辽宁西部地区铁矿类型及勘查开发方向探讨

辽宁境内下辽河凹陷以西地区,是晋冀铁矿集中区的东延部分,铁矿资源丰富.根据铁矿成矿地质条件、成矿时代及演化特点,结合近几年勘查开发工作的新进展,认为该地区铁矿床的类型有沉积变质型、沉积型、岩浆型、矽卡岩型和热液型.在寒武纪页岩之下有可能寻找到沉积型铁矿床.在辽西与河北大庙之间的华北地台北缘隆起区,岩浆型铁矿具有较大的找矿潜力,重点靶区为北票松台沟地区,朝阳崔家店地区,建平深井-青风山地区.而沉积变质型铁矿在北票宝国-牛虎头沟,朝阳老西沟,建平大南沟-锅底山、卧龙岗,凌源黑沟等地区的建平岩群中应具有找矿潜力.     

高分辨率遥感影像在新疆塔什库尔干地区沉积变质型铁矿勘查中的应用

采用Worldview-2、Quickbird高辨率分数据及Aster数据,开展了新疆塔什库尔干地区的沉积变质型铁矿遥感综合研究工作。在对研究区开展高分辨率遥感影像特征、遥感异常等成矿信息综合分析的基础上,以老并一赞坎铁矿区为例,建立了区域沉积变质型铁矿的遥感找矿模型,并利用该模型选择塔萨拉地区作为成矿有利地段进行了深入细致的研究,圈定了塔萨拉地区矿化蚀变带的分布范围。研究成果表明在布伦阔勒岩群南部的塔萨拉地区具有较好的寻找沉积变质型铁矿的前景。     

吉林和龙第二林场铁矿床地质特征及找矿方向

该铁矿床产于中太古界夹皮沟群三道沟组地层中,与桦甸市老牛沟铁矿、桦甸市头道岔铁矿及和龙市官地铁矿相同,均为沉积变质型铁矿床。空间上矿体呈条带,受地层控制,该矿床的找矿成果对指导区域铁矿地质找矿具有实际应用意义。     

吉林和龙第二林场铁矿床地质特征及找矿方向

该铁矿床产于中太古界夹皮沟群三道沟组中,与桦甸市老牛沟铁矿、桦甸市头道岔铁矿及和龙官地铁矿相同,均为沉积变质型铁矿床。空间上矿体呈条带,受地层控制,该矿床的找矿成果对指导区域铁矿地质找矿具有实际应用意义。     

我国菱铁矿矿床的基本地质特征及成矿规律

菱铁矿矿床,无论是从它的工业利用价值还是从我国铁矿成矿地质条件来看,都是一个值得重视的铁矿工业类型。迄今我国已发现的菱铁矿矿床,可以划分出沉积和沉积变质两个主要工业类型(见表)。沉积型菱铁矿矿床,有一部分和赤铁矿共生。两类矿     

辽宁查马屯铁矿的发现及找矿意义

查马屯铁矿是一通过航磁异常筛选、高精度磁测、磁异常研究和钻探工程验证发现的隐伏在中生代火山沉积岩之下的沉积变质型大中型铁矿床。在介绍该矿发现过程及矿床地质特征的基础上,提出了该地区在元古宙冀东辽西裂陷槽发展时期,可能是一个孤岛状隆起,或者与北侧的内蒙古陆连为一体的新认识,为在辽西火山沉积盆地寻找沉积变质铁矿提供了地质依据,并对矿致航磁异常筛选、勘查思路与方法、找矿突破方向进行了探讨,可以为在相似条件下寻找深部隐伏铁矿作为参考和借鉴。     

广东海南岛石碌铁矿富钾流纹质熔结凝灰岩的发现及其意义

广东海南岛石碌铁矿是我国著名的富铁矿,开采历史悠久。解放后,先后对该矿床开展了大量地质研究工作。但长期以来,对矿床成因一直存在较多争论,主要观点有热液接触交代说、沉积变质热液改造说和火山沉积变质说等。在火山沉积变质说中,多数人认为矿质来源于远源火山。 近年来我们在多次野外观察基础上,综合运用偏、反光显微镜、扫描电镜、岩石矿物光     

