基于全岩心CT的遗迹化石识别及沉积环境分析:以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块为例

遗迹化石研究对于沉积环境分析具有重要意义。以加拿大麦凯Ⅲ油砂区块下白垩统Mc Murray组为研究对象,利用高分辨率岩心照片和全岩心CT扫描资料,在确认研究目的层遗迹化石发育属种、单体规模、组合类型及指相特征的基础上,分析了主力油砂层的沉积环境。结果表明:目的层发育遗迹化石10属12种,包括Asterosoma isp.,Chondrites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites isp.,Rosselia isp.,Skolithos verticalis,Skolithos isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Thalassinoides isp.;根据遗迹化石产状与围岩沉积特征,建立了Ophiomorpha-Skolithos、Asterosoma-Chondrites-Rosselia和Teichichnus-Rosselia-Thalassinoides共3种遗迹组合,分别代表潮间带、潮下带以及浅海陆棚沉积环境中的遗迹化石组成特征。研究区油砂层优质储油砂体为潮间带沉积产物,潮汐砂坝、潮成砂脊为沥青的主要储集体。本研究既体现了全岩心CT资料在遗迹化石研究中的应用,也为潮坪沉积环境分析提供了有益参考。     

东濮凹陷沙三段正常三角洲沉积中遗迹化石及意义

通过对钻井岩心的观察和遗迹化石的鉴定,在东濮凹陷古近纪沙河街组沙三段发现遗迹化石10属15种,包括:Skolithos vertivalis,Skolithos linearis,Skolithos isp.,Palaeophycus tubularis,Palaeophycus isp.,Planolites montanus,Planolites beverlegensis,Planolites isp.,Mermoides isp.,Taenidium isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Helminthoidichnites tenuis,Helminthopsis isp.,Beaconites isp.和Thalassinoides isp.。根据岩性特征、沉积构造和遗迹化石的组成、分布特征,研究区沙三段主要发育正常三角洲前缘亚相、前三角洲亚相,并划分了反映不同沉积环境和水体深度的2种遗迹组合,分别为Palaeophycus-Planolites遗迹组合和Planolites-Helminthoidichnites遗迹组合。     

新疆柯坪地区志留系依木干他乌组的遗迹化石

通过对塔里木盆地柯坪露头志留系依木干他乌组中遗迹化石的研究,鉴别出6属7种。化石分子有Chondrites isp.,Gordia.isp.,Helminthopsis aff.abeli,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites montanus,Thalassinoides isp.。这些遗迹化石具有较高的分异度和较低的丰度。按古生态或造迹生物的行为习性分类,可分为3种生态类型:(1)居住迹(Domichnia),Ophiomorpha nodosa,Thalassinoides isp.;(2)进食迹(Fodinichnia),Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites montanus,Chondrites isp.;(3)觅食迹(Repichnia),Gordia isp.,Helminthopsis aff.abeli。根据遗迹化石的古生态特征、沉积序列上的分布特点及围岩和沉积构造特征,依木干他乌组的遗迹化石可归为Planolites-Chondrites遗迹组合,属于Cruziana遗迹相,形成于泥坪沉积环境。     

豫西济源地区早三叠世和尚沟组湖相遗迹化石及遗迹组构

豫西济源地区早三叠世和尚沟组滨浅湖沉积中动物遗迹化石共鉴定出9个遗迹属10个遗迹种。包括Arenicolites isp., Beaconites coronus, Cylindricum isp., Palaeophycus heberti, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites isp., Psilonichnus isp., Scoyenia gracilis, Skolithos linearis和Taenidium barretti等。根据遗迹化石分布特征及沉积环境分析,可识别出三种遗迹组构1）Scoyenia遗迹组构,反映了干旱气候条件下的滨湖沉积环境;2）Planolites—Taenidium遗迹组构,属于湖泊水体逐渐变浅的浅湖沉积环境;3）Psilonichnus遗迹组构,代表了水动力由弱到强的湖泊三角洲沉积环境。     

黔东北志留纪晚期小溪组沉积环境研究

黔东北印江合水和石阡乌谷溪的小溪组中发育良好的遗迹化石,经鉴定共计有5个属的遗迹化石:Palaeophycus isp.,Rusophycus isp.,Planolites isp.,Gordia isp.和Phycodes isp.。根据遗迹化石的组合特征,该组合属于Cruziana遗迹相。结合2个剖面的沉积构造和砂岩粒度分析结果,认为小溪组的沉积环境为相对安静的平均低潮线以下的临滨带。     

