华南泥盆纪遗迹化石及遗迹相

通过对华南泥盆系6条剖面(四川北川甘溪、广西横县六景、广西桂林杨堤、贵州独山大河口—白虎坡、贵州贵阳乌当、四川广元后高坪)的遗迹沉积学系统研究,鉴定和描述遗迹化石15属24种,包括Arenicolites carbonaria,Arenicolites isp.,Chondrites cf.intricatus,Cho...     

基于全岩心CT的遗迹化石识别及沉积环境分析:以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块为例*

遗迹化石研究对于沉积环境分析具有重要意义。以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块下白垩统McMurray组为研究对象,利用高分辨率岩心照片和全岩心CT扫描资料,在确认研究目的层遗迹化石发育属种、单体规模、组合类型及指相特征的基础上,分析了主力油砂层的沉积环境。结果表明: 目的层发育遗迹化石10属12种,包括Asterosoma isp.,Chondrites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites isp.,Rosselia isp.,Skolithos verticalis,Skolithos isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Thalassinoides isp.;根据遗迹化石产状与围岩沉积特征,建立了Ophiomorpha-Skolithos、Asterosoma-Chondrites-Rosselia和Teichichnus-Rosselia￣Thalassinoides共3种遗迹组合,分别代表潮间带、潮下带以及浅海陆棚沉积环境中的遗迹化石组成特征。研究区油砂层优质储油砂体为潮间带沉积产物,潮汐砂坝、潮成砂脊为沥青的主要储集体。本研究既体现了全岩心CT资料在遗迹化石研究中的应用,也为潮坪沉积环境分析提供了有益参考。     

昆明二村下奥陶统红石崖组顶部Cruziana rugosa遗迹化石群落的沉积环境和生态特征

Cruziana及其相关的遗迹化石是由底栖三叶虫在沉积物表面停歇、爬行所留下的遗迹,一般认为产于潮下带至浅海陆棚环境,具有古水深指示意义。然而,本文通过对昆明民富二村下奥陶统红石崖组顶部含Cruziana rugosa遗迹化石群落层位的沉积环境分析却发现,Cruziana rugosa遗迹化石群落的沉积环境为潮上带—潮间带,说明三叶虫可以在短暂暴露环境中活动。三叶虫的这种适应性活动可能为节肢动物从海洋走向陆地做好了进化准备。     

四川龙门山地区早-中泥盆世混积相遗迹化石及其环境分析

龙门山地区早—中泥盆世碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩组成的混合沉积相富含大量海相遗迹化石,可识别居住迹、进食迹、觅食迹、爬行迹和停息迹5大类14属,包括居住迹:Skolithos;进食迹:Chondrites、Phycodes、Planolites、Rhizocorallium、Thalassinoides和Zoophycos;觅食迹:Cylindrichnus以及Palaeophycus;爬行迹:Cruziana和Monomorphichnus;停息迹:Asterichnus、Lockeia和Rusophycus等,这些遗迹化石分属于4个遗迹化石组合,反映了不同沉积环境,分别为:(1)Skolithos—Thalassinoides遗迹组合,沉积于高能砂质环境中,为水动力较强的无障壁滨岸前滨;(2)Rusophycus—Phycodes遗迹化石组合反映了水动力较弱的近滨环境;(3)Chondrites—Palaeophycus遗迹化石组合反映了贫氧、水动力条件较弱的近滨下部环境;(4)Zoophycos—Palaeophycus遗迹化石组合反映的环境为正常浪基面以下,风暴浪基面以上的风暴沉积环境,据此建立了龙门山地区早—中泥盆世混积相遗迹化石生活环境分布模式。龙门山地区早—中泥盆世发现的3种类型Zoophycos遗迹化石,与腕足介壳富集层、波痕、丘状和洼状交错层理等反映浅水环境的沉积特征共存,表明泥盆纪Zoophycos形成于浅水环境。     

