四川汶川地震诱发滑坡与峰值速度的关系

利用汶川地震诱发的滑坡资料和得到的地震动数据,对地震诱发滑坡与峰值速度的关系进行了分析,得到一些基本认识：①地震诱发滑坡与地震动峰值速度(PGV)存在明显的正相关性,可以利用PGV作为判别地震滑坡的判据;②汶川地震龙门山震区可以触发地震滑坡的PGV下限约为0.5m/s;③龙门山震区可以触发地震滑坡的PGV上限约为1.5m/s;④建立了汶川地震龙门山震区PGV衰减关系,可用以估计地震滑坡致灾的范围。利用地震动参数研究地震诱发滑坡具有很好的一致性,可以克服应用烈度时存在的不足。上述研究结果可以应用于震后灾害快速评估工作中,为应急救援方案的制定提供参考信息。     

康定MS6.3级地震斜坡地震动响应监测分析

芦山MS7.0地震、鲁甸MS6.5地震诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,一些学者认为地形放大效应是其中的一个影响因素,但目前斜坡地震动响应研究仍然缺乏大量的实测数据支撑。通过在冷竹关两岸斜坡不同部位掘进平硐并放置强震监测仪器的方法,对沟谷两岸斜坡地震动响应特征进行研究,剖面较为完整地记录了康定地震两岸斜坡的地震动响应特征。监测数据揭示,(1)相对于康定姑咱参考站,位于右岸半岛状凸出山梁顶部1#监测点的水平和竖直向PGA放大系数分别达到了10.6～11.5、7.1,阿里亚斯强度最大,水平东西向比竖直向HVSR频比值达到11.1,卓越周期在低频部分;位于右岸山梁中部2#监测点水平和竖直向PGA放大系数分别达到了4.3～5.0、2.3;(2)左岸地形坡面起伏较小,记录的峰值加速度较小,仅在坡折部位5#监测点有明显的放大,水平与垂直峰值加速度放大系数分别为3.0～4.5、2.3,各监测点频比存在多个卓越周期,其放大效应在高频段更突出;(3)近直线型斜坡内(6#及7#监测点)放大效应相对较弱,且监测洞外侧放大系数大于水平深度较大的内侧。结果表明冷竹关两岸斜坡存在明显的地形放大效应,且右岸半岛状凸出山脊地形较左岸中高山斜坡地形放大效应显著。对比芦山地震该剖面放大系数,揭示了背坡面效应。     

河口盆地非线性地震效应及设计地震动参数

针对基岩明显起伏、土层非均匀分布的典型河口盆地场地,考虑土体非线性特征,采用黏弹性人工边界模拟无限域对地震波动的影响,建立大尺度精细化二维有限元模型,分析了盆地地表地震动幅值、频谱、持时、传递函数特征,探讨了基岩起伏土层的地震动聚集效应及盆地边缘效应。结果表明：（1）盆地近地表土层表现出不同程度的地震动放大效应,且随土层深度增加呈非单调递减特征,基岩突变处地震动聚集效应明显,盆地两侧产生较为显著的边缘效应;场地中、长周期地震动的放大作用显著;（2）多遇地震、偶遇地震和罕遇地震水平时,场地卓越周期依次介于0.35～0.65 s、0.40～0.75 s和0.50～1.05 s之间;给出了盆地地表PGA（地表峰值加速度）、卓越周期均值等值线图及地表加速度反应谱放大因子建议值,地表设计地震动参数amax（地震影响系数）与Tg（特征周期）明显大于现行《建筑抗震设计规范》取值;（3）盆地特殊位置地表地震动持时得到不同幅度增长,且与输入地震动特性相关;（4）该盆地对0.5～2.0 Hz频段基岩地震动的放大效应比较显著,对小于0.2 Hz或大于2.5 Hz的基岩地震动,该盆地地震动放大效应不明显;（5）福州城区及其邻近区域地震动放大效应普遍较大。大尺度二维非线性分析一定程度上能合理反映微地形起伏、土层分布及土体非线性对地震波传播过程的影响。     

