川东北地区普光2井飞仙关组储层沥青地球化学特征及成因分析

根据储层中沥青的产状及类型、族组成、饱和烃色谱、生物标志化合物以及储层沥青反射率等,对普光2井飞仙关组储层固体沥青的地球化学特征及成因进行了详尽的剖析。研究结果表明,普光2井飞仙关组储层沥青为古油藏原油经裂解成气之后的残留物,属热演化的焦沥青。储层沥青的正构烷烃分布较为完整,碳数在C14~C30范围,没有受到明显的生物降解作用。Pr/Ph、Pr/nC17和Ph/nC18比值都小于1.0;OEP值1.25～1.43,CPI值0.98～1.19,无奇偶优势或偶奇优势;规则甾烷系列中C27化合物含量占优势,C27-C29规则甾烷呈不对称的“V”字型分布,甾烷异构化程度较低,明显低于异构化平衡值,认为是由于高、过成熟阶段S构型比R构型裂解速率更快的结果。飞一段、飞二段孕甾烷、升孕甾烷含量明显较飞三段高,可能是有机质生源或沉积环境性质上的不同所致。萜类化合物以五环萜烷为主,三环萜烷较为发育,其以C23三环萜烷为基峰,伽马蜡烷的含量较高。这些特征表明普光2井储层沥青主要来源于低等水生生物,有机质的热演化程度较高,主要处于高-过成熟阶段,有机母质形成于沉积水体咸度较高的海相沉积环境中。储层沥青中高含量25 降藿烷并非生物降解作用所致,而主要与源岩的热演化程度较高有关。     

塔里木盆地西南坳陷柯东1号构造白垩系原油特征

柯东1号构造是塔里木盆地西南坳陷昆仑山前发育的断鼻型圈闭,钻探kd1井白垩系获高产工业油气流.原油地球化学特征表明,其为高含蜡中质成熟原油,甾烷中C27、C28、C29甾烷呈反“L”型分布,以C29甾烷含量高为特征,萜烷类C29、C30重排霍烷、C30未知萜烷、C24四环萜烷、Ts含量相对较高.生物标志物特征表明,该原油来源于二叠系烃源岩.据原油成熟度分析认为,该原油高分子量芳烃和低分子量的轻烃是烃源岩分别在成熟阶段与高-过熟阶段产物.因此,kd1井白垩系原油是二叠系烃源岩成熟期、高熟期两期充注的混合原油.     

塔里木盆地YN2井储层沥青的地球化学特征及成因分析

塔里木盆地东北部英吉苏凹陷YN 2井侏罗系、志留系储层分布有固体沥青,通过对此固体沥青的地球化学特征进行分析,并根据生物标志物组合特征,进行储层固体沥青-烃源岩中抽提物组成特征的地球化学对比研究,结果表明:YN 2井侏罗系、志留系储层沥青属于混合成因的固体沥青,主要由古油藏石油热蚀变作用造成的,并遭受了一定程度的生物降解;其正构烷烃呈双峰型前峰态或前峰型分布,主峰碳主要为nC16,饱和烃色谱基线下存在未分辨的复杂混合物。伽马蜡烷含量较高,ααα20R甾烷C27,C28,C29呈V型分布,ααα20R甾烷C27含量大于ααα20R甾烷C29为主。在m/z177色质谱图存在25-降藿烷。表明YN 2井的储层沥青遭受了生物降解。     

羌塘盆地马牙山沥青脉地球化学特征及其指示意义

本文以沥青抽提物的饱和烃色谱—质谱分析为基础，结合野外露头剖面沉积相分析,剖析了羌塘盆地马牙山沥青的地球化学特征，探讨了其沉积环境、成熟度和油源。测试结果表明：马牙山沥青的正构烷烃不具备明显的奇偶优势，(nC21+nC22)/(nC28+nC29)值较高，Pr/Ph、Pr/nC17值明显较低，C27、C28、C29规则甾烷呈不对称“V”字形分布，4—甲基甾烷普遍存在，Ts/Tm、C29ββ/(αα+ββ)、C2920S/(S+R)等热成熟度构型转化参数比值较低。饱和烃色谱质谱特征表明，沥青母源岩以海相水生生物输入为主，有机质处于低成熟演化阶段，有机母质形成于一定盐度的还原环境。油源对比显示，中侏罗统夏里组烃源岩与马牙山沥青的正构烷烃、甾烷、萜烷等生物标志化合物分布特征具有很好的对比性，反应了二者具有较强的亲缘关系。     

