鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系平凉组等深流沉积*

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘奥陶系平凉组发育石灰岩、泥岩和砂岩,夹放射虫硅岩及凝灰岩,深水原地沉积、重力流沉积及等深流沉积发育。等深流沉积主要为砾屑、砂屑、粉屑、灰泥及粉砂—砂质等深积岩。粉屑等深积岩顶部发育波痕及生物扰动,波痕不对称,迁移方向明显,波长1~5,cm,波高0.2~0.5,cm。等深流沉积具有灰泥等深积岩、粉屑等深积岩、砂屑等深积岩及砾屑等深积岩叠置组成的完整及不完整的细—粗—细沉积层序,厚度几毫米至数厘米。该层序既可由多层叠置而成,也可由单层组成或在相邻泥质纹层或缝合线之间直接出现,并存在向上变粗的逆递变和向上变细的正递变厚度不对称特征。等深流从东向西,大致平行于斜坡运动。平凉组下部发育深水原地沉积和重力流沉积,上部则发育深水原地沉积和等深流沉积。等深流沉积主要受构造运动、相对海平面升降、古地貌、流体能量及运动路径的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区奥陶系深水条纹条带状泥岩等深流成因分析*

沉积形成的条纹和条带状构造多包含化学沉积和机械沉积2个沉积过程,在探讨其沉积机制时往往受到制约。而桌子山地区中、上奥陶统克里摩里组和乌拉力克组发育良好的条纹条带状泥岩,为单一的机械沉积作用所致,是研究条纹条带构造形成过程中沉积流体作用机制的理想层位。本次研究以详细的野外观察为基础,结合室内岩石薄片鉴定和近年来关于细粒沉积水槽实验的研究成果,探讨深水等深流在形成条纹条带构造中的作用。克里摩里组上段多为条纹状泥岩组成,呈极细的连续或断续透镜状,垂向上表现为细—粗—细序列;乌拉力克组多为条带状泥岩,与砾屑石灰岩伴生,垂向上发育窄—宽—窄序列。其成因则与等深流引起的黏土絮凝波和底载荷运动相关。在弱等深流作用期,絮凝波发育并存在长的尾迹,在等深流改造底载荷进行再沉积的同时,黏土絮凝波发生垂直降落沉积,形成条纹状泥岩;在强等深流作用期,絮凝波不发育,底载荷连续加积形成条带状泥岩。克里摩里组条纹状泥岩与乌拉力克组条带状泥岩的差别可能与水深相关,前者水体较深,后者水体较浅。研究结果说明鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中、晚奥陶世的最大海侵发生在克里摩里组上段,这对研究该地区的构造性海侵和大地构造环境具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组复合水道沉积特征及演化

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶系拉什仲组发育一套砂泥互层的深水重力流沉积,其下部重力流复合水道发育。综合野外实测、薄片和粒度分析等,探讨复合水道沉积特征、形成过程及主控因素,最终建立其沉积模式。结果表明：(1)研究区发育5种岩相和3种岩相组合,即块状层理砾屑灰岩相(Cm)、粒序层理细—粉砂岩相(Sg)、平行层理砂岩相(Sp)、交错层理粉砂岩相(Sc)、水平层理(泥)页岩相(Sh),分别代表碎屑流沉积(Cm)、浊流沉积(Sg, Sp, Sc)及深水原地沉积(Sh);(2)根据复合水道内部单一水道形态、岩相组合及粒度等将复合水道分为4个期次,反映重力流能量由强到弱的变化过程;(3)复合水道多期次发育与相对海平面升降、沉积物供给、构造运动和重力流规模及能量变化密切相关;(4)重力流沉积为斜坡—盆地环境中复合水道沉积模式。该研究可补充对研究区重力流水道认识,为油气勘探提供借鉴。     

Formation of pockmarks and submarine canyons associated with dissociation of gas hydrates on the Joetsu Knoll,eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