鞍山式铁矿磁性研究

鞍山式沉积变质铁矿床是具有强磁性的重要铁矿工业类型之一。应用磁法找寻这种类型铁矿床巳成为广大地质工作者和地球物理工作者的常识。众所周知,鞍山式沉积变质铁矿床产于含铁岩系的含铁石英岩中,在有利于富铁矿的成矿条件下,往往有规模不等的富铁矿体赋存。如何应用磁测成果在含铁石英岩中找出合乎质量的富矿体,是广大     

论海南石碌铁矿成因

广东海南石碌铁矿是我国的重要铁矿基地,它以规模大、储量集中、矿石质量优良而著称.解放以来,许多地质工作者在该区进行过大量地质工作,解决了许多地质问题,但对矿床成因却有较大的争论,最初大部分同志认为是夕卡岩型铁矿床;70年代初,沉积变质铁矿的看法开始占优势,但有不少同志则认为是火山沉积铁矿,少部分同志认为是沉积变质热液加富,个别同志则认为是热液矿床或热液倒贯矿床.自1976年海南富铁矿会战开始,三年多来经过多方面的工作,虽有少部分同志仍认为是火山成因的矿床,但大部分同志都认为是沉积变质铁矿.不过对     

阿富汗地质构造及其矿产资源(三)

正2矿产资源概况2.6金属矿产资源阿富汗金属矿产资源较为丰富,铁矿、铬矿、铜矿和锡矿等比较突出,有的在中亚地区还具有一定代表性。(1)铁矿资源阿富汗有铁矿床、铁矿点近60处,主要矿床类型为沉积变质型和矽卡岩型、热液型。沉积变质型铁矿分布最广、规模较大,其资源储量占全国资源储量的80%以上,而矽卡岩型铁矿和热液型铁矿,虽然矿石品位     

我国硅灰石矿床成因类型及地质特征

前言在我国,硅灰石是一种新兴的工业矿物原料。自1975年于湖北省大冶县小箕铺发现有一定规模的硅灰石矿床以来,我国硅灰石地质及其工业应用的研究发展很快。短时间内找到并探明了一批质量好、又有一定规模的硅灰石矿床;以硅灰石为主要原料的低温快烧釉面砖的研     

Gold Mineralization in Banded Iron Formation in the Amalia Greenstone Belt,South Africa: A Mineralogical and Sulfur Isotope Study

The Blue Dot gold deposit, located in the Archean Amalia greenstone belt of South Africa, is hosted in an oxide (± carbonate) facies banded iron formation (BIF). It consists of three stratabound orebodies; Goudplaats, Abelskop, and Bothmasrust. The orebodies are flanked by quartz‐chlorite‐ferroan dolomite‐albite schist in the hanging wall and mafic (volcanic) schists in the footwall. Alteration minerals associated with the main hydrothermal stage in the BIF are dominated by quartz, ankerite‐dolomite series, siderite, chlorite, muscovite, sericite, hematite, pyrite, and minor amounts of chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. This study investigates the characteristics of gold mineralization in the Amalia BIF based on ore textures, mineral‐chemical data and sulfur isotope analysis. Gold mineralization of the Blue Dot deposit is associated with quartz‐carbonate veins that crosscut the BIF layering. In contrast to previous works, petrographic evidence suggests that the gold mineralization is not solely attributed to replacement reactions between ore fluid and the magnetite or hematite in the host BIF because coarse hydrothermal pyrite grains do not show mutual replacement textures of the oxide minerals. Rather, the parallel‐bedded and generally chert‐hosted pyrites are in sharp contact with re‐crystallized euhedral to subhedral magnetite ± hematite grains, and the nature of their coexistence suggests that pyrite (and gold) precipitation was contemporaneous with magnetite–hematite re‐crystallization. The Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratio of the dolomite–ankerite series and chlorite decreased from veins through mineralized BIF and non‐mineralized BIF, in contrast to most Archean BIF‐hosted gold deposits. This is interpreted to be due to the effect of a high sulfur activity and increase in fO₂ in a H₂S‐dominant fluid during progressive fluid‐rock interaction. High sulfur activity of the hydrothermal fluid fixed pyrite in the BIF by consuming Fe²⁺ released into the chert layers and leaving the co‐precipitating carbonates and chlorites with less available ferrous iron content. Alternatively, the occurrence of hematite in the alteration assemblage of the host BIF caused a structural limitation in the assignment of Fe³⁺ in chlorite which favored the incorporation of magnesium (rather than ferric iron) in chlorite under increasing fO₂ conditions, and is consistent with deposits hosted in hematite‐bearing rocks. The combined effects of reduction in sulfur contents due to sulfide precipitation and increasing fO₂ during progressive fluid‐rock interactions are likely to be the principal factors to have caused gold deposition. Arsenopyrite–pyrite geothermometry indicated a temperature range of 300–350°C for the associated gold mineralization. The estimated δ³⁴S_ΣS (= +1.8 to +2.5‰) and low base metal contents of the sulfide ore mineralogy are consistent with sulfides that have been sourced from magma or derived by the dissolution of magmatic sulfides from volcanic rocks during fluid migration.     