银根-额济纳旗盆地原油的发现及其主要地球化学特征

在银根－额济纳旗盆地东部查干凹陷和西部路井凹陷首次发现了轻质低硫成熟原油，其饱和烃含量在80％以上，非烃和沥青质含量低；饱和烃和芳烃成熟度参数表明它们均为成熟原油，其成熟度相当于镜质相反射率Ro0.8%-1.1%阶段，是生油高峰阶段的产物。原油全油碳同位素δ^13C值小于－31‰。生物标志物中类异戊二烯含量较高，植烷与姥鲛烷均势；查干凹陷原油三环萜烷含量高于五环萜烷，而路井凹陷原油三环萜烷含量相对较低；两原油中均含有较高的Ts,C29Ts,C30重排藿烷和伽马蜡烷，藿烷为主，C32以上升藿烷含量极低；孕甾烷含量较高，尤其是查干凹陷原油；甾烷中以C29甾烷为主，约占50％，C27和C28甾烷基本均势，异胆甾烷含量高于胆甾烷；重排甾烷含量低，甾烷的含量与萜烷含量相当，这些特征表明原油是典型的湖相原油，其主要的烃源岩是下白垩统湖相源岩而非侏罗系煤系烃源岩。     

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷石炭系原油形成过程及勘探意义

新疆三塘湖盆地马朗凹陷牛圈湖构造带马25井石炭系火山岩储层中发现了原油和固体沥青共存,通过储层多级分离抽提和原油地球化学分析,并对这些原油(或固体沥青)的形成过程与其勘探意义进行了研究,结果表明这些原油和沥青可能主要来自下石炭统烃源岩,具有较低姥植比和伽玛蜡烷含量、高丰度三环萜、高Ts/Tm比值和重族组分碳同位素(δ13C-28.0‰)特征;现今油藏原油富含生物降解标志物(25-降藿烷),同时却无明显其它生物降解特征(正构烷烃、甾藿烷等保存完整),反映多期充注特征,即二叠纪中晚期成藏后遭受生物降解,白垩纪后期又再次充注形成;下石炭系有效烃源岩的存在预示着本区具有深部下石炭统源岩贡献的油气藏勘探前景。     

塔北隆起雅克拉油气田原油成因特征

针对雅克拉油气田多个含油气层位的原油,进行了一系列的地球化学测试分析,对雅克拉油气田原油的地球化学特征、成因特征进行了解剖。研究结果表明,雅克拉油气田深浅不同层位原油轻烃组成与轻烃单体烃碳同位素、类异戊二烯烷烃组成以及原油与馏分碳同位素组成具有明显的海相原油特征;深浅层原油三环萜烷、C₂₈甾烷、三芳甾烷和甲基三芳甾烷以及原油与馏分碳同位素组成皆具有典型上奥陶统来源油的特征,与寒武-下奥陶统来源油特征差异明显,暗示雅克拉油气田原油来源于上奥陶统烃源层。     

盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征

运用碳同位素、气相色谱、色谱—质谱、流体包裹体技术，研究了盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征，并与永安凹陷永7井凝析油、下扬子海相原油进行了对比。该凝析油碳同位素为-28．8‰—30．5‰，全油色谱中含有一定的长使正构烷烃，Pr/Ph为1．56，三环菇烷含量高，伽玛蜡烷含量低，重排甾烷含量高，C29甾烷＞＞C27甾烷＞C28甾烷。石蜡指数、庚烷值表明原油为高成熟凝析油，甲基菲指数MPI表明原油为未熟—低藏原油，C29甾烷20S／(20S 20R)值表明原油为成熟原油。这种成熟度的差异可能与不同成熟度原油的混合作用有关。油气主要充注时间为6—15Ma。凝析油的主体可能源于泰州组烃源岩，凝析油的形成与蒸发分信作用密不可分。     

热力作用对塔里木盆地海相原油中甾烷类化合物组成和分布的影响

为了探讨热力作用对原油中甾烷类化合物形成和分布的影响,对塔里木盆地26个典型海相原油样品和1个热模拟样品进行系统的地球化学研究。结果表明:不同演化阶段原油中甾烷类化合物组成和分布的变化较为明显。高熟阶段原油的热裂解作用导致了甾烷类化合物含量大幅降低,过熟阶段甾烷类化合物含量的短暂升高则与原油中高分子量的烃类化合物裂解有关。随着热演化程度的增加,C₂₇和C₂₉规则甾烷在生成和裂解速率上的不同,致使C₂₇/C₂₉规则甾烷的值呈现先减小后增大的趋势,所以C₂₇/C₂₉规则甾烷的值在成熟-高熟阶段不能用于物源方面评价。同样由于热稳定性差异的影响,原油C₂₉甾烷异构化参数在高熟阶段发生“倒转”,因此可利用甾烷异构化参数倒转的特征来判断原油的热演化阶段。而原油中重排甾烷/规则甾烷的值与成熟度具有较好的正相关性,可作为原油在成熟-高熟阶段有效的成熟度评价参数。     

