利用测井信息评价盐湖相烃源岩

盐湖相烃源岩富含膏、盐质成分,使其测井响应特征发生极大改变,给测井评价烃源岩带来困难。基于实测数据,分析了盐湖相烃源岩中普遍发育的纯泥岩、含膏(盐)泥岩和膏(盐)质泥岩有机碳含量的测井响应模式,发现纯泥岩和含膏(盐)泥岩TOC与AC和LogRt呈正比,与DEN呈反比,膏(盐)质泥岩TOC与DEN呈正比,与LogRt呈反比,并基于此建立了盐湖相烃源岩测井评价方法,即首先利用ΔGR区分岩性,再针对不同岩性建立TOC评价模型,最后根据实测S₁+S₂和TOC建立相关关系,就可以求取烃源岩的TOC和S₁+S₂。利用该方法对东营凹陷沙四下亚段烃源岩性质和展布进行分析,发现预测TOC与实测TOC吻合程度高,具有一定推广价值。     

中国昆明地区岩溶洞穴洞口带苔藓植物研究

为了研究中国西南岩溶洞穴植物区系与生物多样性特征, 作者曾两次对云南昆明地区12个岩溶洞穴进行了野外考察和苔藓植物标本采集工作。其中含昆明市石灰岩洞穴1个, 石林县石灰岩洞穴5个和宜良县白云岩洞穴6个。根据采自12个岩溶洞穴洞口带的164件苔藓植物标本研究, 本文首次报道昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物10科18属25种。昆明地区洞穴中分布较多的苔藓植物科有丛藓科( Po ttiaceae) 5属8种,凤尾藓科( Fi ssidentaceae ) 1属4种,柳叶藓科( Amblystegiaceae ) 3 属3 种和青藓(Brachytheciaceae ) 2属3种。溶洞中较常见的4种苔藓植物种类是萤光苔类植物光苔Cyathodiumcavernarum Kunze ( 见于6个溶洞中) , 小凤尾藓Fissidens bryoides Hedw ( 见于4个溶洞中) , 橙色净口藓Gymnostonum calcareum Nees et Ho rsch (见于3 个溶洞中)和长叶扭口藓Tortella tortuosa( Hedw ) Limp ( 见于3个溶洞中)。野外观察表明,受洞穴弱光环境生态因子的限制, 昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物主要生长于洞穴洞口0～ 26m带范围内; 2种丛集型藓类植物, 橙色净口藓Gymnostonumcalcareum Nees et Horsch, 和钩喙净口藓G.recurvirost re Hedw 参与洞口带钟乳石或石笋钙华沉积。      

Analysis on the deployment of mining research supported by the grant program of Deep Resources Exploration and Mining

The Deep Resources Exploration and Mining(DREAM) grant program, within the framework of The National Key Research and Development Program grants, is a pillar to implement China's science and technology strategy in the area of deep resources exploitation. To tackle the insufficient of theories and technologies for the 1000-meter-deep mining, a section of mining, covering the research of basic theories, general technologies and application demonstration, was arranged in the layout of DREAM under the principle of "whole chain design, integrated implementation". In the aspect of basic research, DREAM mainly focused on the deep rock mechanics and mining theory, such as the in-situ mechanical behavior of deep rock, deep high stress induction and energy regulation theory. For the general and key technologies, DREAM supported the research on the mine construction and hoisting, excavation, rock breaking, mining methods and mining safety according to the characteristics of coal and metal mines. For the demonstration application, taking green, safe and efficient as the starting point, DREAM aimed at the green, safe and high efficiency mining, and the demonstration and leading role projects such as the low-waste and high-efficiency back fill mining. Since 2016, 10 RD projects have been funded, and 122 institutional participants with a total budget of RMB 235 million from the central government and RMB 480 million from enterprises as well as local governments have been involved. It is expected that the mining section of DREAM would contribute to establishing the theory and technology system in the area of deep mining and promoting the ability of deep resource exploitation in China.     

