中国东部中生代流纹岩—粗面岩组合与热液型铀矿研究新进展

中国东部中生代火山活动强烈,热液型铀矿分布广泛。空间上,自北而南可划分出大兴安岭、小兴安岭—张广才岭、冀北—辽西、长江中下游、赣杭、武夷山区和东南沿海7个火山岩带和满洲里—额尔古纳、扎兰屯、伊春、沽源—红山子、青龙—兴城、庐枞—栖霞、赣杭和武夷山8个铀成矿带或铀成矿远景带;时间上,从早到晚可划分出早侏罗世—中侏罗世早期、中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世早期、早白垩世早期、早白垩世中期、早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世早期6个不同时期的岩石组合,其中早白垩世早期高钾钙碱性流纹岩—碱性粗面岩组合与已知铀矿关系密切,高钾钙碱性流纹岩能为浅成低温成矿系统提供铀,碱性粗面岩可能是深源高温成矿系统富铀碱性成矿流体的开路先锋。     

赣杭带东段天姆尖盆地深源岩浆体系及铀成矿作用

通过赣杭带东段天姆尖盆地铀矿综合区调，特别是对该盆地火山－侵入杂岩的岩石化学成分，微量元素，稀土元素，同位素等地球化学参数的分析研究。认为天姆尖盆地的岩浆作用具深源性，火山岩浆活动具壳幔双重性。本文详细论述了该盆地火山－侵入杂岩的地球化学特征的岩浆成因，并应用深源成矿理论阐述了深源岩浆体系对该区铀成矿的贡献，为该区寻找富大铀矿提供依据。     

大桥坞产铀火山-侵入杂岩的岩浆混合作用及其对赣杭构造带铀成矿潜力的指示意义

浙江省大桥坞铀矿床赋矿围岩为一套火山-侵入杂岩,锆石U-Pb定年显示该套杂岩的成岩时代为138~125 Ma。Hf同位素分析结果显示随着成岩时代变新,这些岩石中锆石εHf(t)值从约-13.0升高到约-3.0。锆石饱和温度同样表现出升高的趋势,从~749℃升高到~846℃。以上特征表明大桥坞地区火山-侵入杂岩为壳幔岩浆混合成因,且幔源物质加入的比例随成岩时代变新而增多。综合前人对赣杭构造带相山、芙蓉山和沐尘地区花岗质岩石的研究结果,发现这些岩石的全岩εNd(t)值和锆石εHf(t)值在135~112 Ma期间分别从-9.0升高到-2.0和-10.0升高到2.0,表明其成因上可能同壳幔岩浆混合有关,且随着成岩时代变新幔源岩浆的加入逐渐增多。Sr-Nd同位素模拟显示幔源岩浆加入的比例在135~112 Ma期间从0升高到~60%。由于幔源岩浆较壳源岩浆贫U和Th,前者的加入会稀释壳源岩浆中U和Th的含量,降低其铀成矿潜力。幔源物质加入越多,铀成矿潜力越低。赣杭构造带壳幔岩浆混合作用呈西弱东强的地质事实,可能是该带上铀矿床的分布呈西大东小格局的重要原因之一。因此,赣杭构造带东段找矿需关注富铀基底(花岗岩或长英质变质岩基底)与早白垩世火山岩盖层相结合的地区。     

赣杭构造带铀边缘成矿

赣杭构造带是我国一条重要的火山岩型铀成矿带，对该带内铀矿田空间定位、火山岩型铀矿床类型及其特征、铀成矿年龄等进行了研究，认为赣杭构造带铀矿在时空分布上具边缘成矿特征。一级大地构造单元、构造-岩浆岩带、地质体的边缘部位分别控制了矿带、矿田、矿床和矿体，这些边缘部位属于不同类型、不同级别、不同尺度的大地构造单元或地质体的异相交接带。另外，赣杭构造火山岩带铀成矿年龄有两个峰值，即：120～140Ma和80～100Ma，宏观上大体与晚侏罗世-早白垩世、早白垩世-晚白垩世交接过渡期相当，表现出了铀成矿的时间边缘特征。     

金衢盆地燕山期基性脉岩元素地球化学及其成因

金衢盆地处于赣杭构造带中东部,北东走向,属于火山型断陷盆地,长170 km,南北宽10～20km,面积约3600 km~2(吕学斌,1993;张星蒲,1999),呈狭长带状分布于浙江金华-兰溪-龙游-衢县-江山一带,两端收缩,西端延入江西玉山、广丰等地,与赣杭构造带内的信江盆地相连接.     