四川峨眉山龙门洞下三叠统嘉陵江组一段遗迹组构及其沉积学意义

在四川峨眉山龙门洞剖面下三叠统嘉陵江组一段(嘉一段)河口湾沉积中,共鉴定出动物遗迹化石9个属种,包括Arenicolites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Skolithos isp.,Psilonichnus upsilon,Palaeophycus tubularis,Cochlichnus anguineus,Helminthopsis isp.,Protovirgularia obliterata和逃逸迹。根据遗迹化石的形态特征和梯阶分布识别出2个遗迹组构:Arenicolites遗迹组构和Palaeophycus tubularis遗迹组构,分别代表潮间砂坪和泥坪沉积环境。这2个组构都是软底控制的遗迹化石。     

河南焦作地区下二叠统太原组遗迹化石及其沉积环境

河南省焦作地区下二叠统太原组发育一套陆表海碳酸盐岩以及海湾-潟湖、潮坪-沼泽和障壁岛 （砂质滩、坝） 相碎屑岩和煤层,其中保存有大量完好的遗迹化石,已识别出的有10个遗迹属11个遗迹种,包 括Zoohycos brianes,Zoohycos villae,Teichichnus rectus,Nereies isp．,Chondries isp.,Rhizocorallium isp.,Thalassinoides suevivus,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Gordiamaina,Taenidium satanassi和Planolites isp.等。这些遗迹化石多为 全浮痕保存,少数为半浮痕表迹保存,其丰度较高。根据遗迹化石的组成与产状特征及其围岩的沉积特征,可 识别出３种遗迹化石组合：(1) Zoohycos－Nereites遗迹组合,出现在水体相对较深、浪基面之下且沉积底层内 氧气贫乏的远岸浅海沉积环境;(2) Zoohycos－Taenidium遗迹组合,产生于水体相对较浅的浪基面之上的近岸 浅海沉积环境;(3)Ophiomorpha－Thalassinoides遗迹组合,发育于海岸带潮坪或海湾、湖沉积环境,遗迹化石 往往保存在泥质灰岩或钙质粉砂岩和薄层细砂岩中。基于遗迹化石组合的分布特点,提出了焦作地区太原组遗 迹化石的沉积环境模式。     

四川峨眉山龙门洞剖面下三叠统嘉陵江组一段遗迹组构及其沉积学意义

 在四川峨眉山龙门洞剖面下三叠统嘉陵江组一段 （ 嘉一段）河口湾沉积中,共鉴定出动物遗迹化 石 9个属种,包括Arenicolites isp.,Diplocraterion isp.,Skolithos isp.,Psilonichnus upsilon, Palaeophycus tubularis,Cochlichnus anguineus, Helminthopsis isp.,Protovirgularia obliterata和逃逸迹。根据遗迹化石的形态特征和梯阶分布 识别出 2个遗迹组构：Arenicolites遗迹组构和Palaeophycus tubularis 遗迹组构,分别代表潮间砂、泥坪沉积环境。 这 2个组构都是软底控制的遗迹化石。     

四川广元上寺乐平统大隆组遗迹化石及其古环境意义

四川广元上寺乐平统大隆组中上部海相硅质岩、硅质灰岩中赋存较为丰富的遗迹化石,可识别出觅食迹、居住迹5属7种,包括Chondrites targionii,Chondrites isp.,Palaeophycus isp.,Planolites montanus,Planolites isp.,Thalassinoides isp.和Zoophycos isp.。结合遗迹化石组合及其分布特征、生物扰动指数以及地球化学数据(铁化合物比率和总有机碳的变化特征),乐平统大隆组顶部整体处于缺氧富硫或贫氧富氧交替出现的沉积环境,并非持续的缺氧环境。     