Principles of Probabilistic Regional Mineral Resource Estimation

Five principal sources of uncertainty in quantitative mineral resource estimation are listed and illustrated by means of a simple example (mosaic model) and a case history study for large copper deposits in the Abitibi area of the Canadian Shield. Abitibi copper potential originally was estimated on the basis of 1968 estimates of production and reserves totalling 3.12 Mt Cu. This prognostication now could be evaluated on the basis of 2008 copper production and reserves totalling 9.50 Mt Cu. An earlier hindsight study performed on the basis of 1977 data (totalling 5.23 Mt Cu) showed seven new discoveries occurring either in the immediate vicinities of known deposits or on broad regional copper anomalies predicted from the 1968 inputs. By 1977, the global geographic distribution pattern of large copper deposits in the Abitibi area had stabilized. During the next 30 years, new copper was essentially found close to existing deposits, much of it deeper down in the Earth's crust. In this paper, uncertainties associated with copper ore tonnage are analyzed by comparison of 2008 data with 1968 data using (a) log-log plots of size versus rank, and (b) lognormal QQ-plots. Straight lines fitted by least squares on these plots show that 1968 slopes provide good estimates of 2008 slopes but 1968 intercepts are much less than 2008 intercepts. In each linear log-weight versus log-rank plot, the slope is related to fractal dimension of a Pareto frequency distribution, and in a lognormal QQ-plot it is determined by logarithmic variance. The difference between 2008 and 1968 intercepts represents the increase in copper ore production and reserves from 1968 to 2008. The Pareto model fits actual copper and massive sulphides increase over the past 40 years better than the lognormal frequency distribution model for 10 km×10 km cells on favorable environments in the Abitibi area.      

Application of 3D Static Modelling in Reservoir Characterization: A Case Study from the Qishn Formation in Sharyoof Oil Field, Masila Basin, Yemen

Three-dimensional(3 D)static modelling techniques are applied to the characterization of the Qishn Formation(Fm.)in the Sharyoof oil field locating within the Masila basin,southeastern Yemen.The present study was initiated by the seismic structural interpretation,followed by building a 3 D structural framework,in addition to analysing well log data and from these,3 D facies and petrophysical models are constructed.In the Sharyoof oil field,the Qishn Fm.exhibits depth values within the range of 400-780 m below sea level,with a general increase towards the SSE.A set of high dip angle normal faults with a general ENE-WSW trend dissect the rocks.The strata are also folded as a main anticline with an axis that is parallel to the fault trend,formed as a result of basement uplift.According to the facies models,the Qishn Fm.comprises 43.83% limestone,21.53% shale,21.26% sandstone,13.21% siltstone and 0.17% dolomite.The Qishn Carbonates Member has low porosity values making it a potential seal for the underlying reservoirs whereas the Upper Qishn Clastics SI A and C have good reservoir quality and SIB has fair reservoir quality.The Upper Qishn Clastics S2 and S3 also have fair reservoir quality,while the Lower Qishn Clastics zone has good reservoir quality.The water saturation decreases towards the west and east and increases towards north and south.The total original oil in-place(OOIP)of the Upper Qishn clastics is 106 million STB within the SI A,SIC and S2 zones.Drilling of development wells is recommended in the eastern study area,where good trapping configuration is exhibited in addition to the presence of a potential seal(Upper Qishn Carbonates Member)and reservoir(Qishn Clastics Member)with high porosity and low water saturation.     

印度共和国地质构造与区域成矿

印度共和国位于南亚次大陆中部,陆地面积297.32万km2(不包括印控克什米尔地区与锡金),北部为喜马拉雅高山区,海拔平均为5500m;中部是印度河-恒河-布拉马普特河(在中国境内称雅鲁藏布江)平原,平均海拔100~200m,是印度经济最发达、人口最稠密地区;南部是印度半岛高原区,西高东低,     

多年冻土环境对寒区天然气管线稳定性的影响

Field investigations of several gas mains in different geosystems were carried out in Noviy Urengoy region (Eastern Siberia) in September, 2003. There were on ground pipelines covered with peat or sand. In case of small rivers pipelines were elevated by pile support on the shores. Because pipelines were applied in cryolithozone that means special secure methods used in pipeline systems functioning and operating. There are multiple sites of natural landscapes destructed or totally destroyed during building and exploiting of the pipelines. That causes negative cryogenic processes development. The most dangerous one is the heaving, that reaches up to several meters in humid landscapes. The complex thermoerosion, thermokarst and heaving occur very often at one site. The heaving of piles leads to pipe deformations and the emergency situations to occur. It is possible to predict negative cryogenic processes development and so far to reduce an emergency risk.     

