings were also measured at a near 1:1 molar ratio. Mill process records showed that an average of 71% of the As in the mill feed was solubilized during leaching. SEM analysis suggested that solubilized As is precipitated as Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Ni²⁺ arsenates during the neutralization process. Mill records indicated that 17,000 tonnes of As were discharged to the TMF of which approximately 88% was as arsenates and 12% as primary arsenides.     

Distribution, characterization, and geochemical controls of elements of concern in uranium mine tailings, Key Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada

The distribution of As, Mo, Ni and Se in the aqueous and solid phases of U mine tailings in the Deilmann Tailings Management Facility (DTMF), located at the Key Lake mine in northern Saskatchewan, Canada, was defined using as-discharged tailings samples collected monthly starting in 1996 and core samples collected from the DTMF from 3 locations on 3 occasions between 2004 and 2009. These data indicated that the DTMF can be divided into two geochemical zones; tailings generated from the Deilmann ore body between 1996 and 2000 and tailings from the McArthur River ore body, mined after July 2000. The Deilmann tailings solids are generally characterized by greater elemental concentrations than those in the McArthur River tailings, particularly for As, Co and Ni. These elevated concentrations are attributed to the abundance of Ni–Co–As–S minerals in this ore. The mean aqueous concentrations of As, Mo, Ni, and Se are 3.7, 23.2, 0.14, and 0.02 mg L⁻¹, respectively, in the Deilmann porewaters and 0.20, 4.16, 0.06, and 0.03 mg L⁻¹, respectively, in the McArthur River porewaters. Similarly, the mean As, Mo, Ni, and Se solid phase concentrations are 5.89 × 10³, 69.9, 3.20 × 10³, and 17.4 μg g⁻¹, respectively, for the Deilmann tailings and 440, 13.6, 551, and 3.03 μg g⁻¹ in the McArthur River tailings. Statistically, pH remained unchanged from the time of discharge while Eh values have remained oxic with no significant change between the two tailings types over 15 a of residence time. Results from sequential extractions, thermodynamic modeling, and results of complimentary research indicated that ferrihydrite solubility is the dominant control on aqueous As concentrations and also plays a role in controlling dissolved Mo, Ni and Se.     

Geological analogue for circumneutral pH mine tailings: implications for long-term storage,Macraes Mine,Otago, New Zealand

Tailings from the Macraes Au mine cyanidation process are stored in an impoundment about 0.6 km² and 80 m deep whose pH is maintained near 8 by the neutralizing capacity of the gangue minerals. The tailings are sandy (>50 μm particles), have a hydraulic conductivity of about 10⁻² m/day, and contain 0.1–1.0 wt.% S and 0.1–1.5 wt.% graphitic C from the primary deposit. Concentrations of As in the pore water of the mixed tailings, which are a combination of various tailings types, range from 0.1 to 20 ppm, HCO₃^- is 100 to 200 ppm, and dissolved SO₄ is 100–1700 ppm. The mixed tailings will be stored in this impoundment in perpetuity after mining ceases. Confidence in the long-term pH stability of these tailings can be gained from examination of mineralogically and chemically similar geological analogues in the immediate vicinity. A sequence, typically about 5 m thick, of sands and gravels derived from the Macraes mineralized zone 12–28 ka ago contains rounded detrital sulfide mineral grains which are unoxidized despite their close proximity to the surface and the occasional incursion of oxygenated waters. These sediments have a hydraulic conductivity of about 10⁻⁴ m/day. Saturating water pH is currently 7–8. Sands with 0.2–0.8 wt.% organic C host SO₄-reducing bacteria (SRB), and local cementation by authigenic framboidal pyrite has occurred. SRB were found in water-saturated sediments with decreased hydraulic conductivity and alkaline and anoxic conditions. These bacteria are involved in the formation of authigenic framboidal pyrite, reducing the cycling of dissolved Fe in the sediments. Carbon is not a limiting factor in this process as organic matter is present in the sandstone and ground water contains up to 180 ppm HCO₃^-. Comparison of the 28 ka old sediments with the modern tailings suggests that the chemical behaviour of the two will be similar, possibly with the crystallization of authigenic pyrite in the tailings over the long term. As long as the present slightly anoxic and circumneutral pH environmental conditions are maintained in the mixed tailings impoundment, sulfide decomposition and acidification are unlikely.     