松辽盆地上白垩统陆相遗迹化石及其沉积环境

松辽盆地上白垩统中含有丰富的遗迹化石,通过对该盆地20余口取心井岩心的详细观察,发现了6大类动物遗迹化石15属20种。根据这些遗迹化石的分布规律,在松辽盆地上白垩统中划分出5种遗迹化石组合：（1）Scoyenia遗迹组合,主要成分有Scoyenia gracilis、Skolithos和Planolites,偶见停息迹化石,反映的是遭受周期性暴露的极浅水环境;（2）Skolithos遗迹组合,主要以Skolithos和Cylindricum十分发育为特征,分异度小,丰度高,反映的是高能动水环境。（3）Arenicolites遗迹组合,主要以Arenicolites和Polykladichnus大量发育为特征,还见有Skolithos、Planolites、Thalassinoides和逃逸迹等化石,分异度较高,反映了水流能量较低的浅水环境;（4）Planolites遗迹组合,以密集分布的Planolites十分发育为特征,分异度小,丰度高,见有少量指示缺氧环境的Chondrites化石,反映了水体较平静的还原环境;（5）Fuersichnus遗迹组合,主要由Fuersichnus、Glockeria、Gordia、Megagrapton和Planolites等遗迹分子构成,反映了相对平静的深水环境。     

豫西济源地区中三叠世油房庄组遗迹组构及其环境解释

河南济源地区中三叠世油房庄组发育了一套滨浅湖相的砂泥岩沉积，在该组上段紫红色与黄绿色砂泥岩沉积中发现了大量的遗迹化石。其中高能砂质滨湖沉积中识别出6种遗迹组构:斑状生物扰动组构、Skolithos isp.-Planolites montanus组构、Skolithos verticalis组构、Planolites beverleyensis组构、Skolithos isp.组构和Palaeophycus annulatus 遗迹组构，它们可归入陆相Skolithos遗迹相；极浅湖泥岩夹粉砂岩沉积中识别出3种遗迹组构: Skolithos linearis遗迹组构、Taenidium barretti遗迹组构和植物根迹组构，它们可归入陆相Scoyenia遗迹相。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组潮坪沉积中的遗迹化石

在塔里木盆地塔中地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组中共发现遗迹化石 11属 12种,包括Skolithoslinearis、Skolithosverticalis、Ophiomorphanodosa、Arenicolitesisp.、Cylindrichnusisp.、Thalassinoidessuevicus、Diplocraterionparallelum、Taenidi umsatanassi、Macaronichnussegregatis、Palaeophycustubularis、Planolitesbeverlegensis和Cochlichnusanguineus。这些遗迹化石主要是无脊椎动物的居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,其中大部分呈全浮痕保存,少数呈上浮痕或下浮痕保存。按其古生态和沉积学特征,可划分出三个遗迹组合:①Skolithos-Thalassinoides遗迹组合,代表了平坦底型条件下的砂坪沉积环境;②Planolites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,反映了潮间带砂泥坪沉积环境;③Cochlichnus-Planolites遗迹组合,代表了平均低潮线附近的泥坪沉积环境。     

新疆柯坪地区志留系柯坪塔格组的遗迹化石

通过对柯坪地区剖面志留系的研究,在柯坪塔格组中已识别出遗迹化石15属20种,它们是：Asterichnus lawrencensis,Cochlichnus anguineus, Cruziana ichnosp., Cruziana qinlingensis, Cruziana rouaulti, Diplichnites bipartibilis,Gordia molassica, Helminthopsis abeli, Helminthopsis isp., Lockeia siliquaria ,Monocraterion cf. teataculatum, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites isp.,Planolites montanus, Planolites punctatus, Rusophycus ramellensis,?Scolicia ichnosp., Sagittichnus lincki,Spirophycus bicornis,Taenidium cameronensis。根据这些遗迹化石的组成、产状、分布规律及其围岩的沉积特征,可以划分为2种不同沉积环境条件下的遗迹组合,即(1)Helminthopsis-Gordia遗迹组合, 主要组成分子有Asterichnus, Diplichnites,Gorida, Helminthopsis, Planolites, Rusophycus,?Scolicia和Spirophycus,等,被解释形成于低能的滨外远岸浅海陆棚环境;(2)Cruziana-Rusophycus遗迹组合,常见组成分子有Cochlichnus,Cruziana, Lockeia, Palaeophycus,Rusophycus, Monocraterion,Sagittichnus,和Taenidium等,解释它们形成于滨外近岸浅海陆棚环境。     

A Study of the Sedimentary Environment of the Xiaoxi Formation in NE of Guizhou,China

The Xiaoxi Formation is well developed in two sections (Heishui, Yinjiang and Wuguxi, Shiqian), NE of Guizhou, China.This formation is composed of the sandstones, siltstones and mudstones, and preserved with the depostional structures and trace fossils. This paper focuses on the study of the sedimentary environment of the Xiaoxi Formation based on the materials from these sections. Five ichospecies are identified from two sections, including Palaeophycus isp., Rusophycus isp., Planolites isp., Gordia isp. and Phycodes isp. These trace fossils belong to the Cruziana ichofacies, Based on the depositonal structures, the ichofaces and the result of particle size analysis, the sedimentary environment of the Xiaoxi Formation of Silurian in NE of Guizhou is nearshore zone with a relativealy and stable environment under the average low tide line.     