This study, based on 3.5 kHz SBP, 3D seismic data and long piston cores obtained during MD179 cruise, elucidated the timing and causes of pockmark and submarine canyon formation on the Joetsu Knoll in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. Gas hydrate mounds and pockmarks aligned parallel to the axis on the top of the Joetsu Knoll are associated with gas chimneys, pull-up structures, faults, and multiple bottom-simulating reflectors (BSRs), suggesting that thermogenic gas migrated upward through gas chimneys and faults from deep hydrocarbon sources and reservoirs. Seismic and core data suggest that submarine canyons on the western slope of the Joetsu Knoll were formed by turbidity currents generated by sand and mud ejection from pockmarks on the knoll. The pockmark and canyon formation probably commenced during the sea-level fall, lasting until transgression stages. Subsequently, hydropressure release during the sea level lowering might have instigated dissociation of the gas hydrate around the base of the gas hydrate, leading to generation and migration of large volumes of methane gas to the seafloor. Accumulation of hydrate caps below mounds eventually caused the collapse of the mounds and the formation of large depressions (pockmarks) along with ejection of sand and mud out of the pockmarks, thereby generating turbidity currents. Prolonged pockmark and submarine canyon activities might have persisted until the transgression stage because of time lags from gas hydrate dissociation around the base of the gas hydrate until upward migration to the seafloor. This study revealed the possibility that submarine canyons were formed by pockmark activities. If that process occurred, it would present important implications for reconstructing the long-term history of shallow gas hydrate activity based on submarine canyon development.     

The canadian atlantic margin: A passive continental margin encompassing an active past

The continental margins of Atlantic Canada described in this paper show the effects of plate tectonic motions since Precambrian time and thus represent an ideal natural laboratory for geophysical studies and comparisons of ancient and modern margins. The Grenville Province shows vestiges of Helikian sedimentation on a pre-existing continental block beneath which there may have been southeastward late-Helikian subduction resulting in collision between the Grenville block and the continental block comprised of the older shield provinces to the north. The Grenville block was subsequently split in Hadrynian time along an irregular line so that the southeastern edge of the Grenville exhibited a series of promontories and re-entrants similar to those seen at the present Atlantic continental margin of North America. That margin, which had a passive margin history perhaps comparable with that of the present Atlantic margin, was separated by the lapetus ocean from the Avalon zone whose Precambrian volcanism has been attributed both to that associated with an island arc and with intra-cratonic rifting. However, the lapetus ocean appears to have been subducted in early Paleozoic time with a southeastward dip beneath the Avalon zone, leaving exposures of oceanic rocks in place as in Notre Dame Bay, or transported onto Grenville basement as at Bay of Islands.Plate motions proposed for Devonian and Carboniferous time are numerous, but resulted in the welding of the Meguma block to the Avalon zone of New Brunswick and northern Nova Scotia, extensive faulting within Atlantic Canada which can be correlated with contemporaneous European faulting and extensive terrestrial sedimentation within the fault zones. Graben formation, continental sedimentation and basaltic intrusion in the Triassic represent the tensional prelude to the Jurassic opening of the present Atlantic Ocean.This Jurassic opening produced a rifted margin adjacent to Nova Scotia and a transform margin along the southern Grand Banks. The width of the ocean-continent transition across the transform margin (approx. 50 km) is narrower than for the rifted margin (approx. 100 km). The eastern part of the transform margin is associated with a complex Cretaceous (?) volcanic province of seamounts and basement ridges showing evidence of subsidence. The western portion of the transform margin is non-volcanic, adjacent to which lies the 350 km wide Quiet Magnetic Zone floored by oceanic crust.Development of the margin east of Newfoundland was more complicated with continental fragments separated from the shelf by deep water basins underlain by foundered and atypically thin continental crust. Although thin, the crust appears unmodified, the similarities between the crustal sections of the narrow Flemish Pass and the wide Orphan Basin suggesting that the thinning is not simply due to stretching. The Newfoundland Basin shows evidence for two-stage rifting between the Grand Banks and Iberia with both lateral separation and rotation of Spain, leaving a wide zone of transitional crust in the south. The overall pattern of variations in crustal section for the margin east of Newfoundland is comparable with that of the British margin against which it is located on paleogeographical reconstructions.The major sedimentary unconformities on the shelves (such as the Early Cretaceous unconformity on the Grand Banks) reflect uplift accompanying rifting. Tracing of the sedimentary horizons across the shelf edge is complicated by paleocontinental slopes, which separate miogeocline and eugeocline depositional environments. The subsidence of the rifted margins is primarily due to cooling of the lithosphere and to sediment loading. The subsidence due to cooling has been shown to vary linearly with (time) , similar to the depth—age behaviour of oceanic crust. The consequent thermal history of the sediments is favourable for hydrocarbon generation where other factors do not preclude it.     