白云鄂博矿床成因——矿体内霓长岩化成矿作用与赋矿白云岩的联系

通过对组成赋矿白云岩的白云石矿物系统的显微结构和化学成分的研究表明,赋矿白云岩是碳酸岩质次火山岩,因此白云鄂博矿床是与火成碳酸岩有关的矿床。赋矿白云岩属于镁质碳酸岩(MgOFeO+MnO)和铁质碳酸岩(MgOFeO+MnO)系列,FeO、MnO和SrO含量高,这与FeO、MnO和SrO含量很低的沉积碳酸岩完全不同。赋矿白云岩的这一特点还表明它来自经历过分异结晶后的白云质碳酸岩浆而不是初始白云质碳酸岩浆。赋矿白云岩复杂的矿物组合表明,其母岩浆是富含F、Cl、P和S这些挥发分以及REE,Na、K和Fe这些元素的。在碳酸岩浆上升和侵位的过程中由于温度压力的降低,碳酸岩浆释放的含上述组分的流体会向上部地壳集中并对其接触的围岩进行交代,这就形成了矿体内呈不对称带状分布的霓长岩化矿石带。在大量的萤石和稀土氟碳酸盐矿物形成以后(其对应于萤石-稀土条带状矿石),流体的成分仍相对富钠和CO_2,钠可以和围岩中的硅结合形成钠辉石,流体较高的比值,有利于稀土的富集,此时形成的钠辉石型矿石的稀土含量是相当高的,仅次于条带状矿石。随着流体继续迁移和交代,流体中CO_2浓度下降而H_2O含量增加,温度也有所下降,但是流体中的钠依然活跃,所以出现了含有结构水的钠闪石,形成了钠闪石型矿石。流体中H_2O的增加,比值的下降,不利于稀土的大量富集,因此,钠闪石型矿石的稀土含量明显低于钠辉石型矿石。这说明,从碳酸岩浆中外逸的流体,在迁移交代围岩的过程中其成分、温度和氧逸度都是有变化的。从初期富CO_2,温度和氧逸度较高,到后期富H_2O,温度和氧逸度都有所降低。不同矿石类型的形成与这种变化有直接的关系。不同矿石类型中的磁铁矿的生成方式虽然不同于白云岩中的磁铁矿,但前者的氧同位素继承了后者的特点,表明了它们的亲缘关系和成因上的联系。稀土分布型式表明,不同矿石类型的稀土分布型式与赋矿白云岩的大体一致,有明显的LREE富集和明显的HREE亏损,且总稀土含量越高,轻重稀土分离程度越高。但是,不同矿石类型在轻稀土含量上有一定程度的差别,表明在霓长岩化过程中轻稀土活动性更强。总之,氟、钠和铁的交代作用在主东矿最强,稀土、铌和铁资源也最为富集,这里的白云岩厚度也最大,表明白云鄂博矿的霓长岩化成矿作用与赋矿白云岩衍生的流体的大量聚集以及流体对围岩广泛强烈的交代作用直接相关。     