上海软土场地三维非线性地震反应分析

考虑土的非线性,采用弹塑性边界面模型,对上海软土场地进行三维地震反应分析。利用多维地震动作用下的水平地层弹塑性动力反应分析程序,以具有水平和垂直三向完整加速度记录的Taft波作为地震输入,对比分析单向和多向地震输入场地水平和竖向地震反应特征,并分析不同强度地震动输入下竖向和水平加速度峰值比特征及地下水位变化对场地土层地震反应特征的影响。计算分析表明,竖向与水平向地震反应特征有较大差异;与水平单向地震输入相比,三向地震输入场地土层放大效应明显增大;地下水位上升对水平向和竖向峰值加速度的放大效应影响差异显著,地下水位上升,地表水平峰值加速度放大效应增大,竖向峰值加速度放大效应减小,研究结果对上海地区的工程抗震设计具有参考作用。     

基于快速多极子间接边界元法的城市区域沉积盆地三维地震响应宽频模拟

针对城市区域沉积盆地三维地震动模拟问题,发挥边界元法处理无限域波动问题的独特优势和快速多极算法(FMM)处理大规模问题的特性,形成适用于宽频、高自由度模型的快速多极子间接边界元法(FMM-IBEM)。通过精度对比和效率验证发现,FMM-IBEM可精确高效地实现三维复杂场地地震动宽频模拟,同时大幅度降低存储量和计算量。采用该方法对某含起伏基岩面的三维复杂形状沉积盆地进行频域和时域分析,结果表明:入射频率、盆地形状和盆地内部的位置点对沉积盆地地表位移放大作用均有不同程度的影响;总体上低频域的放大作用高于高频域;频谱曲线呈现多个共振频段;沉积盆地中部和边缘处地表位移放大效应差别显著。重要工程选址宜避开沉积盆地中地震能量积聚区域。     

基于离散元数值模拟的四川薛城南沟滑坡形成机制分析

根据南沟滑坡的地质背景及堆积体工程地质特征,结合离散元数值模拟技术,分析南沟滑坡的失稳类型及其成因机制。研究得出如下结论:(1)地震波在经过地形效应放大后,斜坡滑源区竖直峰值加速度PGA最大放大5.1倍,水平峰值加速度PGA最大放大3.97倍。(2)运用离散元数值模拟技术,验证了该斜坡体在地震力作用下的滑坡类型为拉裂—溃滑型。(3)在强震作用下,地震波在坡体内不连续结构面处会发生透射和反射现象,从而导致岩体沿层面发生震动溃裂破坏,形成潜在统一滑面,并伴随有坡体的松弛、甚至解体;在强震持续作用下,坡体沿滑面产生整体的溃滑,形成滑坡。     

考虑地震动地形效应的边坡破坏概率——以金沙江下游新市镇附近边坡为例

边坡在地震作用下的破坏概率是地震边坡危险性评价的参数之一。在区域范围内计算地震边坡破坏概率一般采用实际地震滑坡和Newmark永久位移拟合得到的破坏概率公式进行计算。计算中所需的地震动峰值加速度数值大小受不规则地形的影响较大。为了较准确计算出区域地震边坡的破坏概率,本文利用公式分别计算了地震动峰值加速度地形效应系数和地震边坡滑坡概率,实现了地震动峰值加速度及滑坡概率的连续分布。在计算地表30 m平均剪切波速时,利用回归分析方法得出了Vs30与地形梯度G的连续性关系。这些方法充分考虑了地形在地震动峰值加速度中所起的作用,能够实现地震边坡破坏概率计算结果的连续性,如实反映了地震边坡破坏概率的实际状况,为更准确评价地震边坡滑坡危险性提供了新的思路。     

