岩溶区和碎屑岩区林地和农田土壤氮矿化过程对比研究

通过15N标记法和MCMC氮素转化模型,研究了岩溶区（石灰性土壤）和碎屑岩区（红壤）林地和农田土壤易分解有机氮矿化（M易）、难分解有机氮矿化（M难）和总有机氮矿化（M总）速率。结果发现,土壤矿化速率受土壤类型和土地利用方式的显著影响。林地石灰性土壤M总（3.71 mg N/kg）显著低于林地红壤（5.57 mg N/kg）,石灰性土壤MNlab（1.81 mg N/kg）与MNrec（1.90 mg N/kg）相近,而红壤M易（4.60 mg N/kg）显著高于M难（0.96 mg N/kg）。林地变为农田后,石灰性土壤M总 显著提高,而红壤显著降低。与林地相比,岩溶区农田土壤M易提高了72.5%,而M难下降了33.7%。碎屑岩区农田土壤M易和M难分别降低至2.47和0.46 mg N/kg。岩溶区土壤CaO和MgO含量与M易呈显著负相关,而与M难呈显著正相关,表明岩溶区土壤钙镁含量是影响氮矿化速率的重要因素。      

岩溶区砂糖桔短期种植对土壤氮转化过程的影响

利用¹⁵N同位素成对标记法并结合MCMC数值模型,研究岩溶区乔灌地开垦种植砂糖桔4年后土壤氮转化特征。结果显示:乔灌地开垦种植砂糖桔后,土壤有机氮矿化速率由2.93 mg N·kg^-1·d^-1显著下降至0.60 mg N·kg^-1·d^-1,土壤无机氮的供应能力降低,土壤有机氮矿化速率与土壤有机碳、全氮和全钙含量呈显著正相关性,与铁、铝、钾和黏粒比例呈显著负相关性;土壤铵态氮微生物同化速率由1.76 mg N·kg^-1·d^-1显著降低为0.10 mg N·kg^-1·d^-1,在砂糖桔地铵态氮微生物同化速率与有机氮矿化速率的比值仅为0.17。乔灌地土壤自养硝化速率高达11.06 mg N·kg^-1·d^-1,而硝态氮微生物同化作用微弱,硝态氮异化还原速率仅为0.64 mg N·kg^-1·d^-1,导致硝态氮净产生速...     

岩溶区原始林土壤微量元素含量与有效特征

以贵州茂兰、海南俄贤岭、云南西双版纳勐远仙境国家公园和绿石林自然保护区内具有典型岩溶地貌特征的原始林为研究对象,调查岩溶原始林地土壤4种微量元素（Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn）全量和有效态含量。结果表明,岩溶区原始林地土壤全铜、全铁、全锰和全锌含量分别为0.03~0.08 g·kg-1、35.6~57.4 g·kg-1、0.74~5.83 g·kg-1和0.13~1.03 g·kg-1,均超过国家背景值的平均值。研究区土壤Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn有效态含量分别为1.09~3.51 mg·kg-1、11.6~62.9 mg·kg-1、48.3~173 mg·kg-1和4.17~37.6 mg·kg-1,根据土壤微量元素有效态评价标准,4种微量元素有效态含量均处于较高水平。原始林地土壤Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn的活化率均值分别为5.48%、0.10%、6.44%、4.19%,表明岩溶区森林土壤Cu、Mn和Zn供素水平高,Fe供素水平低。4个原始林地土壤微量元素有效性综合指数（Et）为茂兰（21.0）>绿石林（12.8）≈勐远（12.7）>俄贤岭（5.15）,且Et与全氮和有机碳含量呈显著的正相关。      

断陷盆地区不同土地利用方式土壤钙形态分布特征

选择云南省蒙自市西北勒乡碧色寨村具有典型岩溶地貌特征的草地、人工林地、玉米地（由草地开垦种植玉米2年）和火龙果地（由草地开垦种植火龙果5年）作为研究对象,采用连续浸提（BCR）提取方法测定不同形态钙含量,以探讨岩溶区不同土地利用方式下石灰性土壤钙形态特征及其影响因素。结果表明:土地利用方式显著影响了土壤全钙含量及其形态分布;草地土壤全钙和各形态钙含量均高于其他土地利用类型,玉米地最低;４种土地利用方式土壤钙的赋存形态主要为交换态（占总量的59.4%~74.8%）,有机结合态钙含量最低（占总量的0.5%~1.0%）;全钙和各形态钙与有机碳、全氮、全镁、阳离子交换量（CEC）、pH呈显著正相关,说明全钙和各形态钙与土壤物理化学性质是互相影响的。      

