福建沙县大佑山火山喷发盆地基本特征

沙县大佑山火山构造是一较典型的火山喷发盆地,面积约150km2。盆地内的火山地层属石帽山群,岩石组合具双峰式火山岩特点。上部流纹岩全岩Rb－Sr等时线年龄为99±3Ma,其形成时代为早白垩世。火山岩相发育较齐全,以爆发相占绝对优势,其空间分布具有一定的规律性。火山构造以西部的大佑山破火山机构较为特征,重点阐述该破火山的地貌特征、火山断裂特点、火山岩相展布及其与火山口的关系,恢复火山喷发盆地形成的历史。     

北山北带北亚带西缘奥陶纪火山岩地球化学特征

分布于甘肃北山北亚带的奥陶纪火山岩是一套由浅变质的富碱玄武安山岩、粗面英安岩以及少量钾玄岩岩石组合。岩石稀土总量偏低,属轻稀土富集型,稀土分布模式为右倾曲线;微量元素的球粒陨石标准化配分模式显示岩石富集K、Rb、Th等元素,而亏损Nb、Ti,表明火山岩形成与板块俯冲作用有关。综合分析火山岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学特征,并结合区域构造背景,认为该套火山岩产于活动大陆边缘岛弧带环境,为俯冲造山带的构造背景。     

内蒙古二连浩特——阿巴嘎旗北部宝力高庙组火山岩特征及构造背景

通过对宝力高庙组火山岩的基本特征、岩石地球化学特征的系统研究,探讨了火山岩构造环境及构造背景.认为该组火山岩为钙碱性岩石系列,形成于挤压背景控制之下的同造山环境,形成背景为晚石炭纪强烈的弧-弧汇聚后碰撞造山过程中.由于西早东晚的剪刀式斜向汇聚作用,在北西-南东向的主压应力下,产生了北东向走滑断裂构造系统,为火山岩的形成提供了上升的通道和空间,在造山晚期伸展构造体制下产生了强烈的火山喷发.     

浙江省火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水成因及综合开发利用

浙江省地处环太平洋火山带和中国东南沿海火山带,火山岩分布广泛。本文论述浙江省火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水的分布及其特征,分析火山岩岩性、岩石化学、构造性质及地貌因素对温泉、矿泉水形成的影响,提出火山岩地区温泉、矿泉水综合开发利用的意义,以及综合开发利用中应注意的问题。     

福建屏南白水洋火山岩地貌类型及特征

宁德世界地质公园白水洋园区出露上侏罗统—下白垩统酸-中酸性火山岩,经长期构造变动、风化剥蚀和流水侵蚀,发育火山岩峰丛、石堡、石墙、石柱等山峰、山体,线谷、围谷、峡谷等谷地,以及洞穴、流水侵蚀地貌、水体景观,形成巍峨壮观、风光旖旎的火山岩地貌景观。白水洋火山岩岩性复杂、地貌类型繁多、成因多样,极具科学研究和观赏价值,是研究中生代火山岩区内、外动力地质作用、火山岩地貌发育的理想场所和地学旅游胜地。     

浙江雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩的成因:锆石U-Pb、O同位素和岩石地球化学制约