佳木斯地块东缘晚古生代大陆边缘构造演化

佳木斯地块位于中国东北微陆块群的最东缘,其东缘地区晚古生代的岩浆和沉积演变进程为欧亚大陆东缘由被动陆缘向活动陆缘构造环境的转化提供了关键证据。年代学和地球化学研究表明,佳木斯地块东缘中泥盆世黑台组砂岩,形成于被动陆缘的构造环境,黑台组上覆的老秃顶子组流纹岩也形成于被动陆缘的构造环境;晚石炭世珍子山组砂岩,形成于活动陆缘的构造环境;早二叠世的二龙山组安山岩以及相邻地区早二叠世的其它火成岩形成于活动陆缘的构造环境。同时,佳木斯地块东缘泥盆-二叠纪的沉积地层也呈现出由浅海相到陆相地层转化的特征。因此,佳木斯地块东缘由被动陆缘向活动陆缘的转化应该发生在中泥盆世到晚石炭世,而该构造环境的转化也为晚古生代时期蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋向欧亚大陆之下俯冲过程的研究提供了关键信息。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区石峡谷剖面中奥陶统克里摩里组下段等深流深水水道沉积

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组下段以深灰色薄—中层石灰岩夹灰黑色极薄层泥岩为特征,石灰岩单层略显透镜状且基本未受后期成岩作用改造,其中石峡谷剖面垂向上特征变化明显,是研究该组沉积过程的理想剖面。本次研究在详细的野外观察基础上,依据岩石特征和沉积构造进一步确认克里摩里组深水斜坡沉积背景和等深流沉积,同时详细研究了薄—中层石灰岩的充填特征和形态特征,探讨其水动力特征和沉积机制。结果表明: (1)在粉晶石灰岩和灰泥石灰岩中,晶粒呈散点状分布,粉晶之间为灰泥充填,同时岩层内部具有不均一性,粗粉晶、细粉晶和灰泥呈相间分布;(2)石灰岩主要发育和单层内粒度(方解石晶粒)变化有关的沉积构造,包括具有双向递变特征的粒序层、条带状构造和水平层—均匀层—水平层序列;(3)石灰岩层中透镜体发育,包括薄层中的小型连续透镜体、中层(一般小于30^cm)中的长透镜体以及由多个石灰岩层组成的透镜体,后者侧向上尖灭于页岩或地形高处,其内部单个岩层可呈对称性尖灭;(4)剖面上发育单层石灰岩厚度向上变薄的垂向序列以及由该序列组成的石灰岩叠置层。结合已有研究成果认为: 克里摩里组下段薄—中层石灰岩沉积于深水底流发育环境,其水动力具有低速、弱—强—弱周期变化和空间上受限的特征,应为等深流水道沉积,其沉积机制可分为3个阶段,即等深流作用前的清水钙质沉积、等深流作用期间对沉积物的改造和等深流作用后的浑水泥质沉积。     

Seaward dipping reflectors along the SW continental margin of India: Evidence for volcanic passive margin

Multi-channel seismic reflection profiles across the southwest continental margin of India (SWCMI) show presence of westerly dipping seismic reflectors beneath sedimentary strata along the western flank of the Laccadive Ridge — northernmost part of the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge system. Velocity structure, seismic character, 2D gravity model and geographic locations of the dipping reflectors suggest that these reflectors are volcanic in origin, which are interpreted as Seaward Dipping Reflectors (SDRs).     

