广东河台金矿两阶段成矿事件:来自含金石英脉阴极发光和流体包裹体研究

为进一步厘定广东河台金矿成矿流体的来源并深刻揭示其成矿过程,利用扫描电子显微镜-阴极发光(SEM-CL)成像技术对河台金矿含金石英脉中的石英进行了世代划分,并对不同世代石英开展了流体包裹体研究.通过观察石英的阴极发光图像,将含金石英脉中的石英分为早世代石英(Q1)和晚世代石英(Q2),两世代石英中均可见金矿化.Q1中流体包裹体可分为3类:ⅠQ1型H2O-CO2包裹体、ⅡQ1型气液两相富H2O包裹体和ⅢQ1型富CO2包裹体,其中ⅡQ1、ⅢQ1型包裹体可见共生,其均一温度分别为214～349℃(均一到液相)和368～406℃(均一到气相),盐度分别为1.4％～9.2％NaCleqv和0.8％～3.7％NaCleqvo Q1中记录的早期成矿流体发生了不混溶作用,流体特征与造山型金矿相似.Q2中流体包裹体可分为4类:Ⅰ Q2型H2O-CO2包裹体、ⅡQ2型气液两相富H2O包裹体、ⅢQ2型富CO2包裹体和ⅣQ2型含子晶包裹体,其中ⅢQ2、ⅣQ2型包裹体密切共生,其盐度分别为0.4％～4.6％NaCleqv和32.9％～37.4％ NaCleqv,均一温度分别为312～398℃(均一到气相)和273～349℃(均一到液相).Q2中记录的晚期成矿流体发生了沸腾作用,其流体特征类似一些高温岩浆热液系统.综合前人的年代学研究结果,本文认为河台金矿经历了加里东期和燕山期两期矿化事件,加里东期形成造山型金矿并在燕山期被岩浆热液作用改造.     

胶东三甲金矿床流体包裹体特征

三甲金矿是胶东牟平-乳山金成矿带内重要的石英脉型金矿,金主要产于黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英脉中。流体包裹体研究表明,三甲金矿蚀变岩石和各成矿阶段金矿石中的流体包裹体主要有三种类型：H2O-CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和H2O溶液包裹体。早期乳白色石英中主要赋存原生的H2O-CO2包裹体;成矿期黄铁矿石英脉和多金属硫化物石英脉中的富CO2包裹体主要为原生,随机分布,气液比变化较大,常与早期H2O溶液包裹体共生且均一温度接近,显示不混溶流体包裹体组合特征;在成矿晚期的石英和方解石中主要发育原生H2O溶液包裹体。显微测温结果显示,成矿前（第1阶段）H2O-CO2包裹体的完全均一温度（Tb．TOT,至液相）为280℃至416℃,成矿期（第Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段）富CO2包裹体的完全均一温度为210—330℃,同期的H2O溶液包裹体均一温度为253～377℃,成矿后（第Ⅳ阶段）H2O溶液包裹体的均一温度为176—207℃。成矿流体为低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl型热液,成矿应力场转变导致的流体减压沸腾作用可能是三甲金矿金沉淀成矿的主要原因。     

胶西北新城金矿成矿流体与矿床成因

新城金矿是胶东招远-莱州成矿带内重要的蚀变岩型金矿.流体包裹体研究表明,新城金矿蚀变岩石和各成矿阶段金矿石中的流体包裹体主要有3种类型:H2O-CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和H2O溶液包裹体.早期乳白色石英中主要赋存原生的H2O-CO2包裹体;成矿期黄铁矿石英脉中的富CO2包裹体主要为原生,随机分布,常与同时期的H2O...     

北山金窝子金矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿流体演化

金窝子金矿床为于甘肃北山中成矿带。包裹体测温研究表明，从成矿初期到主成矿阶段，石英捕获了H2O—NaCl，H2O-CO2-CH4-NaCl，或H2O-CO2-NaCl体系的流体。大脉型金矿成矿初期，热液成矿流体由高温中盐度H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4四端元组份混溶的均一相热液流体；石英-黄铁矿和多金属硫化物阶段，石英捕获两成分和温度都不相同的热液组份：低盐度、富水溶液、较冷的热液和高盐度、富挥发份CO2、CH4和水蒸气、较热的热液。主成矿阶段石英捕获的两类型包裹体的完全均一温度相差近100℃，而且富挥发份流体盐度相对于贫挥发份流体盐度高，上述特征表明主成矿期3号脉大规模金成矿并非流体沸腾作用结果。网脉型金矿（210号脉）黄铁矿-石英成矿阶段、石英．黄铁矿和多金属硫化物成矿阶段石英捕获的地质流体的温度-成分特征无明显差异，均捕获了两种组份不同、成矿温度一 致的地质流体（高盐度富水溶液流体和富堤盐度CO2＋CH4流体），与许多金矿的流体不混溶金成矿机制矛盾。     