新疆柯坪地区志留系柯坪塔格组的遗迹化石

通过对柯坪地区剖面志留系的研究,在柯坪塔格组中已识别出遗迹化石15属20种,它们是：Asterichnus lawrencensis,Cochlichnus anguineus, Cruziana ichnosp., Cruziana qinlingensis, Cruziana rouaulti, Diplichnites bipartibilis,Gordia molassica, Helminthopsis abeli, Helminthopsis isp., Lockeia siliquaria ,Monocraterion cf. teataculatum, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites isp.,Planolites montanus, Planolites punctatus, Rusophycus ramellensis,?Scolicia ichnosp., Sagittichnus lincki,Spirophycus bicornis,Taenidium cameronensis。根据这些遗迹化石的组成、产状、分布规律及其围岩的沉积特征,可以划分为2种不同沉积环境条件下的遗迹组合,即(1)Helminthopsis-Gordia遗迹组合, 主要组成分子有Asterichnus, Diplichnites,Gorida, Helminthopsis, Planolites, Rusophycus,?Scolicia和Spirophycus,等,被解释形成于低能的滨外远岸浅海陆棚环境;(2)Cruziana-Rusophycus遗迹组合,常见组成分子有Cochlichnus,Cruziana, Lockeia, Palaeophycus,Rusophycus, Monocraterion,Sagittichnus,和Taenidium等,解释它们形成于滨外近岸浅海陆棚环境。     

新疆塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世深水遗迹化石的发现及意义

在新疆塔里木板块西北缘下二叠统比尤勒提群中部首次发现了大量深水遗迹化石,主要包括Glockeria Ksiazkiewicz 1968,Helminthoida sp., Megagrapton sp., Paleodictyon sp., Paleodictyon (Glenodictyum) Croaticum Ulchman 1995, Planolites sp., Protopaleodictyon sp., Scalarituba missouriensis Weller 1899, Spirophycus sp.等,代表典型深海环境的Nereites遗迹相。根据对温古尔剖面的研究,比尤勒提群下部为浅海陆棚相砂泥质灰岩、粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩、泥晶灰岩等;而含丰富遗迹化石的比尤勒提群中部为一套深海海底扇沉积的浊积岩系夹少量硅质岩,并且在浊积扇的不同位置所产遗迹组合类型也明显不同,扇根以觅食迹为主,含大量穿相分子,扇中开始出现牧食迹,扇梢则出现特征的耕作迹;比尤勒提群上部为浅海陆棚－滨海相沉积的硅质灰岩、泥晶灰岩和砂质灰岩及粉砂质泥岩、钙质砂岩等。该套遗迹化石组合与深海浊积事件密切相关,同时表明塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世时期存在一个陆棚浅海－深海盆地沉积环境,晚二叠世时期海水向西退去形成陆相沉积。     

东爪哇盆地抱球虫灰岩遗迹化石及其沉积环境分析

抱球虫灰岩是印尼东爪哇盆地已发现油气藏的主要储层岩性之一,是该盆地重要的勘探目的层。该套发育于上新世的抱球虫灰岩,其储层性质优,为高孔中高渗型性储层。但对该类灰岩储层的形成条件、沉积环境因缺乏可靠的相标志而认识不一,从而影响了对该类储层的油气勘探。通过对该套灰岩发育的遗迹化石研究,共识别出Ophiomorpha,Asterosoma,Palaeophycus,Thalassinoides,Phycosiphon,Zoophycos,Teichichnus及Terebellina等8个遗迹属。按其古生态和及其宿主岩性沉积学特征,将其划分出三类遗迹组合:1）Ophiomorpha?Asterosoma遗迹组合,主要发育于抱球虫颗粒岩和泥质抱球虫颗粒岩中,代表中低等水动力能量的下临滨沉积环境,以颗粒滩沉积为主;2）Zoophycos?Palaeophcus遗迹组合,主要发育于泥质抱球虫颗粒岩和抱球虫颗粒质泥岩中,代表远滨过渡带和棚内洼地沉积环境,主要为正常浪基面以下正常海洋沉积夹风暴作用沉积,以抱球虫灰泥沉积为主;3）Zoophycos?Phycisophon遗迹组合,主要发育于抱球虫颗粒质泥岩中,代表滨外陆棚沉积环境,为风暴浪基面以下正常的海洋灰泥和泥岩沉积。综合岩石类型、岩石序列组合及遗迹化石组合,提出研究区该套抱球虫灰岩下临滨至滨外陆棚的沉积模式。这对研究区该类储层的沉积和成因有重要意义,为此类储层控制因素及展布的研究奠定了基础,并对该类海域储层的油气勘探有重要指导意义。     