浙江雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩是中国东南沿海晚中生代大规模火山-侵入杂岩的典型代表,位于浙东乐清市和永嘉县境内,为一近圆形的破火山构造,由3个火山岩性段和一个中央侵入体组成。3个火山岩性段岩性依次为流纹质晶屑凝灰岩、流纹岩和流纹质凝灰熔岩,中央侵入体为石英正长斑岩。其中,第二岩性段流纹岩以发育流纹构造、球泡构造、珍珠构造为特点,并在地貌上构成雁荡山地质公园的主要景点;第三岩性段流纹质凝灰熔岩以发育大型柱状节理为特点,并与中央侵入相岩石具有密切的空间共生关系。系统的SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,雁荡山火山岩和侵入相岩石具有一致的形成时代,为晚白垩世早期。雁荡山各阶段火山岩之间,以及火山岩和中央侵入相石英正长斑岩之间均存在较好的主量和微量元素相关性,且它们具有基本一致的稀土元素配分和微量元素分布特征,反映了不同岩相岩石之间存在着密切的成因联系。石英正长斑岩显示出高的K、Ba、Al和Fe等,无Eu负异常,以及最低的Rb/Sr和Rb/Ba比值;与中央侵入体密切共生的最后阶段火山岩具有高的Rb,和低的Ba、Sr、P、Ti,以及最高的Rb/Sr和Rb/Ba比值;早期火山岩介于上述两者之间。早期火山岩可能代表原始岩浆,而最晚期火山岩具有高分异的特点,经历了较高程度的分离结晶作用,中央侵入相则代表了早期分离结晶矿物的堆晶相。此外,火山岩和侵入岩的SHRIMP锆石O同位素分析结果显示火山岩和侵入相岩石δ18O值基本一致,反映其岩浆来源为幔源岩浆和壳源岩浆混合形成。岩相学特征也显示了岩浆混合现象的存在,即侵入相石英正长斑岩发育暗色微粒包体,且暗色包体中发育具复杂环带和熔蚀结构及碱性长石膜的斜长石斑晶。综上所述,雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩是同一母岩浆不同阶段演化的产物,岩浆来源为壳幔混合成因。火山岩岩浆的演化主要受控于分离结晶作用过程,分离结晶的矿物可能有碱性长石、斜长石、单斜辉石及少量富含稀土元素的副矿物。最后阶段流纹质凝灰熔岩代表高分异、高演化的端员,是从岩浆房中"晶粥"(crystal mushes)之间的熔体经提取、聚集喷发形成,而富含结晶矿物的残留固结形成了中央侵入相石英正长斑岩,代表堆晶作用形成的端员。     

藏南定日白垩纪火山岩岩石学与地球化学初步研究

本文描述了西藏定日白垩纪火山岩的地质、岩石学、岩石地球化学特征和构造造背景。该火山岩岩石类型有蚀变英安岩和蚀变安山岩,其岩石化学成分特征表明岩石为二氧化硅过饱、铝过饱和类型,属亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列。岩石稀土元素配分曲线呈强烈右倾的轻稀土富集型;微量元素配分模式图呈锯齿状“多隆起”型,类似于岛弧火山岩的微量元素配分模式。综合判定该期火山岩形成于大陆边缘造山带岛弧构造环境。     

松辽盆地长岭断陷早白垩世火山岩地球化学研究

长岭断陷早白垩世火山岩富硅、富碱,岩石以非碱性系列为主,包括钙碱性和高钾钙碱性系列,碱性系列火山岩为钾玄岩系列。酸性岩与中、基性岩的微量元素特征差别明显,岩石总体微量元素特征与造山带火山岩相似,富集LREE、Rb、K和大离子亲石元素,TiO2含量低,贫Sr。火山岩的形成与造山带岩石圈拆沉作用引起地壳拉张减薄的大地构造背景有关。研究区基性火山岩为地幔岩部分熔融作用的产物,岩浆演化过程中存在单斜辉石和橄榄石等矿物的分离结晶作用,中性岩为原生玄武质岩浆分异演化的产物,营城组酸性火山岩的形成与构造活动存在直接关系,为构造剪切挤压应力致使上地壳重熔的结果。     

雁荡山世界地质公园火山岩年代学研究

雁荡山是中国第一个以中生代火山为主题的世界地质公园.长期以来,关于雁荡山火山岩时代及其层位归属存在争议.为了配合世界地质公园的申报、建设并提高其科学研究程度,笔者等对雁荡山火山岩开展了系统的同位素年代学研究.自下而上3个火山地层单元的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄测定表明,雁荡山火山岩的形成时代为97.2~105.6Ma,属于早白垩世晚期;经区域地层对比,确定其层位应归属永康群小平田组,这为整个浙东、乃至与闽东之间的晚中生代火山-沉积地层系统划分与对比,提供了重要地质依据.     