Water in coesite: Incorporation mechanism and operation condition,solubility and P-T dependence,and contribution to water transport and coesite preservation

A series of coesite,coexisting with or without a liquid phase,was synthesized in the nominal system SiO2-H2O at800-1450℃and 5 GPa.Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identity the crystalline phase,electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS were employed to quantity some major and trace elements,and unpolarized FTIR spectroscopy was applied to probe the different types of hydrogen defects,explore water-incorporation mechanisms and quantify water contents.Trace amounts of A1 and B were detected in the coesite.Combining our results with the results in the literatures,we have found no positive correlation between the Al contents and the"Al"-based hydrogen concentrations,suggesting that previously proposed hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++Al^3+■Si^4+does not function in coesite.In contrast,we have confirmed the positive correlation between the B contents and the B-based hydrogen concentrations.The hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H^++B3^+■Si^4+readily takes place in coesite at different P-T conditions,and significantly increases the water content at both liquid-saturated and liquid-undersaturated conditions.For the SiO2-H2O system,we have found that type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution plays a dictating role in incorporating water into coesite at liquid-saturated condition,type-II hydrogarnet substitution contributes significantly at nearly dry condition,and both operate at conditions in between.The water solubility of coesite,as dictated by the type-Ⅰhydrogarnet substitution,positively correlates with both P and T,cH2O=-105(30)+5.2(32)×P+0.112(26)×T,with cH2O in wt ppm,P in GPa and T in℃.Due to its low water solubility and small fraction in subducted slabs,coesite may contribute insignificantly to the vertical water transport in subduction zones.Furthermore,the water solubility of any coesite in exhuming ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks should be virtually zero as coesite becomes metastable.With an adequately fast waterdiffusion rate,this metastable coesite should be completely dry,which may have been the key factor to the partial preservation of most natural Coe.As a byproduct,a new IR experimental protocol for accurate water determination in optically anisotropic nominally anhydrous minerals has been found.Aided with the empirical method of Paterson(1982)it employs multiple unpolarized IR spectra,collected from randomly-orientated mineral grains,to approximate both total integrated absorbance and total integrated molar absorption coefficient.Its success relies on a high-level orientation randomness in the IR analyses.     

Magmatic and hydrothermal zircon growth during multiple orogenic cycles in an evolving mantle wedge

The Hongseong area of the Hongseong-Imjingang Belt in the central-western Korean Peninsula forms part of a subduction-collision system that is correlated with the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu Belt in China. Several serpentinized ultramafic bodies carrying blocks of metamorphosed mafic rocks occur in this area. Here we investigate zircon grains in serpentinites from Bibong(BB) and Wonnojeon(WNJ), and high-pressure(HP) mafic granulite from Baekdong(BD) localities based on U-Pb, REE and Lu-Hf analyses. The zircons from BD HP mafic granulite show distinct age peaks at 838 Ma, 617 Ma and 410 Ma, with minor peaks at1867 Ma, 1326 Ma and 167 Ma. The Neoproterozoic age peaks in these rocks as well as in the serpentinites suggest subduction-related melt-fluid interaction in the mantle wedge at this time. The older zircon grains ranging in age from the Early to Middle Paleoproterozoic might represent detrital grains from the basement rocks transferred to the wedge mantle through sediment subduction. The BD HP mafic granulite shows a Middle Paleozoic age peak(Devonian; 410 Ma). The 242-245 Ma age peaks in the compiled age data of zircon grains serpentinites from BB and WNJ correspond to a major Triassic event that further added melts and fluids into the ancient mantle wedge to crystallize new zircons. In the chondrite normalized rare earth element diagram, the magmatic zircon grains from the studied rocks show LREE depletion and HREE enrichment with sharply negative Eu and Pr anomalies and positive Ce and Sm anomalies. The REE patterns of hydrothermal zircons show LREE enrichment, and relatively flat patterns with negative Eu anomaly. Zircon Hf signature from the WNJ serpentinite show negative εHf(t)(-18.5 and-23.5) values indicating an enriched mantle source with TDM in the range of 1614 Ma and1862 Ma. Zircons from the BD HP mafic granulite also show slightly negative εHf(t)(average-4.3) and TDM in the range of 1365-1935 Ma. Our study provides evidence for multiple zircon growth in an evolving mantle wedge that witnessed melt and fluid interaction during different orogenic cycles.     