塔里木盆地塔东2井寒武系稠油地球化学特征与成藏

剖析塔东2井稠油的地球化学特征与形成过程,对深化塔里木盆地海相原油的成藏特征具有重要的意义。综合运用碳同位素、色谱、色谱—质谱等技术手段研究了塔东2井寒武系稠油的特征,研究结果揭示塔东2井寒武系稠油具高伽马蜡烷、高C28甾烷、低重排甾烷和高C27 三芳甾烷的特征,与寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩的分子特征类似,说明塔东2井寒武系原油源自寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩;塔东2井稠油中检出高丰度的稠环化合物（荧蒽、芘、苯并\[a\]蒽、屈、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘）,及全油的碳同位素值明显偏重,揭示了原油烃类经热蚀变发生稠化;流体包裹体均一化温度和埋藏—热演化史分析确定了塔东2井原油的成藏期为450~440 Ma。     

Geochemical characteristics and origin of reservoir bitumens from Well Zhong 1 in the Katake Uplift,Tarim Basin

The source of marine crude oils from Tarim Basin is still disputed.However,research on the reservoir bitumens may provide a piece of new evidence to elucidate oil source.Geochemical characteristics of reservoir bitumens from different strata from Well Zhong 1 in the Katake Uplift were discussed here in detail.Pr/Ph ratios of reservoir bitumen from Well Zhong 1 range from 1.14 to 1.39,CPI ratios from 1.01 to 1.08,which indicates no odd-even predominance of normal alkanes,with OEP ratios ranging from 0.98 to 1.05.The contents of gammacerane and C28 sterane of reservoir bitumen from Well Zhong 1 are low,while dibenzothiophene series are abundant.Ster-ane isomerization maturity parameter and Ts/(Ts+Tm) ratio indicate that the reservoir bitumen from Well Zhong1 is mature to highly mature.Based on the differences in biomarker distribution,it is concluded that reservoir bitumen from Well Zhong 1,of which molecular parameters are contrary to those in Cambrian oil from Well Tadong 2,origi-nated from the Upper Ordovician source rocks.     

四川盆地东北部海、陆相储层沥青组成特征及来源

本研究系统采集了四川盆地东北部大普光、元坝地区上三叠统须家河组、下三叠统飞仙关组、上二叠统长兴组和鄂西渝东地区中石炭统黄龙组储层固体沥青样品,进行了岩石热解、有机元素、碳同位素和饱和烃、芳烃组分GC/MS的分析,以确定其成因、性质和来源。这些沥青总体上具有低溶性(多数氯仿抽提物/TOC<8%)、高反射率(换算的Ro>1.4%)、低H/C原子比(<0.6)的性质,属焦沥青类,是古油藏原油或运移烃经热裂解成气的残留物。其中,飞仙关组、长兴组碳酸岩储层沥青的S/C原子比值普遍较高(主要在0.025~0.085范围),且硫同位素δ³⁴S值(主要在12‰~24‰)接近硬石膏,说明可能包含有部分TSR成因的沥青。这些高热演化沥青中饱和烃生物标志物的组成和分布出现了异常变化,基本失去了其常规应用意义。芳烃中2,6-/2,10-DMP(二甲基菲)、1,7-/1,9-DMP和4-/1-MDBT(甲基二苯并噻吩)比值,可用来指示沥青烃源岩的有机质生源构成和沉积环境性质。须家河组陆相沥青中这些芳烃比值较高,表征其烃源母质中陆源有机质占优势,且形成于氧化性的环境;而飞仙关组、长兴组及黄龙组海相沥青中这些参数值低得多,意味着其烃源岩有机质生源应以水生生物为主,并沉积于还原性环境。经沥青/烃源岩的碳同位素和二苯并噻吩系列组成对比,认为须家河组储层沥青来源于本层位烃源岩,飞仙关组和长兴组沥青同源于二叠系烃源层。鄂西渝东地区的黄龙组沥青碳同位素偏重(δ¹³C值为-23.2‰~-26.4‰),原始烃源可能主要来自中、下志留统韩家店组及小河坝组地层。     