浙东括苍山-雁荡山破火山白垩纪多旋回火山-侵入杂岩成因研究

浙东括苍山-雁荡山破火山由时空上关联的括苍山巨型环状破火山及其东南缘的雁荡山破火山构成。为重塑该地区白垩纪岩浆演化历史，本文在结合雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩地质资料的基础上，对括苍山早期流纹质熔结凝灰岩和石英二长闪长岩进行了锆石年代学、地球化学分析。结果表明，括苍山-雁荡山破火山岩浆活动时间为130～98 Ma,具有多个旋回的结晶年龄和同位素组成相仿的巨厚火山岩地层和未喷发的富晶体侵入岩。火山岩和侵入岩可由分离结晶作用联系起来，前者由晶粥内晶体间熔体抽提形成，后者由残余熔体和晶体形成。从括苍山-雁荡山破火山的火山岩地层厚度、规模及区域性火山岩分布特点可知，浙东岩浆活动高峰期为130～120 Ma及112～88 Ma,前者岩浆活动规模大于后者，它们分别对应于古太平洋板块快速后撤及缓慢后撤的两个阶段，而120～112 Ma为陆缘伸展作用停滞的岩浆活动沉寂期。     

浙江省庆元破火山地球物理地球化学特征及地质意义

庆元破火山以中心式仙桃山岩体为中心,高、中、低温成矿元素异常依次由内向外分布。它们各自拥有不同的空间展布,矿物组成,结构构造,围岩蚀变和伴生元素特征。通过地球物理与地球化学有机结合,深入探讨破火山的空间分布特征,可以开拓寻找不同类型的矿产资源及矿产资源远景评价的思路。     

Typology of Natural Hazards and Assessment of Associated Risks in the Mount Bambouto Caldera (Cameroon Line,West Cameroon)

Abstract: Mount Bambouto is a polygenic stratovolcano of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, built between 21?Ma and 4.5?Ma. It is situated approximately 200?km NE of Mount Cameroon, between 09°55′ and 10°15′ longitude east and, 05°25′ and 05°50′ latitude north. The volcano covers an area of 500?km2 and culminates at 2740?m at Mélétan dome and bears a collapsed caldera at the summit (13?×?8?km). Mount Bambouto is characterized by several natural hazards of different origins: meteorological, such as landslides and rock falls; anthropogenic, such as bushfires, tribal wars and deforestation; and volcanological, such as volcanic eruption. The thematic map shows that 55–60% of the caldera has high probability of occurrence of mass movement. The caldera has a high population density (3000 inhabitants), which increases the level of risk, evaluated at approximately $US3.8 million for patrimony, 3000 civilian deaths and destruction of biodiversity.     

Deep structure under Yellowstone National Park U.S.A.: A continental “hot spot”

In order to understand the origin of long-lived loci of volcanism (sometimes called “hot spots”) and their possible role in global tectonic processes, it is essential to know their deep structure. Even though some work has been done on the crustal, upper-mantle, and deep-mantle structure under some of these “hot spots”, the picture is far from clear. In an attempt to study the structure under the Yellowstone National Park U.S.A., which is considered to be such a “hot spot”, we recorded teleseisms using 26 telemetered seismic stations and three groups of portable stations. The network was operated within a 150 km radius centered on the Yellowstone caldera, the major, Quaternary volcanic feature of the Yellowstone region. Teleseismic delays of about 1.5 sec are found inside the caldera, and the delays remain high over a 100 km wide area around the caldera. The spatial distribution and magnitude of the delays indicate the presence of a large body of low-velocity material with horizontal dimensions corresponding approximately to the caldera size (40 km × 80 km) near the surface and extending to a depth of 200–250 km under the caldera. Using ray-tracing and inversion techniques, it is estimated that the compressional velocity inside the anomalous body is lower than in the surrounding rock by about 15% in the upper crust and by 5% in the lower crust and upper mantle. It is postulated that the body is partly composed of molten rock with a high degree of partial melting at shallow depths and is responsible for the observed Yellowstone volcanism. The large size of the partially molten body, taken together with its location at the head of a 350 km zone of volcanic propagation along the axis of the Snake River Plain, indicates that the volcanism associated with Yellowstone has its origin below the lithosphere and is relatively stationary with respect to plate motion. Using our techniques, we are unable to detect any measurable velocity contrast in the mantle beneath the low-velocity body, and, hence, we are unable to determine whether the Yellowstone melting anomaly is associated with a deep heat source or with any deep phenomenon such as a convection plume, chemical plume, or gravitational anchor.     