Paleoecological significance of the trace fossils of Dhosa Oolite Member (Jumara Formation), Jhura dome,Mainland Kachchh,Western India

Dhosa Oolite Member of the Jumara Formation comprises alternating bands of oolitic limestones and shales, exposed in Jhura dome of Mainland Kachchh, Western India. This sequence is highly bioturbated and exhibits a moderate diversity and behaviourally complex assemblage of ichnospecies. The rhythmically bedded sequence shows three different levels of preservation of traces. Epichnial tiering consists of moderately bioturbated oolitic limestone exhibiting horizontal or low-angle protrusive/retrusive biogenic laminae, commonly dominated by feeding structures like Rhizocorallium jenense, R. irregulare, Zoophycos brianteus and Zoophycos isp. The endichnial structures within the oolitic limestone can be separated into two different preservational trace fossil suites. The endichnial shallow suites consist chiefly of deposit feeders like Chondrites intricatus, C. targionii, Planolites beverleyensis, Taenidium cameronensis, Thalassinoides isp., Z. brianteus, Z. cf circinnatus and Zoophycos isp. and few suspension feeder forms like Palaeophycus tubularis; while endichnial deep suites consist of Chondrites intricatus, Skolithos linearis and Zoophycos isp. Hypichnial structures consists abundant, cylindrical, branched, horizontal, large-sized three dimensional feeding burrows of Thalassinoides isp. and somewhat irregular, obtuse angle ramification burrows of Phycodes isp., which are attached to the lower surface of the casting medium. The trace fossil association indicates Cruziana ichnofacies and abundance of Zoophycus species below the fair weather wave base level is largely a preservational artifact. The preservational processes of the trace fossils indicate soft substrate and diversity and their abundance reflects the other palaeoecological parameters of the open shallow marine environments.     

贵阳乌当泥盆系马鬃岭组上部地层中的遗迹化石

本文首次描述贵阳乌当泥盆系马鬃岭组上部地层中产出的遗迹化石10属,lO种（其中1个新遗迹种）,并对这些遗迹化石产出层位的沉积环境作了初步分析,认为主要属于Seilacher（1964,1967）的Skolithos遗迹相,为水动力条件较强的高能滨海沉积环境。     

Ichnofauna from the Harbans Bed of the Badhaura Formation (Sterlitmakian), Rajasthan,India

In the first ever systematic study of trace fossils from the Badhaura Formation, the authors described a nesting burrow, which they ascribed to a stomatopod. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: primarily, to document ichnofauna from (post-glacial marine late Palaeozoic rocks of peninsular India) the Badhaura Formation (Sterlitmakian) representing marine rocks deposited following the Late Palaeozoic glaciation and secondly to contribute to the data on post-glacial ichnofauna from constituent continents of the Gondwanaland. Trace fossils described here are from the Harbans Bed, the topmost lithounit of the Badhaura Formation. The ichnofauna includes Arenicolites tenuis, Beaconites isp., Curvolithus isp., Cylindrichnus concentricus, Didymaulichnus lyelli, Ophiomorpha isp., Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites beverleyensis, P. montanus, Rosselia chonoides, R. socialis, Skolithos linearis, Taenidium cameronensis, Thalassinoides paradoxicus, Thalassinoides isp. and a flask-shaped brood chamber assigned to a stomatopod crustacean. This mixed assemblage is assigned to distal Skolithos ichnofacies and is suggestive of a period of relatively quiet, shallow water conditions of deposition. The ichnofauna, when viewed in context of peri-gondwanic ichnofaunas, mainly consisting of simple tracks and trails, from late Palaeozoic post-glacial deposits of other Gondwanan continents, is interesting due to dominance of domichnia. Profusion of brood chambers along with Thalassinoides in the Badhaura Formation validates the concept of pre-Mesozoic Thalassinoides being non-decapod in origin and suggestive of adaptive convergence.