云南岩溶断陷盆地植被演替土壤碳氮磷化学计量学特征

岩溶断陷盆地生态环境脆弱,石漠化严重,植被恢复是该地区生态重建、水土保持的有效措施。文章采用空间换时间的方法,以云南省泸西县岩溶断陷盆地5种不同演替阶段（玉米地、人工林、草地、灌木林、原始林）不同土层（0～10、10～20 cm）的土壤为研究对象,对比分析不同植被类型和不同深度条件下土壤C（碳）、N（氮）、P（磷）含量及化学计量比差异,旨在探明研究区土壤养分垂向分布及化学计量学特征,为该地区植被恢复管理及土地合理利用提供科学依据。结果表明：不同演替阶段、不同土壤深度土壤养分含量存在较大差异;随着演替年限的增长,土壤SOC（土壤有机碳）、TN（总氮）含量总体呈增长趋势且主要表现在0～10 cm深度土层上,而TP（总磷）含量存在波动,未表现出明显变化规律;各演替阶段0～10 cm土层的SOC、TN含量数值上均要高于10～20 cm土层,除原始林地以外,其余演替阶段不同土层间TP含量没有显著差异;在0～10 cm土层上,C/N、C/P、N/P均与土壤SOC含量呈显著正相关,C/P、N/P与土壤TN含量呈显著正相关,土壤TP含量与C/N、C/P和N/P无显著相关性;植被类型和土壤深度显著影响研...     

土壤冻融过程对祁连山森林土壤碳氮的影响

利用祁连山区3个气象站常年监测的冻土与温度资料,研究了0~60 cm层次土壤有机碳和全氮分布及与海拔高度、土壤温度的关系,并在室内模拟研究了冻融过程（-20~15 ℃）对祁连山青海云杉林和高山灌丛林土壤有机碳和氮矿化过程的影响. 结果表明：土壤的有机碳和全氮含量随海拔上升呈增加趋势,土壤有机碳和全氮含量与海拔呈显著正相关关系,与土壤温度呈显著负相关关系. 室内模拟实验表明,经过多次冻融循环过程,冻融处理抑制了土壤有机碳矿化过程,对照处理土壤有机碳矿化速率高于冻融处理. 冻融次数也是影响土壤有机氮矿化的一个重要因素,经过42次冻融,青海云杉林和高山灌丛林土壤中有机氮质量分数分别提高了2.42倍和2.82倍. 土壤冻融过程促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,有利于土壤中有效氮的累积.     

生物炭对岩溶区黄龙病脐橙园土壤N2O排放的影响

岩溶区黄龙病柑橘园土壤氮转化存在特殊性。土壤改良剂生物炭对岩溶区黄龙病柑橘园土壤N2O排放的影响及其微生物调节途径目前尚不清楚。本文通过室内培育试验研究了生物炭添加对岩溶区黄龙病脐橙园土壤N2O排放、土壤氮素净硝化率/矿化率、硝化和反硝化功能基因的影响及其相互关系。结果表明, 添加生物炭改变了土壤氮素净硝化率/矿化率、反硝化相关功能基因nosZ和硝化相关功能基因AOA-amoA、AOB-amoA的丰度, 添加量为2%时是多数指标增长的峰值, 与对照差异显著。添加生物炭降低了岩溶区脐橙园土壤N2O的平均排放速率和累积排放量, 但各处理间差异不显著。DCA排序显示生物炭添加不同处理N2O的排放速率主要受NH+ 4-N含量、nirK丰度、nosZ丰度的负向影响, NO– 3-N含量和AOA-amoA丰度的正向影响。若要进一步提升生物炭对该土壤的减排效果, 应注意提升土壤NH+ 4-N水平和反硝化相关功能基因丰度, 抑制土壤NO– 3-N水平和硝化相关功能基因AOA-amoA的丰度。本研究结果可为岩溶区黄龙病柑橘园土壤N2O减排及调节机制研究提供借鉴。     

桂西北典型岩溶区水稻田成土剖面砷的垂向分布特征及其影响因素

调查分析桂西北典型岩溶矿区及其周边水稻田成土剖面砷含量及相关土壤参数垂向分布特征,研究了岩溶区土壤砷的含量垂向分布及迁移规律,并探讨了岩溶区土壤砷垂向迁移的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区三个典型土壤剖面的主要土壤类型为石灰岩土,化学风化程度较高,土壤砷自然来源主要为土壤母质;土壤剖面砷含量的垂向分布均为表层相对富集、深层相对稳定,而土壤有机碳是制约岩溶区水稻田土壤砷垂向迁移的关键因素;矿区外围的两个土壤剖面砷含量主要富集在10～20 cm层,而在0～10 cm层砷含量相对较低,土壤砷含量平均值分别为5.5 mg·kg-1 和5.0 mg·kg-1 ;而临近矿区的土壤剖面具有土壤砷高背景值的特点,土壤砷含量平均值为46.2 mg·kg-1 ,且砷主要富集在20～40 cm的次表层,而在10~20 cm层砷含量则相对较低,但在0～10 cm层土壤砷含量又显著高于10～20 cm层,这表明外来源对该剖面表层土壤也具有显著影响。      

