大庙Fe-Ti-P矿床中铁钛磷灰岩的成因:来自铁钛氧化物矿物化学的证据

岩体型斜长岩是由90%或90%以上斜长石组成的岩浆岩,常赋存岩浆型Fe-Ti-P矿床,经常出现仅由铁钛氧化物和磷灰石组成的铁钛磷灰岩(Watson,1907).目前对于这种特殊矿石的成因,主要存在结晶分异(Mclelland等,1994)和不混溶作用(Philpotts,1967)两种不同看法.河北大庙斜长岩体为中国唯一的岩体型斜长岩,其所赋存Fe-Ti-P矿床中也出现有大量的铁钛磷灰岩,本文利用电子探针方法,系统分析了大庙Fe-Ti-P矿床中铁钛磷灰岩以及其它岩石和矿石的磁铁矿和钛铁矿成分,从矿物学角度分析铁钛磷灰岩的成因.     

元古宙斜长岩体及其Fe-Ti-P矿床的成因

斜长岩和Fe-Ti-P矿石的成因已经争论了百余年,目前依然存在很大争议。本文综述了它们的时空分布特征和斜长岩的成因,包括源区(地幔或下地壳)和岩浆演化过程(分离结晶、晶粥底劈上升)以及斜长岩岩体只形成于元古宙的原因。对已有的几种成矿机制进行了分析,如是否存在无硅酸盐的纯铁钛氧化物磷灰石熔体,分离结晶的斜长石上浮导致高密度矿石矿物的形成,硅酸盐液态不混溶形成富Fe-Ti-P熔体和富硅熔体,岩浆混合作用导致铁钛氧化物成为唯一的液相线矿物而结晶形成铁钛氧化物堆积层,晚期的压滤作用使残留的富Fe-Ti-P熔体迁移以及热液蚀变导致Fe和Ti再活化沉淀形成脉状和透镜状矿体。最后,指出了相关研究中存在的一些重要科学问题。     

攀西地区黑石河铁矿矿石特征研究及矿床成因探讨

黑石河铁矿位于攀西地区,其含矿岩体以辉长岩体为主,岩体具弱分异并显示一定的层理构造;矿体呈似层状、透镜状、脉状产。通过对矿石特征研究,认为矿石主要以海绵陨铁结构及浸染状构造为主,矿物组成主要有钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿等金属氧化物、以黄铁矿为主的硫化物,以及辉石等组成。基于矿区主要矿物的结晶阶段及黑石河铁矿石典型的结构构造特征,结合攀西地区其它钒钛磁铁矿床成因研究资料,认为黑石河铁矿床属岩浆晚期分异结晶成因类型。     

河北大庙Fe-Ti-P矿床中铁钛磷灰岩的成因: 来自磷灰石的证据

铁钛磷灰岩仅由磷灰石和铁钛氧化物组成,常赋存于岩体型斜长岩中,成因上有不混溶和分异堆晶两种不同的认识。本文从磷灰石角度讨论河北大庙铁钛磷灰岩的形成机制。大庙铁钛磷灰岩常产出于浸染状Fe—P矿体内部,有时与块状铁矿石交互出现形成韵律条带状矿石,为岩浆结晶分异的产物。铁钛磷灰岩中磷灰石呈浑圆状,含量变化于15％-34％。铁钛磷灰岩的全岩和磷灰石微量元素分析显示,磷灰石比全岩相对富集稀土元素达2．96—6．93倍,但两者的配分型式基本平行。质量平衡计算（Rocl／F）的结果表明,铁钛磷灰岩中几乎100％的稀土元素赋存于磷灰石中。综合上述特征,反映磷灰石为结晶分离的堆晶矿物,铁钛磷灰岩应为堆晶成因。因为如果磷灰石结晶于铁钛磷灰岩不混溶熔体,它的稀土元素分配系数也不会变化达2．3倍（变化于2．96—6．93）。计算出该磷灰石的母岩浆稀土元素组成,与浸染状Fe．P矿石最为相似,结合它与铁钛磷灰岩之间紧密共生的野外特征以及相似的全岩及磷灰石稀土元素配分型式,认为磷灰石最可能是在浸染状Fe．P矿浆中,经结晶分离作用形成铁钛磷灰岩。     

