昭通巧家玄武岩中灯笼状葡萄石聚集体的形貌特征及成因

借助显微镜和扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射仪、电子探针、拉曼探针等现代仪器,对云南昭通巧家杏仁斑状玄武岩晶洞中灯笼状葡萄石聚集体的形貌和成因进行系统研究。葡萄石主要与水晶、绿帘石等矿物共生。葡萄石中普遍含有0.03%~0.06%的SrO,与其共生的绿帘石中SrO的含量(0.18%~1.70%)明显高于葡萄石;与葡萄石共生的水晶中气液包裹体主要成分为H_2O及少量CH_4。灯笼状聚集体由板柱状葡萄石单晶呈扇形密集分布,大多数晶粒的[010]方向垂直于灯笼状聚集体的横切面,[100]方向和[001]方向均平行于灯笼状葡萄石聚集体横切面且按一定的角度呈发散状。分析表明,葡萄石形成于低温(151.5℃~169.1℃)、低盐度(10.11%~11.81%)的热液环境中,成矿热液中少量甲烷等有机成分的存在,使葡萄石聚集体倾向于生长成整体具有更小比表面积的球形。晶洞中锶的来源与玄武岩层下的下二叠统(P1)富含锶的碳酸岩层密切相关。     

川南玄武岩晶洞中的沥青与铜矿物球粒研究

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩晶洞中产出大量石英、水晶、沥青、葡萄石以及铜矿物,根据其产状和矿物组合分为石英沥青、水晶-沥青及水晶-葡萄石球粒三种类型晶洞。水晶-葡萄石晶洞中矿物组合具明显球粒形貌特点,球粒由中心柱状 水晶及垂直水晶柱面生长的葡萄石球粒内圈与铜矿物球粒外圈组成。铜矿物球粒具有明显圈层结构,由自然铜核、黑铜矿 幔、硅孔雀石与孔雀石壳组成。野外及镜下观察显示,铜矿物集合体形态受自然铜形状和产出控制,铜矿物球粒主要分布 于多个葡萄石球粒边缘的汇聚处,核部自然铜为球粒状;脉状铜矿物由一向伸长自然铜与黑铜矿、硅孔雀石等矿物组成, 分布于晶洞裂隙中。碳同位素与红外光谱研究表明晶洞中的沥青为生物成因,属石油沥青,有机质可能来自下二叠统 （P13）碳酸盐。晶洞中矿物为含有机质成矿溶液依次结晶而成,其顺序为：玉髓或石英→水晶、沥青与自然铜→自然铜与 葡萄石→黑铜矿→硅孔雀石→孔雀石→方解石。沥青的螺旋生长花纹特征、水晶中包裹体均一化温度以及水晶中沥青与自 然铜之间的关系显示,沥青是有机质（原油）受热裂解转变而成,其形成温度约为290~230℃,自然铜的结晶温度为230~ 160℃。     

广西平桂地区观赏石简介

观赏石又称石玩、雅石、珍石、欣赏石等，泛指天然形成的，具有观赏、玩味、陈列和收藏价值的各种石质艺术品。广西平桂地区观赏石大致分为矿物观赏石、岩石观赏石和化石观赏石三类。矿物观赏石又分为单晶和晶簇两类，其晶簇再细分为单矿物晶簇和多种矿物组成的晶簇。     

浅谈观赏石的分类及评价原则

观赏石或称玩石、奇石、珍石、雅石和欣赏石,属宝石家族成员,是天然形成的有欣赏价值和商品价值的矿物岩石艺术品,又称艺石。它包括矿物晶体、造型石、纹理石、工艺石、生物化石、文房石和盆景石等。它以奇特的造型、美丽的色彩及花纹、细腻的质地而深受人们的喜爱。它们“物以稀为贵”,它又以天然形成为主,一般不作加工,注重形态、纹理,兼顾色彩、质地及产量,主要用于陈列、收藏及造园等。观赏石大致分为三个类型。一类是矿物晶体型,即强调矿物的颜色及组合晶体的完整性和晶体的名贵性。首先是名贵矿物晶体,如钢灰色放射状辉锑矿晶簇,黄色放射状锑赭石晶簇,赤如鸡冠短柱状雄黄与方解石晶簇,柠檬黄或金黄色放射状雌黄与方解石晶簇,多色彩长柱状电气石水晶晶簇,海蓝色柱状海蓝宝石与水晶晶簇,鲜红色箭簇状穿插双晶辰砂与方解石白云石晶簇,钢灰色柱状针状放射状辉铋矿晶簇,等等。其次是矿物以色、形或组合惊人,即矿物本身并不名贵,主要     