土壤样品镉同位素分析中Cd与Sn有效分离方法的改进

保证Cd的高回收率以及彻底的Sn干扰去除是获得精确镉同位素组成的前提,目前报道的多种Cd分离与纯化方法获得的Cd回收率有较大差异(42.6%~99.8%),且去除Sn干扰的效果也不同(去除率在87.8%~97.4%之间),Cd回收率和Sn去除率均不理想。本文对前人报道的分离方法进行对比实验,发现0.1 mol/L氢溴酸-0.5 mol/L硝酸是分离Cd和Sn的有效试剂,增加该组混合酸的用量可淋洗出样品中更多的Sn且不会损失Cd,当混合酸的淋洗用量增加至30 mL时,Sn的淋洗率达到99.8%以上,Cd的回收率亦达到99.0%±0.5%,可满足土壤样品镉同位素的测定要求。本工作为获得高精度的镉同位素组成奠定了基础,为研究土壤环境中镉的污染来源提供了技术手段。     

The atmospheric transport and deposition of smelter emissions: evidence from the multi-element geochemistry of snow, Quebec, Canada

Abundances of 35 elements and ions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and ion chromatography, in samples of snowpack obtained using ultraclean procedures, along three 50-km radial transects emanating from the Horne base metal smelter in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. This was done to constrain: what is emitted; regional background concentrations of elements in snow; the rate of anthropogenic deposition on the surrounding landscape; how far emissions are transported; and what processes control their deposition. The approach used is at least as effective as methods based on isotopic ratios but has the added advantage of providing direct constraint on a large suite of elements, and of being independent of changes in the isotopic composition of emissions. Reproducibility of the method was determined using field duplicates and blanks. This accounts for snow heterogeneity, analytical precision, reagent quality, and sample handling and was determined to be ±20%.Concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn near the smelter are 525, 353, and 149 μg/L_meltwater, respectively, and drop to 2.1, 3.5, and 3.1 μg/L by 45 km distance. The level of enrichment of these elements, relative to upper crustal abundances, similarly drops from about 10,000 to 100 from proximal through to distal sites, forming an “enrichment gradient.” This is the result of a binary mix of smelter emissions and regional background concentrations. Elements that display a significant gradient must therefore be emitted by the smelter. This method shows that Cu, Ag, In, Sb, Pb, As, Tl, Mo, Zn, Cd, Co, Be, Ni, Na, Ba, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Y, Al, U, Ce, Li, S, La, and Sr are deposited on the landscape by the smelter. For many elements, the slope of this binary mixing line is still non-zero at a distance of 50 km, indicating that the impact of the smelter is still detectable, and that regional background levels have not yet been reached. Data from more distant sites are used to estimate regional background concentrations to be 1.1, 1.7, and 1.6 μg/L_meltwater for Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively.We quantify the partitioning of elements between the dissolved phase (meltwater) and the solid phase (particulates) in melted snow. It varies with distance from the smelter but is element specific. Representative end-members are: Tl, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Sb with 78, 68, 67, 55, and 20% in the dissolved phase near the smelter, respectively, vs. 4, 60, 73, 80, 58% at distances greater than 35 km. This is due to changes in mineralogy and particle size. The significance of this is, that for those elements with high variation such as Tl and Sb, only the total load (meltwater + particulate) can reliably reflect atmospheric deposition. For those elements that vary little such as Cu and Pb, measurement of just the dissolved load (meltwater) can be used as an adequate proxy for the total deposition.Observed patterns of deposition suggest that inside 15 km radius, it occurs by wet+dry mechanisms whereas beyond 15 km wet deposition dominates. Emissions transported beyond 15 km are therefore available for long-range transport during dry weather and likely have an atmospheric residence time similar to that of water vapour. A well fitting mathematical model supports this interpretation. Using modelled background concentrations, the model can account for only 49, 15, 23, and 9% of reported emissions of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd within 50 km of the smelter, respectively. Using lower (minimal) background concentrations based on observations at more distant sites, these numbers increase to 78, 19, and 43%, respectively (Cd excluded), and can be considered maximums. The rest of the emissions are therefore transported further distances during dry weather.     

国内外“人工矿床”研究现状与前景

“人工矿床”主要是指废石及尾矿等能被重新利用的资源，在富矿资源日益减少的今天，贫矿资源，废石及尾矿等非传统资源的开发利用越来越受到重视，目前，国内外主要从物质再回收和物质转移两个方面对废石和尾矿的综合利用进行研究。国外已利用细菌浸出等先进的矿物加工工艺从低品位的含铜和含金的废石和尾矿中回民铜和金，利用已无回收价值的尾矿加工制造水泥，陶瓷，玻璃等新型材料，国内主要利用重选，磁选，浮选，化学选矿联合工艺流程回民铁，铜，金等尾矿中的有用元素,利用废石，尾矿作建筑石料或加工制造砖，混凝土，陶瓷等建筑材料。