中国东南部晚中生代A型花岗岩类与古太平洋板块俯冲-后撤

本文综述了中国东南部晚中生代A型花岗岩类的分布和成因的研究进展。按其形成时代和空间分布,将该区的A型花岗岩类分为4个带,即赣南-闽西南带、湘桂粤带、赣杭带和沿海带,并进行了年代学、地球化学和岩石组合的对比分析。在此基础上,讨论了4个分带的形成与古太平洋板块向中国东南大陆俯冲和后撤的过程。     

北山—阿拉善地区二叠—三叠纪富碱侵入岩的岩石学特征

甘肃北山－内蒙古阿拉善地区发育有一套以正长岩、石英正长岩、霓辉正长岩、霓霞正长岩类为代表，包括碱性辉长岩、二长岩、石英二长岩、碱长花岗岩和碱性花岗岩等类岩石在内的富碱侵入体。本文总结了它们的空间分布、形成时代、产状、岩石组合和岩石化学特征；指出它们具有近东西向的分布特征，主体形成于二叠－三叠纪时期，具有富碱、碱性岩类的岩石化学特征，构成一条富碱侵入岩带；认为其时空分布特点与华北地台、塔里木地台北缘及邻区碱性岩带一致，是华北－塔里木北缘及邻区巨型碱性岩带的重要组成部分。     

河南省富碱侵入岩与金矿床关系浅析

河南省华北陆块南缘富碱侵入岩与金矿床成矿关系主要表现在空间、热动力和衍生关系三方面，与碱性岩有关的金矿床主要分为三种类型：热液－淋滤富集型、含金剪切带型和熔结角砾岩型。富碱岩石含金背景值总体较高，近矿围岩含金丰度低于远矿围岩，富碱侵入体中的部分金组分参与了成金作用。区域侵入体含金性，其一：沿着栾川－方城深大断裂带分布的富碱浅成侵入体的成矿作用主要表现为区域构造活动引发淋滤富集作用和含金剪切构造带成     

赣杭构造带及其地质意义

赣杭构造带主要受赣抗断裂带控制。它主要由永丰-诸暨坳陷带、赣杭构造火山活动带和赣杭红盆断陷带构成。赣抗断裂带是由绍兴-江山深断裂发展演化而来,它主要由绍兴-江山、广丰-东乡和抚州-永丰三条深、大断裂构成。该断裂带是一条长期活动带,但各时期地质构造的表现形式和各段动的强烈程度、深度、形成时间并不完全相同。赣抗构造带具明显的继承性。自加里东运动以来,它长期屎持相对坳陷或低地特点。这一特殊构造环境,对铀成矿有利。区内铀成矿经历了漫长的复杂过程,这些过程均与赣杭断裂带活动密切相关。     

赣杭构造带打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组的时代归属讨论—来自盛源盆地火山岩地层的锆石U-Pb年代学研究

<正>赣杭构造带是从赣中往北东延伸至浙江杭州湾的一条火山岩带,在大地构造上属于扬子与华夏两个古陆块于新元古代碰撞拼接所形成的结合带。赣杭构造带西段的火山岩系,根据火山喷发旋回、地层层序与接触关系,可以划分为打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组。打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组在赣中地区和北武夷地区多个盆地均有分布,如相山盆地、盛源盆地和冷水坑盆地。对于这两套火山岩地层的时代归属却存在着较大争议。对相山盆地的研究较多,结果表明该盆地     

天姆尖破火山机构——潜在的富大铀矿找矿远景区

本文通过对天姆尖地区地质、遥感、重磁、地化等资料的综合分析和野外地质调查，初步查明了天姆尖破火山机构的成生及展布特征，识别出该区大面积分布的碎斑熔岩体系。认为该火山盆地经历了热隆起和破火山机构形成两个演化阶段，该区存在大型隐伏富铀花岗岩体；区内岩浆在垂向演化过程中，铀表现为下部富集而上部贫化带出的特点，大量成矿物质随岩浆热液向上进入破火山机构中成矿。此外，查明了该区以北东向断裂为主导的北东－北西向菱格状基底构造格局，强调了基底断裂对本区岩浆活动、火山盆地形成和铀成矿的控制作用。在对天姆尖地区铀成矿地质条件进行综合分析的基础上，指出该破火山机构具有形成富大铀矿床所必备的“源、运、聚、保”等各项条件和有利的多元成矿信息显示，是寻找富大铀矿床极为有利的远景区。     