球粒状铁绿纤石（?）的形貌结构特征与成因

球粒状铁绿纤石(?)产出于云南昭通玄武岩晶洞中,与其共生的矿物有绿帘石、硅铁灰石、水晶、葡萄石及方解石等矿物.扫描电镜(SEM)下,该矿物呈扁平长柱状,沿柱体方向呈不同程度的弯曲,并绕球粒中的包裹体聚合生长成不同形状的球粒,聚合生长的方式取决于包裹体在球体中的位置与距离,越近球粒表面,越趋于平行排列.水晶的流体包裹体测温及拉曼光谱分析表明,铁绿纤石(?)属低温(148～169℃)热液产物,热液的盐度为 11%～12%,富含H2O及微量CH4,铁绿纤石(?)的形成可能与有机质(CH4)有关.     

论天然水晶形成机制

通过对石英、硅酸的物理性质,水晶晶洞、水晶矿床矿物流体包裹成分,不同颜色紫晶的痕量成分,水晶的共生、伴生矿物组合等相关问题的研讨,认为水晶的形成机制为:以硅氢化物气态形式迁移、分异、富集,在稳定、温和、宽松环境被缓慢氧化、水解,自由结晶成单晶和(或)晶簇的。     

麻江古油藏原生水晶中沥青包裹体特征及成因分析

在麻江古油藏都匀坝固剖面的下奥陶统红花园组中,在灰岩晶洞、溶孔、裂隙中充填有大量的沥青,晶洞中还同时发现与沥青共生的晶形完好、颗粒粗大的原生水晶,有的水晶中肉眼即可见黑色的固态物质.这种水晶包含沥青的现象并不多见,常见的矿物中的沥青包裹体多与气态及液态烃共生,一般分布在包裹体壁.     

结晶釉的硅灰石研究

本文导报利用天然矿物岩石为原料配制晶釉釉料的实验，并对形成硅灰石结晶釉的条件及釉析晶的晶体化学、形态学特征进行了讨论。     

我国发现的一种含锂新矿物——纤钡锂石 BaMg2LiAl3[Si2O6]2（OH）8

纤钡锂石产于湖南临武香花岭地区一水晶矿锂云母石英脉晶洞中,与锂云母、石英等矿物共生。矿物为浅黄白色,丝绢光泽,呈针状、纤维状、放射状或平行束状集合体,纤维长达1厘米。经X射线单晶及粉晶衍射测定:该矿物属斜方晶系,空间群Ccca,晶胞参数:a=13.60(?),b=20.24(?),e=5.16(?)。最强衍射线为:10.12(?)(100) 4.05(?)(78) 3.39(?)(91) 2.605(?)(31)2.390(?)(28)。     

关于硅灰石化学分析项目的研究

硅灰石矿物是一种自然产出的偏硅酸钙,其分子式为[CaO·SiO_2]_3,理论组成是CaO48.3％、SiO_251.7％。它作为工业矿物仅有卅年的历史,由于它具有低温快速烧成的窑业性能,近几年来已引起国内外有关行业的重视。其化学分析项目仍沿用了最初规定的SiO_2、CaO、MgO、Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3和灼减等6项。从吉林省所发现的几处硅灰石产地来看,其主要矿物成份是硅灰石、方解石、尚有少量白云石、透辉石、石榴石和葡萄石伴生。测定SiO_2、CaO是想知道矿物的主要成份;测定MgO想知道矿物中透辉石、白云石的含量;测定Al_2O_3想知道矿物中石榴石的含量;测定Fe_2O_3想了解矿物中的有害成份;测定灼减想知道矿物中CO_2的大概数。一般说来测定这6个项目基本上能判定硅灰石的质量。对硅灰石矿床进行工业评价时,主要以矿石中有益矿物硅灰石和     

A search for endogenous amino acids in the Martian meteorite EETA79001

The Antarctic shergottite EETA79001 is believed to be an impact-ejected fragment of the planet Mars. Samples of the carbonate (white druse) and the basaltic (lithology A) components from this meteorite have been found to contain amino acids at a level of approximately 1 ppm and 0.4 ppm, respectively. The detected amino acids consist almost exclusively of the L-enantiomers of the amino acids commonly found in proteins, and are thus terrestrial contaminants. There is no indication of the presence of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, one of the most abundant amino acids in several carbonaceous chondrites. The relative abundances of amino acids in the druse material resemble those in Antarctic ice, suggesting that the source of the amino acids may be ice meltwater. The level of amino acids in EETA79001 druse is not by itself sufficient to account for the 600-700 ppm of volatile C reported in druse samples and suggested to be from endogenous martian organic material. However, estimates of total terrestrial organic C present in the druse material based on our amino acid analyses and the organic C content of polar ice can account for most of the reported putative organic C in EETA79001 druse.     