小秦岭文峪金矿床流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

文峪金矿位于小秦岭矿田南部,其产出受脆-韧性剪切带控制,赋矿围岩为太华群变质杂岩.根据脉体穿切关系和矿物交代关系,可以将文峪金矿流体成矿过程分为早、中、晚三个阶段,其热液石英中发育CO2-H2O型、纯CO2型和H2O溶液型三种类型流体包裹体.平阶段石英中原生包裹体主要是CO2-H2O型和纯CO2型,其成分为CO2+H2O±N2±CH4,均一温度集中在290～330℃,盐度为1.02％～9.59％ NaCleqv;中阶段为主成矿阶段,该阶段石英中包含了所有3种类型的包裹体,其中以CO2-H2O型包裹体为主,获得CO2-H2O和水溶液包裹体均一温度集中在250～290℃,盐度为0.02％～12.81％NaCleqv;晚阶段石英仅发育水溶液型包裹体,具有较低的均一温度(114～239℃)和盐度(4.18％～8.95％ NaCleqv).根据CO2-H2O型包裹体计算早、中阶段压力分别为130 ～ 178MPa和85 ～ 150MPa,对应的成矿深度分别为4.7～6.5km和3.1～5.5km.总体而言,文峪金矿的初始流体具有中高温、富CO2、低盐度的变质流体特征,晚成矿阶段流体演化为低温、低盐度水溶液流体,流体的不混溶导致了主成矿期矿质的大量沉淀,文峪金矿为中浅成的造山型矿床.     

青海什多龙热液脉型钼铅锌矿床流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

什多龙热液脉型钼铅锌矿床受印支期成生的NNW向断裂构造控制,与该期构造运动导致的花岗岩类岩体的侵入活动紧密关联.热液成矿过程包括四个阶段,依次以石英-辉钼矿化(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿-闪锌矿化(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物化(Ⅲ)及石英-碳酸盐化(Ⅳ)为特征.矿石石英中主要发育两类流体包裹体:富水的CO2-H2O两相包裹体与H2O溶液包裹体(包括富气相、富液相与纯液相三类).Ⅰ阶段包裹体均一温度为317～ 397℃,盐度为9.98％～12.28％ NaCleqv;Ⅱ阶段包裹体均一温度为226 ～ 342℃,盐度为4.34％ ～ 10.98％ NaCleqv;Ⅲ阶段包裹体均一温度为131 ～247℃,盐度为2.07％ ～5.41％NaCleqv.流体叠加作用强烈,早阶段矿石石英中常见沿微裂隙捕获的晚阶段包裹体.流体包裹体气液相组分的分阶段热爆研究表明,成矿流体主要属于K+-Na+-SO42-型,从Ⅰ阶段至Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段,阴阳离子总量急剧降低;气相组分除H2O与CO2外,还含有相对较多的N2、CH4等气体.Ⅰ阶段流体为混入了大气降水的岩浆水,Ⅱ阶段发生流体混合作用,大量大气降水与部分地层水混入流体系统中,Ⅲ阶段流体以大气降水及地层水为主.流体混合作用及伴随的温压条件的降低是导致铅锌等成矿元素沉淀与富集的重要机制.     

胶西北留村金矿成矿流体特征与矿床成因

留村金矿床位于胶东招远-莱州成矿带南端,是发育于古老变质岩中的小型石英脉型金矿.流体包裹体研究表明,留村金矿成矿流体为中低温、中低盐度的H2O-CO2-NaCl型流体体系,成矿流体从初始H2O-CO2-NaCl 体系逐渐演化成简单的低盐度H2O-NaCl体系,主成矿期的温度、压力分别为161～354℃和80～310 M...     