南海南北缘的构造特征对比

南海南北缘具有不同地球物理特征和地质构造特征。南海北缘新生代盆地为断陷型盆地；南海南缘则发育周缘前陆盆地、板缘拉张盆地。北缘盆地的沉降以两幕发展为特征，南缘的盆地的沉降以三幕发展为特征。南海北缘盆地经历了古新世一始新世盆地形成时期、渐新世一中中新世盆地发展期、晚中新世一第四纪盆地成熟期三个阶段；南海南缘盆地经历了古新世一中始新世初始盆地形成、晚始新世一中中新世盆地发展、中中新世末盆地遭受压扭改造、晚中新世一第四纪盆地定型期四个阶段。造成南北缘差异的原因是边缘性质不同：北缘为拉张型边缘；南缘北侧是拉张型边缘，南缘南侧是挤压型边缘。     

Variability in temperature and geometry of the Norwegian Current over the past 600 yr; stable isotope and grain size evidence from the Norwegian margin

Core P1‐003MC was retrieved from 851 m water depth on the southern Norwegian continental margin, close to the boundary between the Norwegian Current (NC) and the underlying cold Norwegian Sea Deep Water. The core chronology was established by using ²¹⁰Pb measurements and ¹⁴C dates, suggesting a sampling resolution of between 2 and 9 yr. Sea‐surface temperature (SST) variations in the NC are reconstructed from stable oxygen isotope measurements in two planktonic Foraminifera species, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (d.) and Globigerina bulloides. The high temporal resolution of the SST proxy records allows direct comparison with instrumental ocean temperature measurements from Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) Mike in the Norwegian Sea and an air temperature record from the coastal island Ona, western Norway. The comparison of the instrumental and the proxy SST data suggests that N. pachyderma (d.) calcify during summer, whereas G. bulloides calcify during spring. The δ¹⁸O records of both species suggest that the past 70 yr have been the warmest throughout the past 600 yr. The spring and summer proxy temperature data suggest differences in the duration of the cold period of the Little Ice Age. The spring temperature was 1–3°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1700, and the summer temperature was 1–2°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1920. Fluctuations in the depth of the lower boundary of the NC have been investigated by examining grain size data and benthic foraminiferal assemblages. The data show that the transition depth of the lower boundary of the NC was deeper between ca. AD 1400 and 1650 than after ca. AD 1750 until present. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Upper mantle anisotropy of southeast Arabia passive margin [Gulf of Aden northern conjugate margin], Oman

In this study, we used data recorded by two consecutive passive broadband deployments on the Gulf of Aden northern margin, Dhofar region, Sultanate of Oman. The objective of these deployments is to map the young eastern Gulf of Aden passive continental margin crust and upper mantle structure and rheology. In this study, we use shear-wave splitting analysis to map lateral variations of upper mantle anisotropy beneath the study area. In this study, we found splitting magnitudes to vary between 0.33 and 1.0 s delay times, averaging about 0.6 s for a total of 17 stations from both deployment periods. Results show distinct abrupt lateral anisotropy variation along the study area. Three anisotropy zones are identified: a western zone dominated by NW–SE anisotropy orientations, an eastern zone dominated with NE–SW anisotropy orientations, and central zone with mixed anisotropy orientations similar to the east and west zones. We interpret these shorter wavelength anisotropy zones to possibly represent fossil lithospheric mantle anisotropy. We postulate that the central anisotropy zone may be representing a Proterozoic suture zone that separates two terranes to the east and west of it. The anisotropy zones west and east were being used indicative of different terranes with different upper mantle anisotropy signatures.     