The role of decarbonization and structure in the Callie gold deposit, Tanami Region of northern Australia

The Callie deposit is the largest (6.0 Moz Au) of several gold deposits in the Dead Bullock Soak goldfield of the Northern Territory’s Tanami Region, 550 km northwest of Alice Springs. The Callie ore lies within corridors, up to 180 m wide, of sheeted en echelon quartz veins where they intersect the 500-m-wide hinge of an ESE-plunging F₁ anticlinorium. The host rocks are the Blake beds, of the Paleoproterozoic Dead Bullock Formation, which consist of a > 350-m-thick sequence of lower greenschist facies graphitic turbidites and mudstones overlying in excess of 100 m of thickly bedded siltstones and fine sandstones. The rocks are Fe-rich and dominated by assemblages of chlorite and biotite, both of which are of hydrothermal and metamorphic origin. A fundamental characteristic of the hydrothermal alteration is the removal of graphite, a process which is associated with bleaching and the development of bedding-parallel bands of coarse biotite augen. Gold is found only in quartz veins and only where they cut decarbonized chloritic rock with abundant biotite augen and no sulfide minerals. Auriferous quartz veins differ from barren quartz veins by the presence of ilmenite, apatite, xenotime, and gold and the absence of sulfide minerals. The assemblage of gold–ilmenite–apatite–xenotime indicates a linked genesis and mobility of Ti, P, and Y in the mineralizing fluids. Geochemical analysis of samples throughout the deposit shows that gold only occurs in sedimentary rocks with high FeO/(FeO+Fe₂O₃) and low C/(C+CO₂) ratios (> 0.8 and < 0.2, respectively). This association can be explained by reactions that convert C from reduced graphitic host rocks into CO₂ and reduce ferric iron in the host rocks to ferrous iron in biotite and chlorite. These reactions would increase the CO₂ content of the fluid, facilitating the transport of Ti, P, and Y from the host rocks into the veins. Both CO₂ and CH₄ produced by reaction of H₂O with graphite, effervesced under the lower confining pressures in the veins. This would have partitioned H₂S into the vapor phase, destabilizing Au–bisulfide complexes; the loss of CO₂ and H₂S from the aqueous phase caused precipitation of gold, ilmenite, apatite, and xenotime. It is proposed that this process was the main control on gold precipitation. Oxidization of iron in the very reduced wall rocks, resulting in reduction of the fluid, provided a second mechanism of gold precipitation in previously decarbonized rocks, contributing to the high grades in some samples. Although sulfide minerals, especially arsenopyrite, did form during the hydrothermal event, host rock sulfidation reactions did not play a role in gold precipitation because gold is absent near rocks or veins containing sulfide minerals. Sulfide minerals likely formed by different mechanisms from those associated with gold deposition. Both the fold architecture and subsequent spatially coincident sinistral semibrittle shearing ensured that the ore fluids were strongly focused into the hinges of the anticlines. Within the anticlines, a reactive cap of fine-grained, graphitic, reduced Fe-rich turbidites above more permeable siltstones and fine sandstones impeded fluid flow ensuring efficient removal of graphite, and the associated effervescence of CO₂ from the fluid caused the precipitation of gold. Exploration for similar deposits should focus on the intersection of east–west shear zones with folds and Fe-rich graphitic host rocks.     