地震动场地放大效应的时频特性分析

为了详细研究均质及复杂非均质场地中地震动的放大效应,通过大型振动台试验获得原始试验数据,再采用傅立叶变换、时频分析与分段时频分析相结合的手段,对试验数据进行分析和处理。通过对试验结果的对比分析,发现当地震动沿竖直方向传播时,不仅地震动时程曲线的峰值会随场地高度的增加而逐步放大,其频率成分含量、主频段的频谱形状,以及整体地震动能量在时频平面上的分布,均会随着场地高度及各分层介质的不同而发生较大变化。与此同时,场地表面的倾斜程度、软弱夹层的厚度等因素也均对地震动的放大效应具有显著影响。通过以上研究,得到了一系列与地震动竖向传播放大效应相关的研究规律(包括PGA峰值特性、频谱特性、时频面上能量谱的分布特性等)。     

含软弱土层的深厚河床覆盖层坝基动力特性研究

在强震区、含软弱土层的500 m级特厚覆盖层上建坝，超出了现行设计规范的控制范围。开展了覆盖层厚度、输入地震波峰值、覆盖层中的软弱土层厚度等指标的敏感性分析，揭示了深厚覆盖层地震反应的主要特征及坝基建基面加速度放大倍数分布的规律性。研究认为：覆盖层厚度、输入加速度峰值、软弱土层厚度等指标与建基面放大倍数的衰减在变化规律上成正相关；当输入地震波峰值加速度为0.5g作用下，含软弱土层的500 m级特厚覆盖层坝基中地震波总体以衰减为主，建基面放大倍数小于1；覆盖层加速度放大倍数随高程变化的基本规律为先衰减后放大。当存在软弱土层时，由于其滤波隔震作用会在土层内发生动力反应的二次衰减。基于上述分析，进一步提出了覆盖层下部区域地震效应衰减、中部区域软弱土层二次衰减、顶部区域放大的加速度放大倍数分布模型，编制了覆盖层加速度放大倍数建议值表，研究成果可为含软弱土层的深厚河床覆盖层坝基工程设计提供重要参考。     

汶川、芦山和鲁甸地震滑坡分布规律对比研究

汶川M_S8.0级地震、芦山M_S7.0级地震和鲁甸M_S6.5级地震均引发了大量的滑坡灾害。由于震级差异和地质地形条件的不同,地震滑坡分布情况有较大区别。本文综合已有的研究成果,从地震、地质和地貌3个方面,对比分析了地震滑坡的分布规律。结果表明:（1）3次地震滑坡数量和密度随着PGA和震级的增加而增加。汶川和鲁甸地震随烈度的增加,滑坡数量呈现递增的趋势。但芦山地震在较低烈度区也发育着大量滑坡。（2）断层影响滑坡分布的最大距离随着震级的增加而增加。在最大影响距离0.2倍的范围内,汶川地震分布有80%的滑坡,而其他两次地震仅30%。此外,汶川地震滑坡数量随断层距离呈指数衰减关系。（3）地震滑坡的分布受到地形的强烈影响。Ⅶ度及以上烈度区地形切割深度越大,地震触发的滑坡集中分布区域相对高差越大。同时,滑坡集中发育的坡度会随之增加。切割深度越大,地震滑坡更易发生在地势较陡的山脊或者上坡处,这可能与地形放大效应有关。     

Near-fault strong motion complexity of the 2000 Tottori earthquake (Japan) from a broadband source asperity model

The October 6/2000 Tottori earthquake that occurred in central Japan was an intermediate size strike-slip event that produced a very large number of near field strong motion recordings. The large amount of recorded data provides a unique opportunity for investigating a source asperity model of the Tottori earthquake that, combined with a hybrid strong motion simulation technique, is able to reproduce the observed broadband frequency near-fault ground motion.

We investigated the optimum source asperity parameters of the Tottori earthquake, by applying a Genetic Algorithm (GA) inversion scheme to optimise the fitting between simulated and observed response spectra and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values. We constrained the initial model of our inversion by using the heterogeneous slip distribution obtained from a kinematic inversion of the source of previous studies. We used all the observed near-fault ground motions (−100 m) from the borehole strong motion network of Japan (KiK-Net), which are little affected by surficial geology (site effects).