Mid-Cretaceous basin margin carbonates, east-central Mexico

Isolated, high relief carbonate platforms developed in the intracratonic basin of east-central Mexico during Albian-Cenomanian time. Relief on the platforms was of the order of 1000 m and slopes were as steep as 20–43°. Basin-margin debris aprons adjacent to the platforms comprise the Tamabra Formation. In the Sierra Madre Oriental, at the eastern margin of the Valles-San Luis Potosi Platform, an exceptionally thick (1380m) progradational basin to platform sequence of the Tamabra Formation can be divided into six lithological units. Basinal carbonate deposition that preceded deposition of the Tamabra Formation was emphatically punctuated by an allochthonous reef block 1 km long by 0·5 km wide with a stratigraphic thickness of 95 m. It is encased in Tamabra Formation unit A, approximately 360 m of peloidal-skeletal wackestone and lithoclastic-skeletal packstone that includes some graded beds. Unit B is 73 m of massive dolomite with sparse skeletal fragments and intraclasts. Unit C, 114m thick, consists of structureless skeletal wackestone passing upward into graded skeletal packstone. Interlaminated lime mudstone and fine grained bioclastic packstone with prominent horizontal burrows are interspersed near the top. Unit D is 126 m of breccia with finely interbedded skeletal grainstone and burrowed or laminated mudstone. The breccias contain a spectrum of platform-derived lithoclasts and basinal intraclasts, up to 10 m in size. The breccias are typically grain supported (rudstone) with a matrix of lightly to completely dolomitized mudstone or skeletal debris. Beds are up to several metres thick. Unit E is 206 m of massive, sucrosic dolomite that replaced breccias. Unit F is approximately 500 m of thick bedded to massive skeletal packstone with abundant rudists and a few mudstone intraclasts. Metre scale laminated lime mudstone beds are interspersed. The section is capped by El Abra Formation platform margin limestone, consisting of massive beds of caprinid packstone and grainstone with many whole valves. Depositional processes within this sequence shift from basinal pelagic or peri-platform sedimentation to distal, platform-derived, muddy turbidity currents with a large slump block (Unit A); through more proximal (coarser and cleaner) turbidity currents (Unit B?, C); to debris flows incorporating platform margin and slope debris (Units D, E). Finally, a talus of coarse, reef-derived bioclasts (Unit F) accumulated as the platform margin prograded over the slope sequence. Interspersed basinal deposits evolved gradually from largely pelagic to include influxes of dilute turbidity currents. Units containing turbidites with platform-derived bioclasts reflect flooding of the adjacent platform. Breccia blocks and lithoclasts were probably generated by erosion and collapse of the platform during lowstands. Laminated, black, pelagic carbonates, locally cherty, are interbedded with both breccias and turbidites. At least those interbedded with turbidites may have been deposited within an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum zone during relative highstands of sea level. They are in part coeval with mid-Cretaceous black shales of the Atlantic Ocean.     

The western and northern margin off svalbard

Recent geophysical measurements, including multi-channel seismic reflection, on the Svalbard passive margin have revealed that it has undergone a complex geological history which largely reflects the plate tectonic evolution of the Greenland Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The western margin (75–80°N) is of a sheared-rifted type, along which the rifted margin developed subsequent to a change in the pole of plate rotation about 36 m.y. B.P. The north-trending Hornsund Fault on the central shelf and the eastern escarpment of the Knipovich Ridge naturally divide the margin into three structural units. These main marginal structures strike north, paralleling the regional onshore fault trends. This trend also parallels the direction of Early Tertiary plate motion between Svalbard and Greenland. Thus, the western Svalbard margin was initially a zone of shear, and the shear movements have affected the adjacent continental crust. Although, the nature and location of the continent—ocean crustal transition is somewhat uncertain, it is unlikely to lie east of the Hornsund Fault. The northern margin, including the Yermak marginal plateau, is terminated to the west by the Spitsbergen Fracture Zone system. This margin is of a rifted type and the preliminary analysis indicates that the main part of the investigated area is underlain by continental crust.     

Geological framework of the Brazilian continental margin

Based on distinctive stratigraphic and/or structural characteristics, the Brazilian continental margin can be divided into two main provinces:

1. The southeastern-eastern province, extending from the Pelotas to the Recife-João Pessoa Basin, presents a tensional tectonic style of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age, paralleling the structural alignements of the Precambrian basement, except in the north-eastern segment where the Mesozoic faults of the Recife-João Pessoa Basin cut across the east-west basement directions. The basin-fill, Upper Jurassic through Recent, consists, where complete, of three stratigraphic sequences, each of a distinct depositional environment: (a) a lower clastic non-marine sequence; (b) a middle evaporitic sequence, and (c) an upper clastic paralic and open marine sequence.
2. The northern province, extending from the Potiguar Basin to the Amazon Submarine Basin, displays both tensional and compressional tectonic styles of Upper Jurassic (?) to Upper Cretaceous age either paralleling or cutting transversally the basement alignments. The stratigraphic column differs from the southeastern-eastern province in lacking the Lower Cretaceous evaporitic rocks.