新疆塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世深水遗迹化石的发现及意义

在新疆塔里木板块西北缘下二叠统比尤勒提群中部首次发现了大量深水遗迹化石,主要包括Glockeria Ksiazkiewicz1968,Helminthoida sp.,Megagrapton sp.,Paleodictyon sp.,Paleodictyon(Glenodictyum)Croaticum Ulchman1995,Planolites sp.,Protopaleodictyon sp.,Scalaritubamissouriensis Weller1899,Spirophycus sp.等,代表典型深海环境的Nereites遗迹相。根据对温古尔剖面的研究,比尤勒提群下部为浅海陆棚相砂泥质灰岩、粉砂质泥岩、粉砂岩、泥晶灰岩等;而含丰富遗迹化石的比尤勒提群中部为一套深海海底扇沉积的浊积岩系夹少量硅质岩,并且在浊积扇的不同位置所产遗迹组合类型也明显不同,扇根以觅食迹为主,含大量穿相分子,扇中开始出现牧食迹,扇梢则出现特征的耕作迹;比尤勒提群上部为浅海陆棚-滨海相沉积的硅质灰岩、泥晶灰岩和砂质灰岩及粉砂质泥岩、钙质砂岩等。该套遗迹化石组合与深海浊积事件密切相关,同时表明塔里木板块西北缘早二叠世时期存在一个陆棚浅海-深海盆地沉积环境,晚二叠世时期海水向西退去形成陆相沉积。     

琼东南盆地北部新近系三亚组遗迹组构特征及其沉积环境

琼东南盆地北部新近系地层厚度巨大,遗迹化石非常发育。在对7口取心井岩心详细观测的基础上,综合利用薄片分析、成像测井与相关实验等资料,对琼东南盆地北部新近系三亚组遗迹组构特征及其沉积环境进行了研究。结果表明:(1)琼东南盆地北部新近系三亚组共识别出遗迹化石14属,根据遗迹化石的类型、产状、丰度和分异度、扰动程度、生物潜穴之间的共生关系等,可划分出5种遗迹组构,其中OphiomorphaThalassinoides遗迹组构主要发育在临滨上部沉积环境中,Palaeophycus遗迹组构主要发育在临滨中部沉积环境中,Planolites-Thalassinoides遗迹组构主要发育在临滨下部沉积环境中,Phycosiphon-Planolites遗迹组构主要发育在浅海上部沉积环境中,Phycosiphon-Chondrites遗迹组构主要发育在浅海下部沉积环境中;(2)根据遗迹组构和测井相分析认为琼东南盆地北部新近系三亚组沉积环境为滨-浅海,三亚组一段的沉积环境为由滨岸向浅海过渡,而三亚组二段的沉积环境为浅海;(3)综合岩相、生物化石、遗迹组构、测井相和沉积微相分析结果,建立了琼东南盆地北部新...     