藏南马扎拉金锑矿床成矿流体地球化学和成矿机制

马扎拉是藏南金锑成矿带内最具有代表性的金-锑矿床.为了更直接地了解该矿床的流体物理化学特征,探讨成矿流体来源、成矿机制及其矿床类型,本文对该矿床中主要载金矿物辉锑矿及石英中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温研究.流体包裹体岩相学观察表明,辉锑矿及石英具有近乎相同的4类流体包裹体类型:富液两相水溶液包裹体、三相CO2-H2O包裹体、纯CO2包裹体和纯H2O包裹体.红外显微测温结果显示,辉锑矿中流体包裹体均一温度(Th)峰值为180 ～ 210℃,盐度峰值介于2.5％～3.4％ NaCleqv,密度峰值在0.895～0.915g/cm3之间.石英中流体包裹体Th、盐度及密度均具有三个明显峰值,Th为270～300℃、225～255℃和180～ 210℃,盐度为4.3％～4.9％ NaCleqv,3.4％ ～4.0％NaCleqv和2.8％ ～ 3.4％NaCleqv,密度为0.895 ～0.915g/cm3、0.835～0.855g/cm3和0.775～0.795g/cm3.对比辉锑矿和石英中流体包裹体测温结果可见,辉锑矿中流体包裹体Th和盐度比石英偏低,而密度较石英偏高,表明含金石英可能先于辉锑矿从成矿流体中沉淀,且辉锑矿大量沉淀成矿时可能不断有较低温、低盐度和较高密度流体混入.辉锑矿及石英中流体包裹体水的δDH2o为-68.1‰～-108‰,δ18OH2o为-2.2‰ ～ 12.2‰,在δD-δ18O投影图上主要位于变质水附近,个别样品靠近大气降水,表明成矿流体为变质水与大气降水的混合.石英中流体包裹体的δ13C为-2.9‰～-3.5‰,平均值为-3.1‰,落入幔源碳同位素组成范围(δ13C=-5‰～-2‰)之内,说明CO2可能主要为幔源,而辉锑矿中流体包裹体的δ13C为-12.6‰,明显小于幔源碳同位素组成,说明在辉锑矿成矿过程中可能有少量地层有机碳加入.马扎拉金锑矿床成矿流体具有富含CO2、低盐度、低密度和中低温度的特征,与造山型金矿成矿流体相似.地质和地球化学特征显示马扎拉金锑矿床为喜马拉雅期陆陆碰撞造山型金锑矿.     

湖北竹山县银洞沟矿床成矿流体特征及矿床成因

银洞沟大型银多金属矿床位于南秦岭造山带,矿体主要受东西向的银洞岩背斜控制,呈脉状产于武当山群变火山岩.热液成矿作用包含4个阶段:(Ⅰ)细粒石英-闪锌矿-方铅矿阶段;(Ⅱ)细粒石英-银金矿化阶段;(Ⅲ)粗粒石英阶段,含少量方铅矿-闪锌矿-黄铜矿;(Ⅳ)块状铁白云石-石英阶段.银洞沟矿床流体包裹体可分为3类:NaCl-H2O型(W型)、CO2-H2O-NaCl型(C型)和CO2-CH4型(PC型).Ⅰ阶段石英中的流体包裹体以W和C型为主,含少量PC型,相比Ⅰ阶段,Ⅱ阶段的C型包裹体更多,而Ⅲ阶段仅发育W型包裹体.显微测温表明,Ⅰ阶段流体包裹体均一温度为308 ～ 436℃,盐度为5.1％～10.2％ NaCleqv;Ⅱ阶段均一温度为220～375℃,盐度为2.0％～ 10.7％ NaCleqv;Ⅲ阶段均一温度为122 ～272℃,盐度为0.4％～7.2％ NaCleqv.根据C型包裹体估算前两个阶段压力分别为330 ～463MPa和180～363MPa,相应成矿深度分别为12.5～17.5km和6.8 ～13.8km.从Ⅰ到Ⅲ阶段,δ18OW、δD平均值分别由8.4‰和-72‰,变化至0.9‰和-67‰,指示初始成矿流体来自变质热液,晚阶段混入了大气降水.流体包裹体与氢氧同位素数据表明,银洞沟矿床成矿流体为中温、低盐度、富CO2的变质热液,属于造山型矿床,流体的混合可能是金属沉淀的主要机制.     

河南省新县姚冲钼矿床流体包裹体研究

河南省新县姚冲钼矿床产于大别造山带,属于陆-陆碰撞体制的斑岩型矿床,其流体成矿过程可以分为早、中、晚三个阶段,分别以石英+钾长石±黄铁矿±磁铁矿、石英±钾长石+辉钼矿±其他硫化物和石英±碳酸盐±萤石组合为标志.热液石英和萤石中发育纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、CO2-H2O型包裹体(C型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)和含子晶多相包裹体(S型).早阶段石英中发育纯CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O型包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,中阶段的石英则发育CO2-H2O型包裹体、水溶液包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,在晚阶段的无矿石英脉中发育水溶液包裹体和少量的CO2-H2O型包裹体,石英-碳酸盐-(萤石)脉石英与萤石中只发育水溶液包裹体.早阶段流体包裹体的均一温度为277～ 380℃,集中于300～ 360℃,盐度变化于3.0％～10.3％ NaCleqv之间.中阶段包裹体均一温度介于185 ～ 351℃之间,集中在260～ 320℃,盐度介于2.4％ ～9.3％NaCleqv;晚阶段包裹体均一温度为139 ～245℃,盐度介于0.7％ ～6.3％ NaCleqv之间.中阶段多相包裹体中常见黄铜矿和其他透明子矿物,表明流体具有还原性、过饱和的特征,是矿石矿物沉淀的主要阶段.估算早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别集中于47 ～ 131MPa和26 ～118MPa,所对应的成矿深度分别约为4.7km和2.6～4.2km.上述流体包裹体的研究表明姚冲钼矿床的初始成矿流体具有高温、高盐度、富CO2的特征,同时预测了深部找矿潜能.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.