北方不同植被下土壤岩石试片的溶蚀速率及碳汇分析——以山西汾阳地区为例

通过山西汾阳不同植被条件下的对比溶蚀实验,并结合土壤有机碳和无机碳含量测试分析及土壤水分含量和CO2浓度野外现场测试,揭示出北方半干旱条件下的溶蚀速率特征及其影响因素,结果表明:（1）不同植被条件下的土下试片溶蚀速率差异明显,林地的地面以下溶蚀速率最大,为0.551 1 mg/(cm2?a),分别是灌丛[0.258 5 mg/(cm2?a)]和草地[0.254 7 mg/(cm2?a)]的 2.13倍和2.16倍;表明随着植被的正向演替,碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率有增加的趋势。（2）试片溶蚀速率主要受土壤有机碳、无机碳、水分控制,受土壤CO2浓度影响小;其中土壤有机碳含量、土壤水分与试片溶蚀速率呈正相关,土壤无机碳含量与试片溶蚀速率呈负相关;高浓度的无机碳使部分试片经过溶蚀后重量不减反增,造成试片溶蚀速率偏低。（3）以林地、灌丛、草地条件下试片土下平均溶蚀速率计算出研究区岩溶碳汇强度为1.815 tCO2/(km2?a),与前人根据水化学径流法计算的结果[8.69 tCO2/(km2?a) ]相比偏小。这意味着由溶蚀试片法来计算我国岩溶碳汇量可能会比实际偏小。      

岩性和种植年限对火龙果地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的影响

以石漠化问题突出区域——广西平果县太平镇耶圩火龙果种植园不同岩性背景(白云岩、碎屑岩)和不同种植年限(1、3、5a)土壤为研究对象,采用相关性分析和冗余分析方法探讨了不同岩性背景和火龙果种植年限下土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：①白云岩区土壤全磷含量显著高于碎屑岩区,而土壤有机碳含量、生态化学计量比(C/N、C/P和N/P)显著低于碎屑岩区;且白云岩和碎屑岩背景下的生态化学计量比(5.96、11.78、1.96和8.71、19.78、2.28)均远低于全国水平。②随着火龙果种植年限的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮含量和C/N、C/P、N/P呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,而土壤有效氮、全磷和有效磷含量无显著变化规律。随着土层深度增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮含量和C/N、C/P、N/P均增加,而土壤全磷含量无明显变化规律。③土壤C/N和C/P与有机碳、有效氮均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与土壤水分、容重呈显著负相关,土壤N/P与全磷呈显著负相关。④冗余分析表明不同岩性背景和火龙果种植年限下土壤有效氮含量是土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量比的重要影响因子,且呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。白云岩背景下火龙果的生长受到氮元素的影响更大,长期火龙果种植有利于碳、氮元素固存,土壤有效氮含量是影响土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量比的关键因子。     

土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌和真核生物群落结构的影响

土壤生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,在生态系统物质循环和能量转化中占有重要的地位.为揭示土地利用方式对岩溶断陷盆地土壤生物的影响,在获取土壤理化性质及碳氮磷化学计量学特征的基础上,利用16S rRNA和18S rRNA高通量测序技术研究了弃耕地、草地、人工林和天然林等土壤细菌与真核生物的群落结构.C:N、C:P和N:P比变化规律为弃耕地<草地<人工林<天然林,土壤细菌和真核生物α多样性、互作网络表现出相反的变化规律.土壤磷、钾和钙是影响岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌和真核生物群落结构和多样性的关键因素.RB41是决定岩溶断陷盆地土壤细菌-真核生物网络系统的关键类群.本研究结果为利用土壤生物进行石漠化治理及岩溶生态修复提供了理论基础.     