二叠纪末生物大灭绝后Skolithos遗迹化石的古环境意义:以豫西和尚沟组为例*

豫西地区下三叠统遗迹化石记录了二叠纪—三叠纪之交生物大灭绝事件(PTME)后遗迹群落由残存向复苏的演变,其中Skolithos以垂直或高角度倾斜于岩层面、被动充填为典型特征,广泛保存于下三叠统和尚沟组。文中以登封、宜阳地区下三叠统和尚沟组保存良好的Skolithos遗迹化石为研究对象,从宏观和微观不同尺度分析Skolithos遗迹属。基于遗迹化石和生物扰动记录反映的生物运动能力、觅食策略、生物与沉积物相互作用的方式、生物改造沉积物的方式,构建出豫西地区和尚沟组生态空间占据和生态系统工程三维空间模式图;在此基础上,进一步分析Skolithos的古环境意义,探讨Skolithos所指示的高生态压力。研究结果表明,经历过PTME事件后的Skolithos遗迹化石主要受到高温、干热气候以及巨型季风等高生态压力的影响,并在此影响下形成机会主义遗迹组合,在曲流河、滨浅湖环境中广泛发育。该成果可为豫西地区下三叠统的陆相沉积环境以及古生态背景研究提供参考依据。     

塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组痕迹化石与海进期沉积及海进体系域

在层序地层学研究中,海进（transgrssion）常被认为是快速形成的,序列简单,并以少量沉积为特征。对塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组痕迹化石及沉积特征研究表明,海进期沉积及海进体系域比人们想象的要复杂,由三类沉积组成:（1）与海进侵蚀有关,包括海进滞留沉积,发育固底控制Glossifungites痕迹相;（2）与海进初期的海面缓慢上升或总体海进过程中的静止期有关,包括前滨和临滨砂泥岩,发育Skolithos痕迹相和近端Gruziana痕迹相;（3）与海面快速上升有关,包括滨外泥岩,发育远端Gruziana痕迹相。     

Integrated ichnological and sedimentological studies of the Parahio Formation (Cambrian) of the Zanskar region (Zanskar-Spiti Basin), Northwest Himalaya

Lower-Middle Cambrian (Lungwangmiaoan-Hsuchuangian stage) Parahio Formation (Kunzam La Formation) exposed at Purni Village, Niri-Tsarap Chu Valley of Zanskar region of Tethyan Himalaya has yielded a high diversity and abundant ichnofossils with myriapod trackways. It includes Cruziana isp., Phycodes palmatum, Diplocraterion isp., Diplichnites isp., Dimorphichnus isp., Tapherhelminthopsis cf. circularis, Teichichnus isp., Monomorphicnus isp., Lockeia isp., Skolithos isp., Planolites isp., Palaeophycus isp., Isopodichnus isp., and arthropod appendage marks. Integration of ichnological and sedimentological studies for measured part of the Parahio Formation (Cambrian) reveals that alternating energy conditions due to recurring storm events were superimposed on low energy fair-weather sediments. The post-depositional Arenicolites ichnofacies, preserved within the high-energy storm beds of shoreface deposits, commonly overlies the fair-weather assemblage of pre-depositional Cruziana ichnofacies of relatively more offshore deposits, which contains more diverse and varied behavioral signatures of various deposit feeders. The traces of the Cruziana ichnofacies are abruptly replaced by traces of Arenicolites ichnofacies and show reiteration throughout the measured part of the Parahio Formation. The ichnofabric indices in these deposits range from ii3–ii5. No discrete sets of tiers are observed; perhaps there were two coeval communities. Ichnologically, an idealized wave-dominated progradational cycle in the Parahio Formation is characterized, from base to top, by a Cruziana ichnofacies (lower-upper offshore to offshore transition) and storm related Arenicolites ichnofacies (shoreface). Each progradational cycle reflects a progressive increase in sand content, degree of oxygenation, hydrodynamic energy and dearth of food. These environmental factors controlled the vertical distribution of trace fossils in Parahio Formation. The occurrence of Cruziana ichnoassociation much below the Middle Cambrian trilobite horizon in the Parahio Formation restricts the age of this part of the formation to the pre-Middle Cambrian, probably series 2 of Cambrian system.     