西天山哈拉达拉辉长岩的Fe-Ti富集机制及其构造意义

特克斯哈拉达拉辉长岩体是西南天山出露规模最大的层状基性-超基性侵入杂岩体,其富含Fe-Ti氧化物(含量高达15%)。哈拉达拉辉长岩中的橄榄石具有较低的Fo值(64~75),斜长石主要为中-拉长石,单斜辉石相对低Mg^#(0.66~0.87),属于次透辉石或普通辉石,总体上显示出较高的岩浆演化程度。Fe-Ti氧化物以钒钛磁铁矿为主(TiO₂=0.8%~20.6%;V₂O₃=0.10%~0.83%),常与钛铁矿呈矿物对共生或出溶钛铁矿。晚期的云母矿物均围绕他形的Fe-Ti氧化物生长,主要为富MgO的金云母,少量属于黑云母;大部分云母成分富含F、Cl(F+Cl高达3.14%),指示岩浆形成于贫水环境。哈拉达拉辉长岩体的主量元素成分变化很大(Mg^#=0.48~0.73),橄榄辉长岩主要受橄榄石和斜长石的结晶分异/堆晶作用影响,而辉长岩的成分变化主要受控于斜长石和Fe-Ti氧化物的堆晶作用。哈拉达拉岩体的Fe-Ti氧化物主要为岩浆正常结晶分异作用的结果,该体系具有较低氧逸度、贫水的特点,其地幔源区的熔融程度较高,可能是塔里木地幔柱在天山造山带这一构造薄弱带的早期岩浆活动。     

陕西紫阳柞木沟铁矿床岩石地球化学特征及成矿指示意义

陕西紫阳县柞木沟矿床位于北大巴山腹地,赋矿岩体岩性为辉绿岩,从岩体的下盘到上盘,未见大规模层状侵入体所具有的层状构造及堆晶结构。矿体赋存于岩体中部暗色含矿带内,矿体的产状与赋矿辉绿岩体产状一致,矿石为典型浸染状构造。矿石矿物为钛磁铁矿、钛铁矿,脉石矿物为辉石、斜长石、角闪石、黑云母等,蚀变矿物为绿泥石、绿帘石、钠长石及榍石等。本文运用全岩岩石地球化学分析,对柞木沟矿床赋矿岩体和矿石分别进行主量元素和微量元素分析。赋矿辉绿岩与矿体具有相似的矿物组成,微量元素、稀土元素及地幔源区特征相近,二者具有相近的岩浆来源,为同一岩浆作用下的产物。矿区的地幔源区性质为软流圈地幔与富集岩石圈地幔混合源区,且指示矿区岩浆活动可能与俯冲消减作用存在着内在的成因联系。矿床地质特征、矿石结构构造特征以及岩石地球化学特征共同指示柞木沟矿床属于岩浆型铁矿床。矿床形成构造环境为弧后板内拉张环境,早志留世弧后拉张作用导致下部岩浆上涌进而完成该矿床的成矿作用。     