The calculation of broadband frequency strong ground motion (0.1–10 Hz) is achieved by applying a hybrid technique that combines a deterministic simulation of the wave propagation for the low frequencies and a semi-stochastic modelling approach for the high frequencies. For the simulation of the high frequencies, we introduce a frequency-dependent radiation pattern model that efficiently removes the dependence of the pattern coefficient on the azimuth and take-off angle as the frequency increases. The good agreement between the observed and simulated broadband ground motions shows that our inversion procedure is successful in estimating the optimum asperity parameters of the Tottori earthquake and provides a good test for the strong ground motion simulation technique.

The ratio of background stress drop to average asperity stress drop from our inversion is nearly 50%, in agreement with the theoretical asperity model of Das and Kostrov [Das, S., Kostrov, B.V., 1986. Fracture of a single asperity on a finite fault: a model for weak earthquakes? Earthquake Source Mechanics, AGU, pp. 91–96.], and an empirical ratio of asperities to rupture area [Seismol. Res. Lett. 70 (1999) 59–80.].

The simulated radiation pattern is very complex for epicentral distances within half the fault length, but it approaches the radiation of a double-couple point source for larger distances.

The rupture velocity and rise time have a significant influence on the Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) distribution around the fault. An increase in rupture velocity produces a similar effect on the ground motion as a reduction in rise time.     

渭河断裂西段活动差异性分析

渭河断裂是一条纵贯渭河盆地中部的大断裂，对渭河盆地的形成和发展乃至盆地内的地震活动都具有控制作用。本文将宝鸡峡口以东，西安市草滩镇以西的渭河断裂西段作为研究区。从渭河断裂北侧黄土台源地貌存在的分级现象、自西向东渭河断裂新近系错距大小非均匀变化、渭河断裂西段断坎地貌差异等方面的分析，讨论了渭河断裂西段存在的活动差异性，认为以千河断裂、岐山-马召断裂和泾河推测断裂为分界点，渭河断裂西段可分为三个亚段，各个亚段在断裂活动时间、活动强度等方面均有明显的差异。通过对渭河断裂西段所处新构造环境的分析，认为第四纪以来渭河盆地西部地壳的向东掀斜拾升运动是造成渭河断裂西段出现差异性活动的根本原因。     

A Characteristic Analysis of the Dynamic Evolution of Preseismic- Coseismic-Postseismic Interferometric Deformation Fields Associated with the M 7.9 Earthquake of Mani, Tibet in 1997

By using the D-InSAR technique,we have acquired the temporal-spatial evolution images of preseismic-cosesimci-postseismic interferometric deformation fields associated with the M 7.9 earthquake of Mani,Tibet on 8 November 1997.The analysis of these images reveals the relationships between the temporal-spatial evolution features of the interferometric deformation fields and locking, rupturing,and elastic restoring of the source rupture plane,which represent the processes of strain accumulation,strain release,and postseismic restoration.The result shows that 10 months prior to the Mani event,a left-lateral shear trend appeared in the seismic area,which was in accordance with the earthquake fault in nature.The quantity of local deformation on the north wall was slightly larger than that on the south wall,and the deformation distribution area of the north wall was relatively large.With the event impending,the deformation of the south wall varied increasingly,and the deformation center shifted eastward.Two and half monthd before the event,the west side of the fault was still locked while the east side began to slide,implying that the whole fault would rupture at any moment.These features can be regarded as short-term precursors to this earthquake.Within the period from 16 April 1996 to two and half months before the earthquake,the most remarkable deformation zones appeared in the north and south walls,which were parallel to and about 40 km apart from the fault,with accumulated local displacements of 344 mm and 251 mm on the north and south walls,respectively.The south wall was the active one with larger displacements.Five months after the earthquake,the distribution feature of interferometric fringes was just opposite to that prior to the event,expressing evident right-lateral shear.The recovered displacements are～179 mm on the north wall and～79 mm on the south wall,close to the east side of the fault.However,in the area of the south wall far from the fault there still existed a trend of sinistral motion.The deformation of the north wall was small but recovered fast in a larger area,while the active south wall began to recover from the east section of the fault toward the WSW.     