华南东部中新生代火山岩型铀矿成矿规律,勘查模式及找矿远景

中新生代时期，华南东部地壳经历了挤压－松驰拉张－局部裂解的演化过程。相应地发育３期火山活动，构成初火山族回、主火山旋回和破火山旋回。破火山使回出现双峰式岩套，标志着已进入胚胎型裂谷演化阶段。火山岩型铀矿具有破火山族回成矿、破火山旋回活动带控矿、二次迭加富集特性，可称其为破火山系列新不整合脉型铀矿。划分为体型、层型和脉型３种形态类型和相应的勘查模式。华南东部破火山系列新不整合脉型铀矿具有巨大的找矿潜力，在花岗岩基底上发育的破火山旋回构造－岩浆杂岩区，是今后寻找大型铀矿的有利靶区。     

Understanding caldera structure and development: An overview of analogue models compared to natural calderas

Understanding the structure and development of calderas is crucial for predicting their behaviour during periods of unrest and to plan geothermal and ore exploitation. Geological data, including that from analysis of deeply eroded examples, allow the overall surface setting of calderas to be defined, whereas deep drillings and geophysical investigations provide insights on their subsurface structure. Collation of this information from calderas worldwide has resulted in the recent literature in five main caldera types (downsag, piston, funnel, piecemeal, trapdoor), being viewed as end-members. Despite its importance, such a classification does not adequately examine: (a) the structure of calderas (particularly the nature of the caldera's bounding faults); and (b) how this is achieved (including the genetic relationships among the five caldera types). Various sets of analogue models, specifically devoted to study caldera architecture and development, have been recently performed, under different conditions (apparatus, materials, scaling parameters, stress conditions).The first part of this study reviews these experiments, which induce collapse as a result of underpressure or overpressure within the chamber analogue. The experiments simulating overpressure display consistent results, but the experimental depressions require an exceptional amount of doming, seldom observed in nature, to form; therefore, these experiments are not appropriate to understand the structure and formation of most natural calderas. The experiments simulating underpressure reveal a consistent scenario for caldera structure and development, regardless of their different boundary conditions. These show that complete collapse proceeds through four main stages, proportional to the amount of subsidence, progressively characterized by: (1) downsag; (2) reverse ring fault; (3) peripheral downsag; (4) peripheral normal ring fault.The second part of this study verifies the possibility that these latter calderas constitute a suitable analogue to nature and consists of a comprehensive comparison of the underpressure experiments to natural calderas. This shows that all the experimental structures, as well as their progressive development, are commonly observed at natural calderas, highlighting a consistency between models and nature. As the shallow structure of experimental calderas corresponds to a precise architecture at depth, it provides a unique key to infer the deeper structure of natural calderas: recognizing diagnostic surface features within a caldera will thus allow it to be categorized within a precise structural and evolutionary context. The general relationship between the evolutionary stage of a caldera and its d/s (diameter/subsidence) ratio allows such a quantification, with stage 1 calderas characterized by d/s > 40, stage 2 by 18 < d/s < 40, stage 3 by 14 < d/s < 18 and stage 4 by d/s < 14. The consistency between experiments and nature suggests that, in principle, the d/s ratio may permit to evaluate the overall structure and evolutionary stage of a caldera even when its surface structure is poorly known. The volume of erupted magma associated with caldera collapse is poorly dependent on the d/s ratio or evolutionary stage; however, the location of sin- and post-collapse volcanism may depend not only upon the amount of collapse, but also on the roof aspect ratio. As the regional tectonic control is concerned, the experiments explain the ellipticity of a part of natural calderas elongated parallel to the regional extension; the control of pre-existing structures may explain the elongation of elliptic calderas oblique or parallel to the regional structures.The four stages adequately explain the architecture and development of the established caldera end-members along a continuum, where one or more end-members (downsag, piston, funnel, piecemeal, trapdoor) may correspond to a specific stage. While such a continuum is controlled by progressive subsidence, specific collapse geometries will result from secondary contributory factors (roof aspect ratio, collapse symmetry, pre-existing faults). These considerations allow proposing an original classification of calderas, incorporating their structural and genetic features.     