Cambrian trace fossils of the Cruziana ichnofacies from the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin,north western Indian Craton

The Marwar Supergroup of the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin is composed of sediments deposited from the late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran) to Upper Cambrian. The Nagaur Sandstone Formation of the Nagaur Group (uppermost division of the Marwar Supergroup) preserves trace fossils significant for establishing Early Cambrian biostratigraphic zones and depositional facies. Fifteen ichnospecies (and eight ichnogenera) identified in the Nagaur Sandstone Formation include “Treptichnus” pedum, Cruziana cf. tenella, Cruziana isp., Diplichnites ispp. A, B, and C, Gyrophyllites isp., Lockeia isp., Merostomichnites isp., Monomorphichnus gregarius isp. nov., Monomorphichnus isp., Planolites isp., Psammichnites isp., Rusophycus bikanerus isp. nov., Rusophycus cf. carbonarius, Rusophycus isp. and radial trace fossils.These trace fossils belong to ethological categories pascichnia, repichnia, cubichnia, and fodinichnia and represent arthropod and worm-like burrowing biota. The assemblage and a regional comparison with contemporaneous trace fossils in the eastern Gondwanan realm suggest that the sequence in the study area belongs to the Cruziana tenella Ichnozone and to Stage 2 (upper part of Terreneuvian), however the Middle Cambrian is not excluded. The trace fossil assemblage belongs to the archetypal Cruziana ichnofacies. Cross bedded sandstone, mud cracks and rainprints in the ichniferous strata of the Nagaur Sandstone Formation indicate deposition in an intertidal sand flat with channels that was exposed episodically.     

豫西济源地区中三叠世油房庄组遗迹组构及其环境解释

河南济源地区中三叠世油房庄组发育了一套滨浅湖相的砂泥岩沉积，在该组上段紫红色与黄绿色砂泥岩沉积中发现了大量的遗迹化石。其中高能砂质滨湖沉积中识别出6种遗迹组构:斑状生物扰动组构、Skolithos isp.-Planolites montanus组构、Skolithos verticalis组构、Planolites beverleyensis组构、Skolithos isp.组构和Palaeophycus annulatus 遗迹组构，它们可归入陆相Skolithos遗迹相；极浅湖泥岩夹粉砂岩沉积中识别出3种遗迹组构: Skolithos linearis遗迹组构、Taenidium barretti遗迹组构和植物根迹组构，它们可归入陆相Scoyenia遗迹相。     

黔南泥盆系的风暴遗迹相

风暴沉积岩在黔南泥盆系地层中比较常见，其中的遗迹化石也较为丰富，为研究风暴遗迹相提供了良好的场所。风暴作用的强度和持续时间影响了沉积环境的水能量、含氧量等物化条件，遗迹化石群也随之有所变化。本文研究了发生在Ｇｌｏｓｓｉｆｕｎｇｉｔｅｓ，Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ，Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ和Ｚｏｏｐｈｙｃｏｓ等不同遗迹相环境中的风暴沉积遗迹化石组合，把它们划分为三种类型：（１）单调型风暴遗迹相，风暴作用较弱，风暴沉积过程中的遗迹化石属种和数量较少，但仍与风暴前后的遗迹化石组合属于Ｓｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ（１９６７）的相同遗迹相；（２）混合型风暴遗迹相，风暴沉积形成新的遗迹相附加于较低能的遗迹相中；（３）多元混合型风暴遗迹相，随着强烈风暴作用强度的变化，在风暴沉积期出现两种以上遗迹相的沉积环境     

Depositional Controls on the Ichnology of Ordovician Wave-dominated Marine Facies: New Evidence from the Shirgesht Formation, Central Iran