元古宙岩体型斜长岩的特征及研究现状

斜长岩是指斜长石含量>90%的岩浆岩,可分为6类。其中,岩体型斜长岩仅赋存于前寒武纪变质地体中,形成时代主要为元古宙（2.1~ 0.9 Ga）,代表地球演化史上很重要的构造-热事件。岩体呈穹隆状或层状产出,具典型堆晶结构,有含钾长石和斜长石出溶片晶的巨晶斜长石和富铝辉石。巨晶的出溶指示了岩浆由高压至低压的变压结晶过程,体现了斜长岩体深成、浅侵位的特点。关于斜长岩的源区,之前普遍认为源于幔源玄武质岩浆,而近10年来更趋向于源区为下地壳,母岩浆的成分为纹长苏长岩和铁闪长岩等新认识;其成因模式以底侵模式和地壳舌状物熔融模式最具代表性。岩体型斜长岩时空上常与奥长环斑花岗岩共生,构成AMCG（Anorthosite Mangerite Charnockite Granite）岩石组合,被认为属非造山岩浆作用的产物,可能代表大陆裂谷环境。然而,新近一些年龄结果显示,它们形成于造山作用的后期阶段,暗示岩体产出于碰撞后环境。斜长岩体中常赋存有Fe Ti V氧化物矿床,有的富含P及Cu,Ni硫化物等,属典型的岩浆矿床。对此,目前主要有结晶分异过程、早期堆晶过程及不混熔分离3种成因机制解释。由此对今后研究中值得关注的问题提出了一些看法。     

氧化物成分对河北大庙钛铁磷灰岩成因的指示意义

<正>大庙斜长岩体位于华北克拉通北部,锆石年龄为1727±9 Ma(Zhang et al.,2007),岩体地表出露面积超过120 km2,岩体侵入到太古宙单塔子群角闪斜长片麻岩中。大庙岩体主要由斜长岩(85%),苏长岩(10%)和纹长二长岩(4%)组成。钛铁磷灰岩和Fe-Ti氧化物矿石通常以不规则脉状,透镜状或似层状产于地势较低的斜长岩体南部区域,与斜长岩为突变接触关系。钛铁磷灰岩通常由粗粒自形-半自形磁铁矿和钛铁矿,以及浑圆状磷灰石组成,钛铁矿与磁铁矿边     

攀西白马岩体的矿物结晶顺序与钒钛磁铁矿成因

距今约260 Ma的白马岩体位于上扬子板块西缘的攀西裂谷中,是一个大型的含钒钛磁铁矿镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩体,是峨眉山大火成岩省的重要组成部分。含矿岩体主要由磁铁橄长岩和橄榄辉长岩组成,主要工业矿体赋存在下部的橄长岩岩相带中。显微镜下显示橄榄石和角闪石均存在2种不同的结构状态,岩浆具有多次脉动的侵位特点。矿物结构特点及磁铁矿、钛铁矿、橄榄石、角闪石及斜长石等矿物电子探针成分测定显示,矿物的结晶顺序大致为斜长石+橄榄石+辉石→角闪石+磁铁矿+钛铁矿→角闪石。根据角闪石和斜长石成分计算角闪石最低结晶温度为1090℃,斜长石的最高结晶温度是1120℃,推测磁铁矿的结晶温度介于1090~1120℃之间。橄榄石的Fo值由下部的磁铁橄长岩向上部的橄榄辉长岩呈逐渐降低的变化趋势,表明随着岩浆的结晶分异进程,系统的氧逸度是逐步变化的,暗示整个结晶分异过程系统处于封闭状态。磁铁矿中w(V2O3)变化于0.72%~1.37%之间,可近似看成是岩浆演化过程氧逸度较低的量化标志(FMQ+0.5),这种低氧逸度条件下硅酸盐矿物的结晶,会导致粒间熔体氧逸度逐步升高且成分向着富Fe的方向演化。岩浆的这种成分演化特点,是晚期形成不混溶熔浆及富Fe-Ti矿浆的主要原因。     

塔里木大火成岩省皮羌层状岩体的矿物结晶顺序和钒钛磁铁矿矿石成因探讨

距今约276 Ma的皮羌层状岩体位于塔里木板块西缘,是二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分。岩体主要由辉长岩组成并赋存大型钒钛磁铁矿矿床。矿物结构和磁铁矿、钛铁矿和单斜辉石成分变化特征表明,矿物结晶顺序为单斜辉石+斜长石→磁铁矿+钛铁矿。磁铁矿中V2O3含量变化于0.49%~0.97%,说明岩浆演化过程氧逸度较低(相似文献   