Advanced reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils using multivariate adaptive regression splines

This study aims to extend the multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)-Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) method for reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils. This approach is used to explore the influences of the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties on the probability of failure(P_f) of the slopes. In the proposed approach, the relationship between the factor of safety and the soil strength parameters characterized with spatial variability is approximated by the MARS, with the aid of Karhunen-Loeve expansion. MCS is subsequently performed on the established MARS model to evaluate Pf.Finally, a nominally homogeneous cohesive-frictional slope and a heterogeneous cohesive slope, which are both characterized with different spatial variabilities, are utilized to illustrate the proposed approach.Results showed that the proposed approach can estimate the P_f of the slopes efficiently in spatially variable soils with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, the approach is relatively robust to the influence of different statistics of soil properties, thereby making it an effective and practical tool for addressing slope reliability problems concerning time-consuming deterministic stability models with low levels of P_f.Furthermore, disregarding the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties can overestimate or underestimate the P_f. Although the difference is small in general, the multiscale spatial variability of the soil properties must still be considered in the reliability analysis of heterogeneous slopes, especially for those highly related to cost effective and accurate designs.     

开鲁坳陷钱家店铀矿床铀的赋存状态及铀矿形成时代研究

本文对开鲁坳陷钱家店铀矿床铀的存在形式及铀矿成矿作用进行了研究。钱家店铀矿床矿石中铀的存在形式有铀矿物、吸附铀及含铀矿物,其中以铀矿物和吸附铀形式为主。U6 /U4 比值为0.266～1.116,平均为0.761。铀矿石中铀在各种粒级碎屑中均有分布,但集中分布在0.1～0.25mm粒级中,铀分布率27.89%～76.98%,平均为46.55%。钱家店砂岩型铀矿床UPb等时线年龄为53±3Ma和7±0Ma。     

相山矿田铀的中和还原成矿作用”

该文以相山矿田为例介绍了铀的中和还原成矿作用的概念和机理。     

应用铀同位素研究砂岩型铀矿中的若干问题探讨

笔者通过对512铀矿床含矿层岩石中铀同位素分布特征的研究,对砂岩型铀矿床铀同位素组成的分区进行了讨论。根据不同氧化还原分带中样品铀同位素组分的分布特征,对Osmond铀钍同位素组成分区模式提出了补充修改意见,认为A区应定名为“地球化学（氧化还原）矛盾区”更宜。该砂岩型铀矿床的铀同位素组成分区特征不仅是预测铀矿化定位的依据,而且也充分说明了铀富集成矿过程的滚动性。     

砂岩型铀矿床中铀矿物的形成机理

本文通过对砂岩型铀矿床中铀在不同地球化学环境中的行为、存在形式及铀矿物种类的分析，论述了主要工业铀矿物——沥青铀矿的形成机理：(1)铀是变价元素，在氧化环境中活化迁移，在还原环境中还原沉淀；(2)来自于氧化环境的[UO2(CO3)3]^4-、[UO2(CO3)2]^2-在氧化还原过渡带与有机质、硫化物及低价铁等还原剂发生反应，形成铀的简单氧化物——沥青铀矿；(3)有机质、粘土矿物等吸附UO2^2 ，加快了其被还原的速度，有利于铀的富集。因此认为：有机质还原UO2^2 形成H2S和H2S还原UO2^2 的作用是沥青铀矿形成的主要原因，这一反应在中性和弱碱性碳酸盐溶液中广泛和普遍存在。H2S等还原剂的存在是环境Eh值下降的主要原因，从而使水中的UO2^2 在氧化还原过渡带处于过饱和状态，加速了铀的吸附和沉淀。     