相山铀矿田与斯特列利措夫铀矿田特征对比

相山铀矿田和斯特列利措夫铀矿田均产于破火山口中,相山火山盆地的基底为震旦系变质岩,斯特列利措夫盆地的基底为多期活化的片麻状花岗岩。两盆地的破火山口盖层均为陆相火山岩系,相山破火山口火山岩系为酸性和中酸性岩,斯特列利措夫破火山口火山岩系则为酸性和基性火山岩呈互层产出。破火山口内的构造和蚀变作用发育程度存在明显差异,这是两个铀矿田成矿远景不同的主要原因。     

Spatial autocorrelation of Neogene-Quaternary lava along the Snake River Plain,Idaho, USA

The sequence of eruption, spatial pattern, and spatio-temporal relationships among the Neogene-Quaternary rhyolitic and basaltic lava along the Snake River Plain (SRP) in Idaho are analyzed applying the spatial methods of global and local Moran’s I, standard deviational ellipse, and Ripley’s K-function. The results of the analyses by the Moran’s I and K-function methods indicate a higher spatial autocorrelation, hence clustering, of rhyolitic lava compared to the more dispersed basaltic lava in each center of eruption along the SRP. The clustered nature of rhyolitic lava around each caldera either reflects the original spread and large thickness of the rhyolitic lava, or the absence of younger cover strata or lava like the distribution of rhyolite in the present caldera at the Yellowstone National Park. The standard deviational ellipses (SDEs) of the lavas indicate that younger basaltic lava that erupted from newer calderas overlapped older rhyolitic and basaltic lava as the position of the Yellowstone hotspot progressively migrated to the northeast along the SRP. The less eccentric SDEs of rhyolitic lava in each caldera probably reflect the original caldera-scale spread of viscous felsic lava, compared to the more eccentric and larger SDEs of basaltic lava which represent basalt’s wider and more directed spread due to its higher fluidity and ability to flow longer distances along the trend of the SRP. The alignment of the long axes of the lava SDEs with the trend of the Eastern SRP and the trend of systematic spatial overlap of older lava by successively younger basaltic lava corroborate the previously reported migration of the centers of eruption along the ESRP as the Yellowstone hotspot migrated to the northeast.     

江西东乡赛阳关破火山口的特征及演化

赛阳关破火山口火山活动具多期次性,以多相火山一次火山侵入相为特点。火山喷发物成份的规律变化,表明岩浆源呈层状垂直分带。破火山口的塌陷具不均一性,明显偏向东南一侧,其演化过程为:中心式熔岩溢流,揭开火山活动的序幕;沿环状裂隙强烈的火山灰流喷发,进入破火山口发育阶段;以及由此而产生的沉陷。     

华南东部中新生代火山岩型铀矿成矿规律,勘查模式及找矿远景

中新生代时期，华南东部地壳经历了挤压－松驰拉张－局部裂解的演化过程。相应地发育３期火山活动，构成初火山族回、主火山旋回和破火山旋回。破火山使回出现双峰式岩套，标志着已进入胚胎型裂谷演化阶段。火山岩型铀矿具有破火山族回成矿、破火山旋回活动带控矿、二次迭加富集特性，可称其为破火山系列新不整合脉型铀矿。划分为体型、层型和脉型３种形态类型和相应的勘查模式。华南东部破火山系列新不整合脉型铀矿具有巨大的找矿潜力，在花岗岩基底上发育的破火山旋回构造－岩浆杂岩区，是今后寻找大型铀矿的有利靶区。     

Wall-rock argillic alteration and uranium mineralization of the northwestern Strel’tsovka caldera

Alteration of rocks and localization of uranium mineralization in the northwestern Strel’tsovka caldera are exemplified in the Dal’nee deposit. In the main parameters of hydrothermal mineralization (temperature, pH, pressure, and composition of solution), the Dal’nee deposit differs from the deposits of the Strel’tsovka ore field located in the central part of the caldera. The localization of high-grade stratiform orebodies are interpreted in light of kinematic relations between steeply and gently dipping faults that formed in the tectonic setting of the NE-SW-trending, long-living, right-lateral, strike-slip faulting. The wide halos of argillic alteration and the structural control of uranium mineralization are caused by the fact that the deposit is located at the margin of the geological block, which has developed since the Late Triassic in a regime of extension (pull-apart) to form a depression, which is arranged en echelon relative to the main caldera and comparable to it in area. Currently, this depression is overlapped by sediments of the Sukhoi Urulyungui Basin. Such a structure markedly increases the probability of finding hidden uranium ores associated with low-temperature argillic alteration in the volcanosedimantary rocks and granitoid basement of the northwestern Strel’tsovka caldera.     