福建马坑铁（钼）矿床矽卡岩矿物学特征及分带研究

马坑大型铁(钼)矿赋存于莒舟-大洋花岗岩体外接触带黄龙组(C2h)灰岩和林地组(C1l)碎屑岩层间构造破碎带中,铁矿与矽卡岩密切共生,但矿床成因尚存在争议。本文就马坑铁矿矽卡岩进行了矿物学特征研究。电子探针分析结果表明:该矿矽卡岩矿物组合主要为辉石、石榴子石和钙蔷薇辉石,退化蚀变岩矿物组合为角闪石、绿帘石、绿泥石、石英等。单斜辉石以透辉石和钙铁辉石为主,仅存在少量锰钙辉石;似辉石为钙蔷薇辉石和蔷薇辉石;石榴子石端元成分以钙铁榴石为主,钙铝榴石少量;角闪石属于钙角闪石,矿物学特征表明它们形成于相对较氧化的条件下。马坑铁矿的矽卡岩是由热流体沿灰岩与碎屑岩之间层间构造破碎带交代形成的,铁矿石大部分产于矽卡岩内,磁铁矿多稍晚于矽卡岩,不仅广泛交代矽卡岩,而且还直接交代灰岩、砂岩等围岩,呈交代结构;主矿体下盘常出现厚层石英岩,碎屑岩也出现了明显的交代,矽卡岩分带现象普遍,与典型矽卡岩矿床特征一致。结合矿床地质特征,马坑铁矿矿床类型应为层控矽卡岩型矿床。     

江西永平铜矿矽卡岩矿物特征及其地质意义

永平铜矿含矿岩石主要为绿帘石透辉石石榴石矽卡岩,这种岩石类型是与斑岩体有关的矽卡岩铜矿的典型赋矿岩石。通过对这一主要赋矿矽卡岩的研究,我们发现石榴石生长分为两个阶段:(1)早期石榴石:主要分布在石榴石颗粒核部,XAdr=1.0,主要以钙铁榴石为主,说明早期流体中可能含有较多的铁,是在较氧化条件下形成的;(2)晚期石榴石,沿石榴石裂隙重新成核或者在靠近流体通道的早期石榴石表面生长,出现震荡环带,XAdr=0.46~0.99,为钙铁-钙铝石榴石系列。石榴石发生变化的期间也形成新的矿物,如绿帘石、萤石、方解石和石英等。共存石榴石和绿帘石矿物中存在Fe3+-Al3+之间的替代,说明流体的氧逸度、组分浓度或aFe3+/aAl3+可能发生了变化。金属矿物也可能是在这一阶段形成的。永平铜矿矽卡岩从接触带到大理岩空间上有分带现象。从岩体到围岩的变化趋势为:石榴石含量减少,颜色存在红棕色-棕色-棕绿色-黄绿色-浅黄色的变化趋势;矿石品位降低,这与石榴石中Al2O3含量的变化较一致。我们认为这种变化是含矿热液对早期矽卡岩进行再交代改造的结果,表现为石榴石和绿帘石中Fe3+-Al3+含量的变化,并将Cu等金属沉淀下来。根据矽卡岩矿物的这些特征,在矿床勘探时,可依据棕色石榴石来追踪主矿体的位置。     

Burial Metamorphism of the Ordos Basin in Northern Shaanxi

Burial metamorphism has been found in the Ordos basin of northern Shaanxi. On the basis of a rather intensive study of burial metamorphism of sandstone, it has been shown that the evolution from diagenesis to metamorphism involves four stages: cementation of clay minerals, regrowth of pressolved quartz and feldspar, cementation of carbonates and formation of laumontite. On that basis it has been put forward that the laumontite is formed by burial metamorphism of clay and carbonate minerals. According to the thermodynamic data of minerals, the conditions under which laumontite is formed are T<250℃ and X_(CO_2)<0.17. High-resolution SEM and TEM studies of clay minerals in mudstone show that there occur a mixed layer assemblage of bertherine and illite/chlorite and transformation from bertherine to chlorite. On that basis coupled by the X-ray diffraction analysis the author suggests the following transformation of clay minerals during burial metamorphism: the earliest smectite-kaolinite assemblage changes into the bertherine-illite mixture with increasing depth, then into the illite/chlorite mixed layer assemblage and finally into dispersed individual illite and chlorite. The reaction of the transformation is:smectite+kaolinite+K~+=illite+chlorite+quartz According to the study of the oxygen isotope thermometry of the coexisting illitequartz pair, the temperature of the above transformation is lower than 180℃.     