Attenuation relations of peak ground acceleration and velocity in the Southern Dead Sea Transform region

Using the recorded earthquake strong ground motion, the attenuation of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) are derived in the southern Dead Sea Transform region. The expected values of strong motion parameters from future earthquakes are estimated from attenuation equations, which are determined by regression analysis on real accelerograms. In this study, the method of Joyner and Boor [Bull Seismol Soc Am 71(6):2011–2038, 1981] was selected to produce the attenuation model for the southern Dead Sea Transform region. The dataset for PGA consists of 57 recordings from 30 earthquakes and for PGV 26 recordings from 19 earthquakes. The attenuation relations developed in this study are proposed as replacement for former probabilistic relations that have been used for a variety of earthquake engineering applications. The comparison between the derived PGA relations from this study with the former relations clearly shows significant lower values than the other relations.     

长江中游湖南、湖北地区主要活动断裂及地震地质特征

通过收集整理前人成果资料,结合湖南、湖北地区地震地质特征、历史近代地震数据等,全面梳理分析该区主要活动断裂及历史地震,总结该区主要活动断裂系（带）及控震特征、地震活动性及时空分布特征。研究结果表明,该区主要活动断裂以北东、北北东、北西向为主,主要活动断裂系有6个,自北向南分别为秦昆北西向断裂系、鄂东北东向断裂系、江汉-洞庭盆地断裂系、鄂西-湘西北东向断裂系、湘中南北东向断裂系、湘东北东向断裂系,其中第四纪活动较为显著且影响程度大的是江汉-洞庭盆地断裂系及秦昆北西向断裂系西段。“两湖”地区地震活动水平相对较低,正处于第三活动期的相对平静期。结合近代中强震资料及中国地震烈度区划特征分析认为,江汉-洞庭盆地南部的东、西边界、鄂州-黄冈-武汉一带以及鄂西北断块隆起区地壳较不稳定,具有发震潜力,应在城市群规划建设、护江大堤设防和重大工程建设中予以特别关注。      

Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Bangalore Region

Indian peninsular shield, which was once considered to be seismically stable, is experiencing many earthquakes recently. As part of the national level microzonation programme, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India has initiated microzonation of greater Bangalore region. The seismic hazard analysis of Bangalore region is carried out as part of this project. The paper presents the determination of maximum credible earthquake (MCE) and generation of synthetic acceleration time history plot for the Bangalore region. MCE has been determined by considering the regional seismotectonic activity in about 350 km radius around Bangalore city. The seismotectonic map has been prepared by considering the faults, lineaments, shear zones in the area and historic earthquake events of more than 150 events. Shortest distance from the Bangalore to the different sources is measured and then peak ground acceleration (PGA) is calculated for the different source and moment magnitude. Maximum credible earthquake found in terms of moment magnitude is 5.1 with PGA value of 0.146 g at city centre with assuming the hypo central distance of 15.88 km from the focal point. Also, correlations for the fault length with historic earthquake in terms of moment magnitude, yields (taking the rupture fault length as 5% of the total fault length) a PGA value of 0.159 g. Acceleration time history (ground motion) and a response acceleration spectrum for the corresponding magnitude has been generated using synthetic earthquake model considering the regional seismotectonic parameters. The maximum spectral acceleration obtained is 0.332 g for predominant period of 0.06 s. The PGA value and synthetic earthquake ground motion data from the identified vulnerable source using seismotectonic map will be useful for the PGA mapping and microzonation of the area.     