内蒙古东北部阿龙山地区早白垩世A型花岗岩特征及其意义

内蒙古东北部阿龙山地区的早白垩世花岗岩岩体就位于火山喷发形成的塌陷破火山口中央或火山断裂中,岩石类型有石英二长（斑）岩、晶洞正长花岗岩、文象碱长石英正长岩等。岩石普遍具文象结构、晶洞构造,但未见碱性暗色矿物;岩石化学上具高硅、富碱和富铝、低钛镁等特征,且岩石中富集高场强元素（HFSE）,在微量元素蛛网图中出现Sr、Ba相对亏损,稀土配分曲线呈轻稀土富集的不对称右倾“海鸥”型,δEu亏损中等,岩石具较低的εNd（t）值（-3．00）和低的86Sr／87Sr初始值（0．708734）。以上岩体的岩石学、主微量元素及同位素特征表明,岩体具有铝质A1型花岗岩的特征,其成因与陆内巨量火山喷发造成的伸展、崩塌机制有关,反映了非造山板内拉张的构造环境。     

板栗状石英晶簇的发现及其形成条件分析

在上水桥金、萤石矿区的含矿硅化破碎带中,新发现一种围绕断层磨砾呈放射状生长的石英晶簇,因其像有刺、有壳、有仁的板栗,作者将其命名为板栗状石英晶簇。板栗状石英晶簇可能是硅质围绕悬浮于高比重热液中的断层磨砾生长形成,反映当时热液中可能含有高浓度的重金属化合物。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Antarctic Martian meteorites, carbonaceous chondrites, and polar ice

Recent analyses of the carbonate globules present in the Martian meteorite ALH84001 have detected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the ppm level (McKay et al., 1996). The distribution of PAHs observed in ALH84001 was interpreted as being inconsistent with a terrestrial origin and were claimed to be indigenous to the meteorite, perhaps derived from an ancient martian biota. We have examined PAHs in the Antarctic shergottite EETA79001, which is also considered to be from Mars, as well as several Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites. We have found that many of the same PAHs detected in the ALH84001 carbonate globules are present in Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites and in both the matrix and carbonate (druse) component of EETA79001. We also investigated PAHs in polar ice and found that carbonate is an effective scavenger of PAHs in ice meltwater. Moreover, the distribution of PAHs in the carbonate extract of Antarctic Allan Hills ice is remarkably similar to that found in both EETA79001 and ALH84001. The reported presence of L-amino acids of apparent terrestrial origin in the EETA79001 druse material (McDonald and Bada, 1995) suggests that this meteorite is contaminated with terrestrial organics probably derived from Antarctic ice meltwater that had percolated through the meteorite. Our data suggests that the PAHs observed in both ALH84001 and EETA79001 are derived from either the exogenous delivery of organics to Mars or extraterrestrial and terrestrial PAHs present in the ice meltwater or, more likely, from a mixture of these sources. It would appear that PAHs are not useful biomarkers in the search for extinct or extant life on Mars.     

单斜辉石的 X 射线粉末法研究

辉石是最重要的造岩矿物之一。无论是研究火成岩,变质岩,还是研究深部地质或月球岩石都离不开辉石的鉴定和研究。在工艺岩石学(例如铸石学)的研究中辉石鉴定问题也极为重要,尤其是X射线粉末法鉴定。因此,近五十年来很多人对辉石的X射线粉末图进行过研究。为了研究辉石类质同象对晶格常数的影响及其和成因的关系,各种辉石(主     