Mineralogy and metamorphism conditions of manganese ore at the South Faizulino deposit, the southern Urals, Russia

The mineralogy of slightly metamorphosed manganese ore at the South Faizulino hydrothermalsedimentary deposit in the southern Urals has been studied; 32 minerals were identified. Quartz, hausmannite, rhodochrosite, tephroite, ribbeite, pyroxmangite, and caryopilite are major minerals; calcite, kutnahorite, alleghanyite, spessartine, rhodonite, clinochlore, and parsettensite are second in abundance. This mineralic composition was formed in the process of gradual burial of ore beneath the sequence of Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous rocks. The highest parameters of metamorphism are T ≈ 250°C and P ≈ 2.5 kbar. The relationships between minerals and their assemblages made it possible to reconstruct the succession of ore transformation with gradually increasing temperature and pressure. Manganese accumulated in the initial sediments as oxides and a gel-like Mn-Si phase. Rhodochrosite and neotocite were formed at the diagenetic stage. In the course of a further increase in temperature and pressure, neotocite was replaced with caryopilite; ribbeite, tephroite, pyroxmangite, and other silicates crystallized afterwards. In addition to the PT parameters, the formation of various metamorphic mineral assemblages was controlled by the Mn/(Mn + Si) ratio in ore and X _CO2 in pore solution. The latter parameter was determined by the occurrence of organic matter in the ore-bearing rocks. Ore veinlets as products of local hydrothermal redistribution of Mn, Si, and CO₂ were formed during tectonic deformations in the Middle Carboniferous and Permian.     

Chloritization of the hydrothermally altered bedrock at the Igarapé Bahia gold deposit,Carajás,Brazil

The Igarapé Bahia gold deposit has developed from weathering of a near-vertical hydrothermal Cu (Au) mineralization zone. The unweathered bedrock composed of chlorite schists is mainly metamorphosed basalts, pyroclastic and clastic sedimentary rocks and iron formation. Contents and Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of chlorites increase from distal country rock towards the mineralization zone, which can be attributed to different water/rock ratios and locations in a hydrothermal system. In the hydrothermal system high salinity fluids convected through basin-floor rocks, stripping metals from the recharge zones with precipitation in discharge zones. The chlorite with lower Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios indicates alteration by relatively unreacted Mg-rich fluids, occurring within recharge zones. By contrast, the chlorite with higher Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios in the mineralization zone formed from solutions rich in Fe, Mn, Au, Cu, H₂S and SiO₂ within a discharge zone. The iron formation could also be formed within the discharge zone or on the basin floor from the Fe-rich fluids. The distal country rock with less chlorite content is a hydrothermal product at low water/rock ratios whereas the proximal country rock and the host rock with more chlorite content formed at high water/rock ratio conditions. The Al(IV) contents of chlorites indicate that the formation temperatures of these rocks range from 204 to 266 °C, with temperatures slightly increasing from distal country rock towards the mineralization zone.     

甘肃龙首山青井地区花岗质砾岩中钍、铀混合型矿化特征及成因探讨

青井是位于龙首山成矿带西段的一个钍、铀混合型异常点,通过钻孔查证在青井盆地的花岗质砾岩中发现了较好的矿化线索,矿石具有热液型矿化的特征,发育钾长石化、赤铁矿化、碳酸盐化和绿泥石化为主的钾交代蚀变组合。通过对含矿花岗质砾岩的岩矿鉴定、电子探针测试、地球化学分析和钍矿物U-Pb同位素年龄测定进行综合研究,认为花岗质砾岩中发育的是产于挤压-俯冲构造环境下受断裂构造和辉绿岩脉共同控制的热液成因钍、铀混合型矿化,含钍、含铀矿物主要为钍石、沥青铀矿和铀石,成矿期应为新生代中晚期。热液成矿过程中带来了大量的外来组分,矿石中的Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3和K_2O等主量元素和轻、重稀土元素以及Rb、Nb、Nd、Zr、Hf、Ta、W、Sb等微量元素均随着Th、U含量的增加而增加。