Origin of nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore of the Damiao anorthosite complex,NE China: Evidence from trace element geochemistry of apatite,plagioclase, magnetite and ilmenite

Nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore are common in Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and layered intrusions. Their geneses have long been controversial, with existing hypotheses including liquid immiscibility between Si-rich and Fe–Ti–P-rich melts and gravitational fractionation among apatite, magnetite, ilmenite and silicates. In this paper, we report detailed field geology and mineral geochemical studies of the nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore from the Damiao anorthosite complex, NE China. Geological observations indicate that the nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore occur as irregularly inclined stratiform-like or lensoid or veins, and are in sharp contact with the anorthosite and gabbronorite. The widespread veins and lenses structure of the Damiao nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore in the anorthosite indicates their immiscibility-derived origin. The apatite in the nelsonite and gabbronorite shows evolution trends different from that in the gabbronorite in the diagrams of Sr versus REEs and Eu/Eu*, suggesting that petrogenesis of the nelsonite and gabbronorite is different from the gabbronorite. Compared with the gabbronorite, the nelsonite and Fe–Ti oxides ore have magnetite high in Cr, plagioclase high in Sr and low in An, and apatite high in Sr, low in REEs with negative Eu anomaly. The evidence permits us to propose that the Damiao Fe–Ti oxides ore/nelsonite and gabbronorite were derived from different parental magmas. The gabbronorite was formed by solidification of the interstitial ferrodioritic magma in the anorthosite, which was the residual magma after extensive plagioclase and pyroxene crystallization and was carried upward by the plagioclase crystal mesh. In contrast, the Fe–Ti oxides ore and nelsonites and mangerite were produced by crystallization of the Fe–Ti–P-rich and SiO₂-rich magmas, respectively, due to the liquid immiscibility that occurred when the highly evolved ferrodioritic magma mixed with newly replenished magmas. The variation from Fe–Ti oxides ore to nelsonite and gabbro-nelsonite upwards (as apatite content increases with height) in the steeply inclined Fe–Ti oxides orebodies suggest that gravity fractionation may have played important roles during the crystallization of the Fe–Ti–P-rich magma.     

Petrogenesis of massif-type anorthosite complex, Gruber, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica： Implications for magma source and evolution

The origin of anorthosite and associated igneous gabbronorite and ferrodiorite was investigated through detailed study of a typical massif-type anorthosite complex from Gruber, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. Field observations showed that the Gruber Complex is made up of gabbronorite-anorthosite pluton which was intruded by ferrodiorite dykes. Systematic samples collected from the Gruber Complex revealed significant geochemical variations within the region. Four rock types have been identified, based on modal proportions of mineral phases and their geochemistry data. Clinopyroxene-gabbronorite and plagioclase-gabbronorite are the two types of gabbronorite with the dominance of clinopyroxene and plagioclase, respectively. Anorthosite is represented by rocks having predominance of plagioclase with minor clinopyroxene. Ferrodiorite is characterized by modal abundance of orthopyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide. Major and trace element systematics showed that all the four rock types are co-magmatic and are related through fractional crystallization. Based on this study, it is reported that clinopyroxene was the first phase to crystallize followed by plagioclase and then Fe-Ti oxides. Furthermore, trace element composition of the parental melt was calculated using LA-ICPMS analysis of the most primitive, pure clinopyroxene found in the clinopyroxene gabbronorite. Our analyses suggested that the parental melt was similar to that of continental arc basalt and showed signatures of subduction-related metasomatism. Based on mineral chemical and geochemical data, it is interpreted that the parent melt went through changing sequence of crystallization which led to the formation of massive anorthosite.     