A Comparative Study on the Microbiological Characteristics of Soils Under Different Land—Use Conditions from Karst Areas of Southwest China

Microbiological and physical-chemical characteristics of subtropical forest,grassland and cropfield soils from the karst areas of Southwest China were investigated.The study revealed that the conversion of natural forest to other forms of land would lead to a reduction in soil organic C(26.2%-35.3%),total N(37.2%-55.8%),totalP(32.9%-43.6%),microbial biomass C(35.4%-49.1%),N(37.2%-55.8),and P(25.8%-41.9%).Comparative analysis of microbial activity in terms of basal soil respiration showed maximum activity in forest soil and minimum in cropfield soil.Analysis of microbial metabolic respiratory activity indicated a relatively greater respiratory loss of CO2-C per unit microbial biomass in cropfield and grassland than in forest soil.Considering the importance of microbial components in soil,it is concluded that land use in different ways will lead to the reduction of biological stabilty of soil.     

Nitrous oxide emissions from different land use patterns in a typical karst region, Southwest China

Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) from different land use patterns (matured forest, secondary forest, grassland and cropland) in a subtropical karst region of Guizhou Province, Southwest China, were measured for one year with a closed static chamber technique and by gas chromatography. The results showed that soil under different land uses was a source of atmospheric N2O. The cropland was a source with relatively high N2O as compared to forest and grassland, but no significant differences were observed. N2O emissions from soils varied with land use change and fertilizer application. There were two peaks of N2O flux occurred following the combination of two obvious precipitation and fertilizer events in the cultivated land. Converting from the matured forest to secondary forest tended to increase annual emissions of N2O (from 1.40 to 1.65 kg N ha -1 a -1 ), while changing land use from secondary forest to scattered grassland tended to decrease annual emissions of N2O slightly (from 1.65 to 1.45 kg N ha -1 a -1 ). Our range of cumulative annual N2O emission across different land uses (1.40-1.91 kg N ha -1 a -1 ) in a karst region is in general agreement with previously published data in a non-karst region. However, in the maize field, N2O emission factor (EF) was 0.34% for fertilizer application, which is about 71.2% lower than the IPCC default value. It is suggested that current IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) EF methodology could overestimate N2O emission from the karstic cropland. Anyway, the N2O emission from cropland in the karst region would contribute significantly to the global N2O budget, so reducing fertilization frequency during the crop growing season could lead to a decrease in N2O emission in the whole year.     

贵州喀斯特山区植被演替对土壤有效性氮磷含量及酶活性的影响

对贵州南部茂兰喀斯特山区不同植被类型的土壤进行调查与采样分析,探讨植被演替过程中土壤生物有效性氮磷含量及酶活性的变化。结果表明:喀斯特植被从阔叶林向灌木林及灌草丛的演变过程中,土壤全氮、活性有机磷含量出现下降;而速效氮、硝态氮、速效磷及水溶性磷的含量出现显著的降低,灌草丛土壤中速效氮、硝态氮、速效磷及水溶性磷的平均含量分别比原生阔叶林土壤减少28.09%、65.44%、69.42%和81.71%;同时,土壤脲酶、蛋白质酶、磷酸酶活性分别比原生阔叶林土壤减少74.72%、63.08%和50.32%。在喀斯特山区土壤生物有效性氮磷含量的变化明显地受到植被群落演变的影响,森林退化主要导致土壤硝态氮及水溶性磷数量的明显减少。      

Response of some soil attributes to different land use types in calcareous soils with Mediterranean type climate in north-west of Iran

Monitoring general variability of soil attributes is a fundamental requirement from the point of view of understanding and predicting how ecosystems yield. In order to monitor impact of different land use types on the combination of morphological, clay mineralogical and physicochemical characterizes, 42 soil samples (0–30 cm) were described and analyzed. Soil samples belonging to Cambisols and Vertisols reference soil groups collected from three neighboring land use types included cropland (under long-term continuous cultivation), grassland, and forestland. The soils were characterized by high pH (mean of 7.1–7.5) and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) (mean of 35–97 g kg^?1) in the three land use types. The weakening in soil structure, hardening of consistency, and lighting of soil color occurred for the cropland under comparable condition with grassland and forest. Changes in land use types produced a remarkable change in the XRD patterns of clay minerals containing illite and smectite due the dynamic and removal of potassium. Continuous cultivation resulted in an increase in sand content up to 35 % while silt and clay content decreased up to 22 and 18 %, respectively, as compared to the adjoining grassland and forest mainly as a result of the difference of dynamic alterational and erosional process in the different land use. Long-term cultivation caused a negative and degradative aspects on soil heath as is manifested by the increasing in soil pH (a rise of 0.3–0.46 unit), electrical conductivity (EC) (a rise of 1.78–5.5 times), sodium absorption ration (SAR) (a rise of 10–51 %), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) (a rise of 3–46 %), and the decrease in soil organic C (a drop of 12–41 %), along with soil fertility attributes. Overall, the general distribution of soil organic C, total N, available P and K, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, and K) followed the order: forestland > grassland > cropland. The general distribution of EC, SAR, ESP, and exchangeable Na, however, followed the order: cropland > grassland > forestland. Soil quality index (SQI), calculated based on some physicochemical properties, specified that cultivation led to a negative effect in SQI for both Cambisols (a drop of 10–17 %) and Vertisols (a drop of 17 %) as compared to those of under grassland and forestland.     