天姆尖破火山口碎斑熔岩的发现及其意义

赣杭带东段天姆尖地区首次识别出大面积分布的碎斑熔岩体系,它具有典型的喷溢相－侵出相一次火山岩相“三相一体”特征,在岩石化学成份上表现为富硅,碱,铁而贫镁,锰,钙,岩石结晶分异指数为77－93,稀土元素铕亏损明显,放射性成因铀铅含量高,岩石蚀变表现为面式分布,具前锋带特点,这一发现对赣杭带寻找新的富大铀矿远景区有着重要的指标意义。     

Mineralized and unmineralized calderas in Spain; Part II, evolution of the Rodalquilar caldera complex and associated gold-alunite deposits

The Rodalquilar caldera complex is located in the western part of the Cabo de Gata volcanic field in southeastern Spain and is the first documented example of epithermal gold-alunite mineralization within a caldera in Europe. The Rodalquilar caldera is an oval collapse structure having a maximum diameter of 8 km and formed at 11 Ma from eruption of the Cinto ash-flow tuff. The oval Lomilla caldera, with a diameter of 2 km, is nested within the central resurgent dome of the older Rodalquilar caldera. The Lomilla caldera resulted from the eruption of the Lazaras ash-flow tuff which was ponded within the moat of the Rodalquilar caldera. The last phase of volcanic activity in the caldera complex was the emplacement of hornblende andesite flows and intrusions. This magmatic event resulted in structural doming of the caldera, opening of fractures and faults, and provided the heat source for the large hydrothermal systems which deposited quartz-alunite type gold deposits and base metal vein systems. The gold-alunite deposits are enclosed in areas of intense acid sulfate alteration and localized in ring and radial faults and fractures present in the east wall of the Lomilla caldera. Like other acid-sulfate type deposits, the Rodalquilar gold-alunite deposits are closely related in time and space to porphyritic, intermediate composition magma emplaced along caldera structures but unrelated to the caldera forming magmatic system.     

A Proposal of Caldera-Related Genesis for the Roseki Deposits in the Mitsuishi Mining Area, Southwest Japan

Abstract: Geology of the largest Roseki (pyrophyllite–clay)–mineralized, Mitsuishi mining area was re–examined, and a composite caldera model (Wake caldera) was proposed. Evidence for the caldera formation is (1) Existence of huge volume of rhyolitic tuffs in the mining area, (2) A basin structure in rhyolitic tuffs surrounded by the Permo-Triassic basement rocks, (3) Arc-like distribution of the Roseki deposits along the eastern edge of the proposed caldera, (4) Tectonic disturbance and intrusive bodies along the caldera wall, and (5) Presence of meso– and mega-breccias at the bottom of the caldera wall. The proposed caldera, sizing NNW-SSE 23 km by ENE-WSW 15 km, may have younger, Inner caldera (15 by 15 km), defined by Lower Member of the late Cretaceous rhyolitic tuffs, thus composite in character. The Roseki deposits were formed after the Inner caldera collapse by hydrothermal fluids ascended through the caldera wall, then spread into the permeable horizon. This caldera proposal bears a significant change in the regional exploration strategy for the Roseki deposits.     

Potential Hazards of Eruptions around the Tianchi Caldera Lake, China

Since the eruption of the Tianchi volcano about 1000 years ago, there have been at least 3 to 5 eruptions of small to moderate size. In addition, hazardous avalanches, rock falls and debris flows have occurred during periods between eruptions. A future eruption of the Tianchi volcano is likely to involve explosive interaction between magma and the caldera lake. The volume of erupted magma is almost in a range of 0.1-0.5 km3. Tephra fallout may damage agriculture in a large area near the volcano. If only 1% of the lake water were ejected during an eruption and then precipitated over an area of 200 km2, the average rainfall would be 100 mm. Moreover, lahars are likely to occur as both tephra and water ejected from the caldera lake fall onto flanks of the volcano. Rocks avalanching into the caldera lake also would bring about grave hazards because seiches would be triggered and lake water with the volume equal to that of the landslide would spill out of the existing breach in the caldera and cause flooding