The significance of magmatic erosion for bifurcation of UG1 chromitite layers in the Bushveld Complex

One of the most puzzling features of the UG1 chromitite layers in the famous exposures at Dwars River, Eastern Bushveld Complex, is the bifurcation, i.e. convergence and divergence of layers along strike that isolate lenses of anorthosite. The bifurcations have been variously interpreted as resulting from: (1) the intermittent accumulation of plagioclase on the chamber floor as lenses, terminated by crystallization of continuous chromitite layers (the depositional model); (2) late-stage injections of chromite mush or chromite-saturated melt along anastomosing fractures that dismembered semi-consolidated plagioclase cumulates (the intrusive model); (3) post-depositional deformation of alternating plagioclase and chromite cumulates, resulting in local amalgamation of chromitite layers and anorthosite lenses that wedge out laterally (the deformational model). None of these hypotheses account satisfactorily for the following field observations: (a) wavy and scalloped contacts between anorthosite and chromitite layers; (b) abrupt lateral terminations of thin anorthosite layers within chromitite; (c) in situ anorthosite inclusions with highly irregular contacts and delicate wispy tails within chromitite; many of these inclusions are contiguous with footwall and hanging wall cumulates; (d) transported anorthosite fragments enclosed by chromitite; (e) disrupted anorthosite and chromitite layers overlain by planar chromitite; (f) protrusions of chromitite into underlying anorthosite; (g) merging of chromitite layers around anorthosite domes. We propose a novel hypothesis that envisages basal flows of new dense and superheated magma that resulted in intense thermo-chemical erosion of the temporary floor of the chamber. The melting and dissolution of anorthosite was patchy and commonly inhibited by chromitite layers, resulting in lens-like remnants of anorthosite resting on continuous layers of chromitite. On cooling, the magma crystallized chromite on the irregular chamber floor, draping the remnants of anorthosite and merging with pre-existing chromitite layers excavated by erosion. With further cooling, the magma crystallized chromite-bearing anorthosite. Emplacement of multiple pulses of magma led to repetition of this sequence of events, resulting in a complex package of anorthosite lenses and bifurcating chromitite layers. This hypothesis is the most satisfactory explanation for most of the features of this enigmatic igneous layering in the Bushveld Complex.     

Apatite geochemistry of the Taihe layered intrusion,SW China: Implications for the magmatic differentiation and the origin of apatite-rich Fe-Ti oxide ores

The Taihe intrusion is one of the layered intrusions situated in the central zone of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China. The cyclic units in the Middle Zone of the intrusion are composed of apatite-magnetite clinopyroxenite at the base and gabbro at the top. The apatite-rich oxide ores contain 6–12 modal% apatite and 20–50 modal% Fe-Ti oxides evidently distinguished from the coeval intrusions in which apatite-rich rocks are poor in Fe-Ti oxides. Most of apatites of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones are fluorapatite, although four samples show slightly high Cl content in apatite suggesting that they crystallize from a hydrous parental magma. Compared to the apatite from the gabbro of the Panzhihua intrusion, situated 100 km to the south of the Taihe intrusion, the apatite of the Taihe rocks is richer in Sr and depleted in HREE relative to LREE. The calculated magma in equilibrium with apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones also shows weakly negative Sr anomalies in primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams. These features indicate that the apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones crystallizes after clinopyroxene and before plagioclase. The apatite of the Taihe Middle and Upper Zones shows weakly negative Eu anomalies suggesting a high oxygen fugacity condition. The high iron and titanium contents in the oxidizing magma result in crystallization of Fe-Ti oxides. Crystallization of abundant Fe-Ti oxides and clinopyroxenes lowers the solubility of phosphorus and elevates SiO₂ concentration in the magma triggering the saturation of apatite. The positive correlations of Sr, V, total REE contents and Ce/Yb ratio in apatite with cumulus clinopyroxene demonstrate approximately compositional equilibrium between these phases suggesting they crystallized from the same ferrobasaltic magma. Early crystallization and accumulation of Fe-Ti oxide together with apatite produced the apatite-rich oxide ores at the base of the cyclic units of the Taihe Middle Zone.     