粤北下庄铀矿田富铀矿找矿前景探讨

本文通过对下庄矿田铀矿找矿潜力分析 ,探讨区内富铀矿找矿方向和找矿前景。研究表明 :下庄矿田是铀元素高度富集的矿集区 ,具有较大的找矿潜力和发展前景 ,是粤北富铀矿找矿的重点地区之一 ;区内“交点”型、碱交代碎裂岩型和群脉型铀矿是该区今后找矿的主要目标类型和找矿方向。     

东胜地区砂岩型铀矿成矿年代学及成矿铀源研究

文章研究了鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区砂岩型铀矿成矿年代学特征。东段铀矿体翼部的成矿年龄为120±11 Ma和80±5 Ma,矿体卷头部位的成矿年龄为20±2 Ma、8±1 Ma;中段有124±6Ma和80±5 Ma的成矿年龄。这表明早白垩世和晚白垩世是该区铀的主成矿期,它与盆地抬升的构造演化历史相一致。卷头(富矿)铀成矿作用发生在新近纪中新世和上新世,可能与该时期区内的构造热事件有关。新近纪铀的成矿作用对早期铀矿化起到改造作用。铀含量<0.01%的样品U-Pb等时线年龄为177±16 Ma,在误差范围内与直罗组的沉积年龄(中侏罗世)相吻合,这是直罗组沉积时铀预富集的直接证据。砂体原始含量(U0)的研究结果显示,U0平均值为24.64×106,也表明有铀的预富集。直罗组岩石中铀的近代得失(ΔU)研究结果表明,其ΔU的平均值为70.2%,显示非矿化岩石以带出铀为主,是铀成矿的重要铀源。     

松辽盆地地浸砂岩型铀成矿铀源分析

通过研究松辽盆地钱家店铀矿床和盆地南部铀矿化认为,松辽盆地砂岩型铀成矿作用独特,其成因可归结为双混合叠造型。其铀源也具有多源性,既有蚀源区铀源,又有盖层铀源,还有深部铀源,它们共同组成松辽盆地铀成矿的铀源。     

恰特卡洛—库拉明铀成矿区概况

恰特卡洛—库拉明铀成矿区是世界上最早探明的火山岩型铀成矿区。该成矿区位于中天山华力西期造山带库拉明隆起内。矿区内共探明大、小铀矿床10个,共采出金属铀20 000 t以上。铀矿床主要产于晚古生代火山洼地内,其火山岩的特点是成分反差大,由安山岩到流纹岩,铀矿化年龄为260～270 Ma。该成矿区所处的大地构造向东可延伸到中国境内。研究其成矿条件,对指导在中国西北部造山带古生代火山岩内找矿具有一定的借鉴作用。     

相山铀矿田中一种值得关注的铀矿化类型

龙巴岭铀矿床矿化类型不同于相山铀矿田已知的水云母-萤石型和钠长石型铀矿化类型,它以石英-晶质铀矿矿物群产于碎斑流纹岩中。根据铀矿化产出形式、矿化岩石的化学组成和矿物群的组成及生成顺序,这种铀矿化类型既区别于已知的铀矿化类型,又与这两种铀矿化类型存在某些关联。介绍这种矿化类型可能会有益于对相山铀矿田的铀成矿认识和找矿评价。     

三塘湖盆地基底特征及砂岩型铀矿成矿的铀源条件分析

本文通过对三塘湖盆地基底地层,特别是其中的火山岩的研究,对三塘湖盆地基底岩石组合及其形成的构造环境进行了分析,认为盆地基底主要由岛弧系列的火山岩及火山碎屑岩、碎屑沉积岩组成,早石炭世盆地所处位置为岛弧环境.通过岩石取样分析及与其它地区的对比,认为盆地局部铀源条件较好.