Occurrence and composition of solid bitumens from the Bulonggoer Devonian paleo-oil reservoir,North Xinjiang,China

The Bulonggoer paleo-oil reservoir (BPR) on the northwest Junggar Basin is the first Devonian paleo-oil reservoir discovered in North Xinjiang, China. Solid bitumens occur within sandstone pores and as veins filling fractures. Samples of both types were analyzed using stable carbon isotope and reflectance measurements, as well as molecular biomarker parameters.The extremely positive δ¹³C values and biomarker indicators of depositional environment/lithology, such as pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph), C₂₉/C₃₀ hopane, diasteranes/regular steranes and dibenzothiophene/phenanthrene ratios, indicate a siliciclastic source for the BPR and their deposition in a highly reducing hypersaline environment. The presence of long chain n-alkanes and abundant tetracyclic diterpanes, C₂₀–C₂₁ tricyclic terpanes and perylene are indicators of higher plant organic matter input. Moreover, the bimodal distribution of C₂₇ > C₂₈ < C₂₉ regular steranes and abundant methyltriaromatic steroids also support a contribution of microalgae as well as higher plants organic matter. The similar molecular composition and thermal maturity parameters indicate that the reservoir and veined solid bitumens were altered from a common paleo-petroleum, which originated from peak oil window matured source rocks.All solid bitumens from the BPR are characterized by relatively low bitumen reflectance values (Rb% < 0.7), suggesting that they were generated from low temperature processes rather than oil thermal cracking. Comparatively, the Rb% values for veined bitumens are higher than reservoir bitumens, indicating that the veined bitumens occurred earlier and experienced higher thermal conditions.     

The characteristics of the biomarkers and δ13C of n-alkanes released from thermally altered solid bitumens at various maturities by catalytic hydropyrolysis

Solid bitumen occurs extensively in the paleo-reservoirs of marine sequences in southern China. The fluids in these paleo-reservoirs have usually experienced severe secondary alteration such as biodegradation and/or thermal maturation. The concentrations of extractable organic matter (EOM) in the resulting solid bitumens are too low to satisfy the amount required for instrumental analysis such as GC–MS and GC–IRMS. It is also difficult to get enough biomarkers and n-alkanes by dry pyrolysis or hydrous pyrolysis directly because such solid bitumens are hydrogen poor due to high maturities. Catalytic hydropyrolysis (HyPy) can release much more EOM from solid bitumen at mature to highly over-mature stages than Soxhlet extraction, dry pyrolysis and hydrous pyrolysis. However, whether the biomarkers in hydropyrolysates can be used for bitumen-source or bitumen–bitumen correlations has been questionable. In this study, a soft biodegraded solid bitumen sample of low maturity was thermally altered to various maturities in a closed system. HyPy was then employed to release bound biomarkers and n-alkanes. Our results show that the geochemical parameters for source and maturity based on biomarkers released from these thermally altered bitumen residues by HyPy are insensitive to the degree of thermal alteration. Furthermore, the maturity parameters are indicative of lower maturity than bitumen maturation products at a corresponding temperature. This suggests that biomarker source and maturity parameters, based on the products of HyPy, remain valid for bitumens which have suffered both biodegradation and severe thermal maturation. The distributions of δ¹³C of n-alkanes in hydropyrolysates are also insensitive to the temperature used for bitumen artificial maturation. Hence, the δ¹³C values of n-alkanes in hydropyrolysates may also provide useful information in bitumen–bitumen correlation for paleo-reservoir solid bitumens.     

普光气田及邻区碳酸盐储层沥青的分子地球化学研究

从普光气田及邻近地区二叠系和下三叠统15个含沥青碳酸盐储集岩样品分步提取了自由态油气组分和油气包裹体组分,并且应用限定体系(金管)热解实验获取了固体沥青热解组分.各组分进一步做色谱和色谱-质谱分析获取了生物标志物组成.分析结果表明,从油气包裹体组分、自由态油气组分至固体沥青热解组分,伽马蜡烷/C31升藿烷比值依次增高.同时油气包裹体组分 C23三环萜烷/(C23三环萜烷+C30藿烷)、C21/(C21+ΣC29)甾烷、C27重排甾烷/(C27重排甾烷+C27规则甾烷)、20S/(20R+20S) C29甾烷和αββ/(ααα+αββ) C29甾烷等成熟度指标与自由态组分相近,而明显高于固体沥青热解组分.根据分子指标,可以推断古油藏的原油来源于不同的烃源岩,早期充注的原油来源于下志留统烃源岩,具有较低的伽马蜡烷含量和较高的成熟度;晚期充注的原油来源于上二叠统烃源岩,具有较高的伽马蜡烷含量和较低的成熟度.固体沥青主要为晚期充注、来源于上二叠统烃源岩的原油裂解生气的产物     