大庙铁矿田——危机矿山还是潜在超大型铁矿基地

笔者主要基于野外观察认为大庙铁矿田具有巨大的找矿勘探远景,有可能成为中国最大的铁矿资源基地.新的证据不支持大庙斜长岩杂岩体的各组成单元为同源岩浆演化产物的认识,也不支持大庙式铁矿的矿浆成因说.斜长岩至少比苏长岩多经历了两次构造变形,表明后者是在斜长岩冷却固结之后侵位的.大庙式铁矿的形成与苏长质岩浆密切相关,但含矿物质不是来自于苏长质岩浆的分异作用,而是同时侵位的透岩浆流体.含矿岩浆-流体混合物在地壳深部的排气作用导致了成矿物质在苏长岩中的富集,也导致了浅部脉状矿体上磷下铁的特点,主要矿体隐藏在斜长岩之下的苏长岩中.因此,大庙铁矿田仍具有巨大的找矿潜力.     

磁铁矿和钛铁矿成分对四川太和富磷灰石钒钛磁铁矿床成因的约束

产于层状镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体中的太和岩浆型Fe-Ti氧化物矿床是峨眉山大火成岩省内带几个超大型Fe-Ti氧化物矿床之一。太和岩体长超过3km,宽2km,厚约1.2km。根据矿物含量和结构等特征,整个岩体从下向上可划分为下部岩相带、中部岩相带、上部岩相带。下部岩相带主要以(橄榄)辉长岩和厚层不含磷灰石的块状Fe-Ti氧化物矿层组成。中部岩相带韵律旋回发育,(磷灰石)磁铁辉石岩主要位于旋回的底部,旋回上部为(磷灰石)辉长岩。上部岩相带主要是贫Fe-Ti氧化物的磷灰石辉长岩。太和中部岩相带磷灰石磁铁辉石岩含有5%~12%磷灰石、20%~35%Fe-Ti氧化物、50%~60%硅酸盐矿物,且硅酸盐矿物与磷灰石呈堆积结构。磷灰石磁铁辉石岩中磁铁矿显示高TiO2、FeO、MnO、MgO,且变化范围与趋势接近于攀枝花岩体。钛铁矿FeO分别与TiO2、MgO显示负相关,而FeO分别与Fe2O3、MnO显示正的相关,且TiO2、FeO、MnO、MgO含量变化较大,这些特征都暗示磁铁矿和钛铁矿是从富Fe-Ti-P岩浆中分离结晶。因此,可以推断太和磷灰石磁铁矿辉石岩形成于矿物重力分选和堆积。太和下部岩相带包裹在橄榄石中磁铁矿含有相对较高Cr2O3(0.07%~0.21%),而中部岩相带包裹在橄榄石中磁铁矿Cr2O3(0.00%~0.03%)显著降低,且这些磁铁矿Cr2O3含量变化与单斜辉石Cr含量和斜长石An牌号呈正相关。这些特征印证了形成中部岩相带的相对演化的富Fe-Ti-P母岩浆可能是源自中部岩浆房的混合岩浆。上部岩相带磁铁矿和中部岩相带顶部少量磁铁矿显示较低Ti+V可能是由于岩浆房中累积的岩浆热液对磁铁矿成分进行了改造。     

In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: Fe–Ti–(V) oxide-bearing mafic–ultramafic layered intrusions of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province,SW China