A calderas field at the Marifil Formation, new volcanogenic interpretation, Norpatagonian Massif, Argentina

Major volcanogenic structures within the Marifil Formation allowed to determine the location of a claderas field that spreads along 400 kilometers. This field has at least three large calderas with diameters near to 100 kilometers, recognizable by regional distribution of associated dikes and rhyolite lava flows present at the caldera border that separates a monotonous ignimbritic plateau from a depressed (150 meters) inner volcanic collapsed caldera. The Marifil ignimbritic plateau cover more than 50,000 square kilometers with thicknesses that reach 800 meters. Associated with these plateau ignimbrites there is an important fluorite mineralization.     

On the possibility of new discoveries in the Strel’tsovka ore field

As further development of ideas stated by F.I. Wolfson on principles of uranium ore localization in the Strel’tsovka ore field, a possibility of an increase in uranium reserves in the northern portion of this ore field is substantiated. A large caldera, which is not less than the Strel’tsovka caldera in dimensions, is suggested beneath Cretaceous sediments in the northern portion of the ore field.     

Olympus Mons volcano,Mars: A photogeologic view and new insights

The volcano Olympus Mons is probably the best known extraterrestrial volcano. In the past decade, an unprecedented selection of high-resolution images with a spatial resolution of up to 25?cm/pixel has been collected, and these images now allow detailed morphologic analysis of the entire volcano. The summit comprises a nested caldera with six overlapping collapse pits. There are numerous wrinkle ridges and graben on the caldera floor, and topographic data indicate that the location of these features is controlled by subsidence of the central portion of the floor. Examination of the caldera walls reveals numerous layers interpreted to be lava flows. No clear evidence for eruption sites on the flanks of the volcano exist; rather, many previously identified sources of lava appear to be break-outs from flows up-slope which are controlled by local breaks in slope. The vents for these eruptions were most likely within the summit caldera but have been removed by the set of six large collapse events that have produced the 60?×?80?km diameter caldera, which are collectively called the “Olympus Paterae”. The origin of the basal escarpment surrounding the volcano remains enigmatic, but it is probably related to the origin of the surrounding lobate materials collectively called the Olympus Mons aureole. In places, this escarpment is >5?km high, but the elevation of the back-wall varies from ～1?km to ～8?km relative to the Mars datum. Inspection of kilometer-scale blocks within the aureole indicates that this material is not composed of lava flows, suggesting that the base of Olympus Mons consists of fragmented material comparable to the hyaloclastite material forming the base of Hawaiian volcanoes. Numerous additional features on Olympus Mons are discussed, including two large impact craters near the summit of the volcano, glacial deposits on the lower western flanks, channels and small shields around the base of the volcano, and ridges north of the escarpment which may have formed via the emplacement of dikes into ice-rich materials. Comparison with other Martian volcanoes may also help the analysis of Olympus Mons; the morphology of the basal escarpment of Apollinaris Patera suggests that erosion by wind or water may be restricted to the lowest elevations on Mars. If the basal materials of Olympus Mons are unconsolidated, then Olympus Mons may have been similar to Alba Mons or Tyrrhena Mons during the early phases of volcano growth. Certain basaltic volcanoes on Earth may serve as good analogs for features seen on Olympus Mons; the summit of Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, displays similar features to Olympus Patera at the summit caldera of Olympus Mons.     

570矿床控制因素及富矿形成条件

570矿床地质背景是破火山旋回边缘活动带;矿床定位要素是受破火山断裂系统构造结控制的隐爆角砾岩筒;隐爆加断陷组成的聚矿结构,是富矿形成的主要条件;隐爆角砾岩筒与次火山花岗岩浆侵位组成的热泵汲取效应,是矿床基本成因模式。矿床扩大方向是在探索隐爆角砾岩筒深部的同时,沿边缘活动带,在破火山断裂系统构造结处寻找新的隐爆角砾岩筒。