黄土塬地震动响应特征分析

2008年汶川Ms8.0级强烈地震对远离震中的黄土塬地区造成了较为严重的破坏，局部场地的震害和地震动放大效应显著。以典型黄土塬场地为对象，应用地形台阵流动观测和有限元计算方法，系统开展强震动作用下黄土塬边坡场地动力响应特征研究；应用大型振动台模拟试验和数值计算方法，重点探讨黄土塬平台场地在汶川地震作用下地表加速度响应随覆盖层厚度、地震动强度的变化规律以及对建筑结构的潜在影响。结果表明：黄土塬边坡顶部存在低频但较高放大系数的现象，可能与斜坡高差与入射波波长之比密切相关；大角度（60°～70°）黄土塬边坡对地震动的放大效应十分显著，坡顶加速度峰值（PGA）放大可达2倍，反应谱卓越周期放大可达5倍；较厚黄土塬平台场地加速度放大可达2倍以上，地震烈度增加1度，对于场地上固有周期0.7～2.0 s和周期大于3.0 s的建筑物地震反应将显著增加。     

Landslides triggered by slipping-fault-generated earthquake on a plateau: an example of the 14 April 2010, Ms 7.1, Yushu, China earthquake

On 14 April 2010 at 07:49 (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake with Ms 7.1 struck Yushu County, Qinghai Province, China. A total of 2,036 landslides were interpreted from aerial photographs and satellite images, verified by selected field checking. These landslides cover about a total area of 1.194 km². The characteristics and failure mechanisms of these landslides are presented in this paper. The spatial distribution of the landslides is evidently strongly controlled by the locations of the main co-seismic surface fault ruptures. The landslides commonly occurred close together. Most of the landslides are small; there were only 275 individual landslide (13.5 % of the total number) surface areas larger than 1,000 m². The landslides are of various types. They are mainly shallow, disrupted landslides, but also include rock falls, deep-seated landslides, liquefaction-induced landslides, and compound landslides. Four types of factors are identified as contributing to failure along with the strong ground shaking: natural excavation of the toes of slopes, which mean erosion of the base of the slope, surface water infiltration into slopes, co-seismic fault slipping at landslide sites, and delayed occurrence of landslides due to snow melt or rainfall infiltration at sites where slopes were weakened by the co-seismic ground shaking. To analyze the spatial distribution of the landslides, the landslide area percentage (LAP) and landslide number density (LND) were compared with peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from co-seismic main surface fault ruptures, elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, and lithology. The results show landslide occurrence is strongly controlled by proximity to the main surface fault ruptures, with most landslides occurring within 2.5 km of such ruptures. There is no evident correlation between landslide occurrences and PGA. Both LAP and LND have strongly positive correlations with slope gradient, and additionally, sites at elevations between 3,800 and 4,000 m are relatively susceptible to landslide occurrence; as are slopes with northeast, east, and southeast slope aspects. Q₄ al-pl, N, and T₃ kn ¹ have more concentrated landslide activity than others. This paper provides a detailed inventory map of landslides triggered by the 2010 Yushu earthquake for future seismic landslide hazard analysis and also provides a study case of characteristics, failure mechanisms, and spatial distribution of landslides triggered by slipping-fault generated earthquake on a plateau.     

Local Site Effect Due to Past Earthquakes in Kolkata

Kolkata, capital of West Bengal, India, presently congested with moderate to high rise buildings, has undergone low to moderate damages due to past earthquakes. The city is situated on the world’s largest delta island with soft thick alluvial soil layer. In this study, an attempt has been made to study ground response due to a number of past earthquakes, 1897 Shillong earthquake, 1964 Calcutta earthquake and 2011 Sikkim earthquake, for the purpose of preliminary microzonation of the Kolkata city. For this, synthetic ground motions have been generated at bedrock level by stochastic method. By using 1D wave propagation technique, the synthetic ground motion has been computed at surface level for 144 borehole locations in the city. Contours of PGA, PGV and PGD parameters in the city have been drawn for these three earthquakes. Response spectra for these three earthquakes have also been computed and an optimum response spectrum has been determined. A good correlation has been obtained with predicted ground motion at surface level of the city with the reported intensity and damages occurred in buildings of Kolkata during past earthquakes. The scenario of simulated ground motion for the past three earthquakes depicts that Kolkata city is very much prone to damages even due to moderate far and near source earthquakes.