Relationships between the soil organic carbon density of surface soils and the influencing factors in differing land uses in Inner Mongolia

Land use patterns are changing and the environment has become more vulnerable in an agro-pastoral ecotone in Inner Mongolia. Modeling studies can be done through studying the relationships between the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) and the influencing factors in differing land uses such as cropland, forest and grassland. Such studies can provide the basis for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and using land resources efficiently. Therefore, the relationships between the SOCD of surface soils and the influencing factors, such as soil type, slope and elevation, were selected for a study in differing land uses of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that: (1) The variation in SOCD among the soil types followed the same order in the three land uses: chernozems > meadow soils > bog soils > castanozems > gray-cinnamon soils > eolian soils. The sensitivity of SOCD to land use change was different for the six soil types. Both the degradation of grassland and the application of the government policy of returning forest from cropland induced the greatest variation in SOCD. (2) SOCD correlated significantly with soil type and elevation in each land use. There was a significant correlation between SOCD and slope in the forest. (3) Statistical models showing SOCD and the influencing factors were developed and provided the basis for predicting SOC stocks in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia.     

Variations in soil characteristics among urban green spaces in Kumasi,Ghana

Urban soils, although crucial to defining urban vegetation types and strengthening the resilience of urban ecosystems, can be severely modified by human activities. Yet understanding of these modifications and their implications for soil properties is limited. This study examined the vertical and spatial variability of selected soil physicochemical properties (pH, SOM, OC, TN, and bulk density) in Kumasi, Ghana, using a stratified random sampling technique. Soil samples were collected at three depths (0–15, 15–30, and 30–60 cm) from 161 plots in eight green space types within two urban zones. Mean topsoil pH ranged between 5.0 in the natural forest and 6.5 in home gardens. Mean bulk density, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations differed among green space types and depths (p?<?0.0001). Soil nitrogen and carbon concentrations in the 0–15 cm depth were two times greater than those of the 30–60 cm depth. Soil pH and organic matter concentrations were higher in the core urban soils than in the peri-urban while the reverse was true for total soil N and bulk density. Canonical discriminant analysis showed considerable separation of green space types based on the soil physicochemical properties. Higher total nitrogen and C:N ratios separated natural forest and cemetery from the other UGS types, whereas higher pH and bulk densities separated plantations and home gardens from the rest of the UGS types. Furthermore, the subsoil layers were laden with undecomposed cloths, plastics, concrete, and metal parts which can obstruct root growth and water movement. Results generally demonstrate considerable variability in soil properties among urban green spaces and highlight the need for a better understanding of these patterns to ensure continued support for plant growth, green space sustenance and maintenance, and the ecosystem services derived from them.     

喀斯特石漠化治理措施对土壤颗粒有机碳与团聚体有机碳的影响

文章以耕地为对照,分析不同石漠化治理措施（花椒林和次生林）对土壤0~20 cm土层有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、矿物结合有机碳(MOC)和团聚体有机碳的影响,探讨POC、MOC与SOC、团聚体有机碳的关系。结果表明:与耕地相比,花椒林和次生林均不同程度提高SOC、POC、MOC和团聚体有机碳含量。0~10 cm土层次生林SOC含量和各粒径团聚体有机碳含量均显著高于耕地和花椒林,在10~20 cm土层无显著差异;0~20 cm土层花椒林和次生林土壤POC含量显著高于耕地,MOC无显著差异。POC/SOC范围为20.38%~45.27%,花椒林和次生林显著高于耕地。相反,MOC/SOC为耕地显著高于花椒林和次生林 。退耕为花椒林和次生林后,SOC含量的增加主要以POC含量增加为主。次生林和花椒林>2 mm粒径对SOC贡献率显著高于耕地,但0.25~2 mm粒径、0.053~0.25 mm粒径和 < 0.053 mm粒径对SOC贡献率显著低于耕地。其相关分析表明:POC、MOC与SOC、团聚体有机碳的关系均呈正相关,表现为次生林 > 花椒林 > 耕地。退耕恢复为花椒林和次生林后,SOC、POC和MOC增加量与团聚体有机碳增加量显著相关,其以次生林的相关性较强。石漠化治理措施改变SOC物理组分及其组成以及它们之间的关系,从而促进有机碳的积累。