The Taihe, Baima, Hongge, Panzhihua and Anyi intrusions of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), SW China, contain large magmatic Fe–Ti–(V) oxide ore deposits. Magnetites from these intrusions have extensive trellis or sandwich exsolution lamellae of ilmenite and spinel. Regular electron microprobe analyses are insufficient to obtain the primary compositions of such magnetites. Instead, laser ablation ICP-MS uses large spot sizes (~ 40 μm) and can produce reliable data for magnetites with exsolution lamellae. Although magnetites from these deposits have variable trace element contents, they have similar multi-element variation patterns. Primary controls of trace element variations of magnetite in these deposits include crystallography in terms of the affinity of the ionic radius and the overall charge balance, oxygen fugacity, magma composition and coexisting minerals. Early deposition of chromite or Cr-magnetite can greatly deplete magmas in Cr and thus Cr-poor magnetite crystallized from such magmas. Co-crystallizing minerals, olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase and apatite, have little influence on trace element contents of magnetite because elements compatible in magnetite are incompatible in these silicate and phosphate minerals. Low contents and bi-modal distribution of the highly compatible trace elements such as V and Cr in magnetite from Fe–Ti oxide ores of the ELIP suggest that magnetite may not form from fractional crystallization, but from relatively homogeneous Fe-rich melts. QUILF equilibrium modeling further indicates that the parental magmas of the Panzhihua and Baima intrusions had high oxygen fugacities and thus crystallized massive and/or net-textured Fe–Ti oxide ores at the bottom of the intrusive bodies. Magnetite of the Taihe, Hongge and Anyi intrusions, on the other hand, crystallized under relatively low oxygen fugacities and, therefore, formed net-textured and/or disseminated Fe–Ti oxides after a lengthy period of silicate fractionation. Plots of Ge vs. Ga + Co can be used as a discrimination diagram to differentiate magnetite of Fe–Ti–(V) oxide-bearing layered intrusions in the ELIP from that of massif anorthosites and magmatic Cu–Ni sulfide deposits. Variable amounts of trace elements of magmatic magnetites from Fe–Ti–(P) oxide ores of the Damiao anorthosite massif (North China) and from Cu–Ni sulfide deposits of Sudbury (Canada) and Huangshandong (northwest China) demonstrate the primary control of magma compositions on major and trace element contents of magnetite.     

The Grader layered intrusion (Havre-Saint-Pierre Anorthosite, Quebec) and genesis of nelsonite and other Fe–Ti–P ores

The Grader layered intrusion is part of the Havre-Saint-Pierre anorthosite in the Grenville Province (Quebec, Canada). This intrusion has a basin-like morphology and contains significant resources of Fe–Ti–P in ilmenite and apatite. Outcropping lithologies are massive oxide alternating with anorthosite layers, banded ilmenite–apatite–plagioclase rocks and layered oxide apatite (gabbro-)norites. Drill cores provide evidence for stratigraphic variations of mineral and whole rock compositions controlled by fractional crystallization with the successive appearance of liquidus phases: plagioclase and ilmenite followed by apatite, then orthopyroxene together with magnetite, and finally clinopyroxene. This atypical sequence of crystallization resulted in the formation of plagioclase–ilmenite–apatite cumulates or “nelsonites” in plagioclase-free layers. Fine-grained ferrodiorites that cross-cut the cumulates are shown to be in equilibrium with the noritic rocks. The high TiO₂ and P₂O₅ contents of these assumed liquids explains the early saturation of ilmenite and apatite before Fe–Mg silicates, thus the nelsonites represent cumulates rather than crystallized Fe–Ti–P-rich immiscible melts. The location of the most evolved mineral and whole rock compositions several tens of meters below the top of the intrusion, forming a sandwich horizon, is consistent with crystallization both from the base and top of the intrusion. The concentrations of V and Cr in ilmenite display a single fractionation path for the different cumulus assemblages and define the cotectic proportion of ilmenite to 21 wt.%. This corresponds to bulk cotectic cumulates with ca. 8 wt.% TiO₂, which is significantly lower than what is commonly observed in the explored portion of the Grader intrusion. The proposed mechanism of ilmenite-enrichment is the lateral removal of plagioclase due to its relative buoyancy in the dense ferrodiorite melt. This plagioclase has probably accumulated in other portions of the intrusion or has not been distinguished from the host anorthosite.