The Lower Ordovician Shirgesht Formation in central Iran is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks deposited in diverse coastal and marine shelfal environments (tidal flat, lagoon, shoreface, offshore-shelf and carbonate ramp). Five facies associations contain diverse ichnofossil assemblages that show distinct proximal to distal trends formed in a wide range of physical-chemical conditions. The ethological groups of trace fossils in the Shirgesht Formation reflect a gradient of depositional stress conditions across a wave-influenced shoreline and shelf. Deposits of wave-influenced environments make up a significant component of the geological record of shallow marine settings, and the ability to determine paleoenvironments in detail in such successions is critical for reconstruction of depositional histories and sequence-stratigraphic interpretation.The Cruziana ichnofacies of the study shows highly diverse suites that record the establishment of a benthic community under stable conditions and a long-term colonization window. The Skolithos ichnofacies recognized is a low diversity opportunistic ichnocommunity suite that resulted from colonization after tempestite deposition in a stressed environment. The strata record an onshore to offshore replacement of the Cruziana ichnofacies (with abundant feeding traces of deposit-feeders) by the Skolithos ichnofacies (dominated by suspension-feeders and predators). A transitional zone between the two ichnofacies coincides with the offshore-transition/distal lower-surface deposits. The distribution of ichnofacies, the diversity and range of ethological characteristics reflected by the ichnogenera, and the wide range of wave-dominated coastal facies demonstrate the potential to use individual trace fossils and ichnofacies for significantly refined palaeoenvironmental analysis of wave-dominated coastal settings, particularly in Ordovician successions.     

贵阳乌当泥盆系马鬃岭组上部地层中的遗迹化石

本文首次描述贵阳乌当泥盆系马鬃岭组上部地层中产出的遗迹化石10属,lO种（其中1个新遗迹种）,并对这些遗迹化石产出层位的沉积环境作了初步分析,认为主要属于Seilacher（1964,1967）的Skolithos遗迹相,为水动力条件较强的高能滨海沉积环境。     

东濮凹陷沙三段正常三角洲沉积中遗迹化石及意义

通过对钻井岩心的观察和遗迹化石的鉴定,在东濮凹陷古近纪沙河街组沙三段发现遗迹化石10属15种,包括:Skolithos vertivalis,Skolithos linearis,Skolithos isp.,Palaeophycus tubularis,Palaeophycus isp.,Planolites montanus,Planolites beverlegensis,Planolites isp.,Mermoides isp.,Taenidium isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Helminthoidichnites tenuis,Helminthopsis isp.,Beaconites isp.和Thalassinoides isp.。根据岩性特征、沉积构造和遗迹化石的组成、分布特征,研究区沙三段主要发育正常三角洲前缘亚相、前三角洲亚相,并划分了反映不同沉积环境和水体深度的2种遗迹组合,分别为Palaeophycus-Planolites遗迹组合和Planolites-Helminthoidichnites遗迹组合。     

桌子山中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石组合与古地理环境

据遗迹化石新资料 ,将内蒙古桌子山地区中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石自下而上划分为 8个组合 :Taenidium组合、Zoophycos组合、Volkichnium组合、H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon组合、Granularia组合、 Circulichnus组合、 Chondrites组合及 H elminthopsis组合。其中 ,H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon与 H elminthopsis两组合属于 N ereites遗迹相 ,并分别出现于陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇与陆隆浊积扇环境 ;其余 6个组合与 Seilacher( 1 967)的 Zoophycos遗迹相相当 ,代表有机质丰富、平静而贫氧的大陆斜坡环境。遗迹组合序列和遗迹相的递变表明 ,本区在公乌素组沉积期经历了两次由陆棚边缘盆地—大陆斜坡—陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇 (或陆隆浊积扇 )的环境演变。指出了本组遗迹化石与波兰喀尔巴阡山复理石相遗迹化石在分布上的相似性。认为 Zoophycos相各遗迹组合所赋存的泥灰岩等是很好的生油岩。