南羌塘鄂斯玛地区早白垩世沥青地球化学特征及意义

首次在南羌塘安多县鄂斯玛地区早白垩世地层中发现沥青。从沥青有机碳含量、族组分及生物标志化合物方面综合研究了其有机地球化学特征,并进行了油源对比。研究结果表明,样品的有机碳含量为3.42%~75.01%,显示其有较高的沥青含量;族组成中重烃组分(非烃+沥青质)质量分数最高,其次为芳香烃,饱和烃质量分数最低。生物标志物研究表明,沥青的成熟度较高,沥青母岩的沉积环境为还原环境,其有机母质主要为混合来源,特别是藻类做出了重要贡献。运用生物标志化合物的相对含量指标进行油源对比研究表明,沥青可能来源于索瓦组泥岩。该研究成果对南羌塘的油气勘探具有一定意义。     

渤海湾盆地渤中19- 6凝析气田凝析油成熟度判定及成因意义

关于渤海湾盆地渤中19- 6凝析气田凝析油成熟度存在成熟与高成熟两种截然不同观点,尚未达到统一定论。本文综合利用轻烃、饱和烃和芳烃成熟度参数对凝析油成熟度进行了综合判定,并深入分析了凝析油和天然气的成因关系及凝析气藏形成机制。结果表明：异庚烷值与庚烷值、Ts/（Ts+Tm）与C29Ts/（C29Ts+C29H）、甲基单金刚烷指数与甲基双金刚烷指数、甲基菲指数、二苯并噻吩类成熟度参数和TNR2显示渤中19- 6凝析气田凝析油处于成熟阶段。结合天然气成熟度和储层流体包裹体特征,可知渤中19- 6凝析气田的原油成藏期早于天然气,随着晚期大量天然气的充注,油气会发生相控混溶作用形成含液态烃的气流体,当温度和压力达到混溶后烃类体系的露点以上,则形成凝析气藏。     

四川盆地东北部气田海相碳酸盐岩储层固体沥青研究

川东北地区海相碳酸盐岩生物礁滩相储层中普遍存在着固体沥青.本文以普光气田上二叠统长兴组和下三叠统飞仙关组储层中固体沥青为研究对象,在显微镜下观察固体沥青的产状特征,测定固体沥青含量和计算固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比率,分析固体沥青的成因及形成期次,推算古油藏的密度.普光气田飞仙关组固体沥青主要呈环边状附于鲕粒白云岩、残余鲕粒白云岩晶间溶孔,溶蚀孔壁,沥青含量在1.11%～5.73%之间,均值2.92%;长兴组生物礁储层固体沥青多呈团块状充填于各种溶蚀孔洞中,沥青含量0.31%～11.72%之间,均值3.57%.两套储层中的固体沥青含量都有随埋深而减少的趋势.飞仙关组储层中固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比约为22%,长兴组为43%～56%.普光气田储层固体沥青为热演化成因并为两期形成,飞仙关储层固体沥青为轻质油古油藏裂解形成,长兴组储层固体沥青为稠油古油藏裂解形成.     

Geochemical constraints on mixed source and hydrocarbon filling process in the Yingjisu Sag,Tarim Basin,Xinjiang

The Yingjisu Sag was petroliferous for normal oil, condensate oil, reservoir bitumen and natural gases. Geochemical studies showed that natural gases in the Yingjisu Sag were a gas mixture consisting mainly of Cambrian pyrolysis gas, Jurassic condensate oil in well Yingnan 2 and normal oil in well Tadong 2, reflecting the characteristics of marine-phase gases and oils, while crude oils in well Longkou 1 demonstrated the characteristics of both marine and terrestrial oils, which were derived from lower algae and higher plants. Jurassic oils from wells Longkou 1 and Huayingcan 1 and Cambrian crude oils from well Tadong 2 were derived mainly from Cambrian-Lower Ordovician source rocks. Jurassic and Silurian reservoir bitumens from well Yingnan 2 were biodegradated, suggesting they are of marine and terrestrial origins. The bitumens have similar geochemical characteristics, which are correlated well with Ordovician crude oils from well Tadong 2 and Jurassic condensate oil from well Yingnan 2. Based on the characteristics of tectonic evolution in this area and the analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation, the constraints on the mixed source and hydrocarbon filling process in the Yingjisu Sag were brought forward.