基于三维扫描与打印的岩体自然结构面试样制作方法与剪切试验验证

无法大量制作表面形态完全一致的含自然结构面的剪切试样一直是困扰岩石结构面力学试验深入研究的难题之一。借助最新发展的3D打印和表面快速扫描技术,提出了岩石自然结构面试样制作新方法。该方法采用三维扫描仪获得岩石自然结构面表面形态的高精度点云数据,然后通过逆向工程软件重构自然结构面的表面形态和含自然结构面的虚拟剪切模型,进而通过3D打印技术制作含自然结构面的PLA（绿色环保材料聚乳酸）塑材模具,最后借助PLA结构面模具在制样盒内通过相似材料浇筑成型出剪切试样,从而实现批量制作结构面形貌完全一致的相似材料结构面剪切试样,满足多种组合试样方案下岩石自然结构面的深入分析。采用这一方法针对3种岩石自然结构面进行了批量制作和剪切试验测试表明：（1）浇筑制作成试样的结构面表面高程与原始结构面高程之间的误差分析显示,岩石自然结构面可以高精度地复制到剪切试样中;（2）相同剪切试验条件下多个剪切试样的剪切位移-剪切力曲线的重合度非常高,表明制作的结构面剪切样的一致性好且试验结果离散性小;（3）通过剪切结构面试样在剪切前后的表面形态扫描分析发现,相同试验条件下自然结构面的剪切破坏形态具有非均匀性。     

干湿交替作用后砂岩破裂过程实时观测与分析

采用岩石破裂全过程的细观力学试验系统进行了天然状态及干湿交替作用后的完整和含预制圆孔砂岩试件的单轴压缩破裂试验。利用显微镜观察了砂岩裂纹萌生、扩展以及试件的失稳破坏过程。经过干湿交替作用后岩样更容易在较低的应力状态下发生裂纹的扩展,并且裂纹扩展的初始阶段一般表现为拉破裂。完整试件的裂纹是随机性的三维扩展,而有预制圆孔试件一般是从预制圆孔周边开始扩展。天然状态下的预制圆孔试件在起裂时从圆孔的压应力集中区产生剪切裂纹;而干湿交替作用后,起裂时可能先从拉应力集中区产生拉裂纹,并且裂纹演化过程更为复杂一些,破裂形式多样化。与天然状态相比,经过干湿循环作用后的砂岩破坏脆性降低,强度等力学参数也随干湿交替次数增加而逐渐降低。     

Physicochemical parameters of the origin of hydrothermal mineral deposits: Evidence from fluid inclusions. IV. Copper and molybdenum deposits

Physicochemical parameters of the origin of Cu and Mo deposits are reviewed based on an original database that currently includes information from more than 21000 publications on fluid and melt inclusions hosted in various minerals. The deposits are classified into three types: (i) Cu–Mo (usually porphyry), (ii) Cu (usually without Mo but often with base metals), and (iii) Mo (without Cu but often with Be and W). For these deposits, the temperature and pressure of their origin and the density, salinity, and gas composition of the fluids are discussed. The average composition of the dominant volatile components of natural fluids is reported for Cu and Mo deposits and is compared with the composition of volatiles in fluids at Au, Sn, W, Pb, and Zn deposits. Data on individual inclusions are used to evaluate the Cu and Mo concentrations in the magmatic silicate melts and mineral-forming fluids.     

Copper isotope fractionation during surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation by bacteria

Copper isotopes may prove to be a useful tool for investigating bacteria-metal interactions recorded in natural waters, soils, and rocks. However, experimental data which attempt to constrain Cu isotope fractionation in biologic systems are limited and unclear. In this study, we utilized Cu isotopes (δ⁶⁵Cu) to investigate Cu-bacteria interactions, including surface adsorption and intracellular incorporation. Experiments were conducted with individual representative species of Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, as well as with wild-type consortia of microorganisms from several natural environments. Ph-dependent adsorption experiments were conducted with live and dead cells over the pH range 2.5-6. Surface adsorption experiments of Cu onto live bacterial cells resulted in apparent separation factors (Δ⁶⁵Cu_{solution-solid} = δ⁶⁵Cu_solution − δ⁶⁵Cu_solid) ranging from +0.3‰ to +1.4‰ for B. subtilis and +0.2‰ to +2.6‰ for E. coli. However, because heat-killed bacterial cells did not exhibit this behavior, the preference of the lighter Cu isotope by the cells is probably not related to reversible surface adsorption, but instead is a metabolically-driven phenomenon. Adsorption experiments with heat-killed cells yielded apparent separation factors ranging from +0.3‰ to −0.69‰ which likely reflects fractionation from complexation with organic acid surface functional group sites. For intracellular incorporation experiments the lab strains and natural consortia preferentially incorporated the lighter Cu isotope with an apparent Δ⁶⁵Cu_{solution-solid} ranging from ∼+1.0‰ to +4.4‰. Our results indicate that live bacterial cells preferentially sequester the lighter Cu isotope regardless of the experimental conditions. The fractionation mechanisms involved are likely related to active cellular transport and regulation, including the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I). Because similar intracellular Cu machinery is shared by fungi, plants, and higher organisms, the influence of biological processes on the δ⁶⁵Cu of natural waters and soils is probably considerable.