The integration of the stratigraphie and structural data allows one to determine in the eastern Brazilian marginal basins the main evolutionary stages of a typical pull-apart continental margin: a continental pre-rift and rift stage, an evaporitic proto-ocean stage, and a normal marine open ocean stage. In the northern province it is possible to infer a continental rift-valley-stage, a transform stage and an open continental-margin stage. The relationship between the rift-valley and the transform stages is yet not clear.     

Terrane accretion and dispersal in the northern Gondwana margin. An Early Paleozoic analogue of a long-lived active margin

If reconstruction of major events in ancient orogenic belts is achieved in sufficient detail, the tectonic evolution of these belts can offer valuable information to widen our perspective of processes currently at work in modern orogens. Here, we illustrate this possibility taking the western European Cadomian–Avalonian belt as an example. This research is based mainly on the study and interpretation of U–Pb ages of more than 300 detrital zircons from Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks from Iberia and Brittany. Analyses have been performed using the laser ablation–ICP–MS technique. The U–Pb data record contrasting detrital zircon age spectra for various terranes of western Europe. The differences provide information on the processes involved in the genesis of the western European Precambrian terranes along the northern margin of Neoproterozoic Gondwana during arc construction and subduction, and their dispersal and re-amalgamation along the margin to form the Avalonia and Armorica microcontinents. The U–Pb ages reported here also support the alleged change from subduction to transform activity that led to the final break-up of the margin, the birth of the Rheic Ocean and the drift of Avalonia. We contend that the active northern margin of Gondwana evolved through several stages that match the different types of active margins recognised in modern settings.     

塔里木板块北缘活动陆缘型侵入岩带的岩石学与地球化学

在塔里木板块北缘,断续出露一条侵入岩带,总长度800多公里。岩石组合是橄榄辉长岩-辉长岩-辉长闪长岩-闪长岩-石英闪长岩-花岗岩。各种类型岩石的化学组成显示了清晰的钙碱性岩浆演化趋势。稀土元素配分曲线均为轻稀土富集型,而且,重稀土元素配分曲线相对平坦。Sr、K、Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素强烈富集,而Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素显著贫化。这些岩石学与地球化学特征均证明,该侵入岩带形成于活动大陆边缘。     

塔里木古大陆东缘的微大陆块体群

塔里木古大陆东缘至少存在4个微大陆，自北而南分别是阿拉善、祁连、欧龙布鲁克和柴达木微大陆，它们有相近但又有一定差异的早前寒武纪变质基底和中元古代变质沉积地层。每一个微大陆边缘均有复杂的生成历史，特别是新元古代早期的热-构造事件十分发育，并在柴达木微大陆北缘形成一条长700km的花岗片麻岩带，而在多数微大陆边缘则叠加了寒武纪至奥陶纪火山弧或蛇绿混杂岩。在微大陆之间自北而南分别发育了北祁蛇绿岩混杂岩带、南祁连蛇绿岩混杂岩带、沙柳河-鱼卡河高压-超高压变质带和昆仑中部清水泉蛇绿混杂岩，它们代表了微大陆这间的结合带，其形成时代集中在寒武纪至奥陶纪。这几个微大陆总体表现出亲塔里木古大陆的特征，特别是自新元古代以来具有相似的地质演化特征。     

The eastern margin of the Aberystwyth Grits Formation

Structural, lithological and biostratigraphic evidence does not support the existence of the postulated Bronnant Fault previously considered to bound and have had depositional control over the Aberystwyth Grits to the east. The Adail Mudstones Formation is a synonym of the Borth Mudstones Formation; the latter name has priority. Both the type Borth Mudstones Formation and the ‘Adail Mudstones Formation’ in part underlie and in part are lateral equivalents of the lower part of the Aberystwyth Grits Formation. Deposition of the Aberystwyth Grits Formation was confined on its eastern side by a slope enhanced by the prior, and partially contemporaneous, deposition of the Devil's Bridge Formation (largely a slope apron). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.