玄武岩纤维原料特征的统计及分析研究

玄武岩纤维是以玄武岩或他种成分相近的岩石为主要原料,经熔融后拉制而成的一种高性能纤维。天然矿石的成分波动会造成拉丝困难或纤维性能不稳定,本文收集了54组原料岩石以及114组玄武岩纤维样品的化学成分数据,研究归纳了玄武岩纤维所需原料的岩石学特征、参数指标特征和其他特征,分析提出了可拉丝岩石相关参数指标的最佳区间。适于生产玄武岩纤维的原料矿石,其特征可总结如下：岩石学方面,以基性岩以及SiO2含量为53%~57%的中性岩为佳,岩石类型最佳为玄武岩或安山玄武岩;岩石结构最佳为间隐结构、玻基斑状结构或玻璃质结构;构造的影响是间接的,主要为气孔或杏仁构造中可能含有的一些不利矿物的影响;矿物组成方面,蛇纹石、沸石等含水矿物会在熔融过程中产生气泡,影响纤维制备连续性的同时也有利于原料的充分熔融,镁橄榄石、磁铁矿等高熔点矿物会使原料在熔融阶段难以完全熔化,导致熔体不均匀并容易析晶。参数指标方面,可拉丝岩石的酸度系数（Mk）最佳区间为4.0~5.5;黏度系数（Mv）为2.0~3.0;硅铝氧化物与其他氧化物比值为1.5~3.0;氧化物组成的物质的量分数分布为n(RO)=20%~30%,n(RO2)=57%~70%,n(R2O3)=10%~16%（R为阳离子）。     

玄武岩制备连续纤维熔融反应热力学研究

玄武岩纤维由天然岩石直接熔融拉丝制备而成，性能优异，其原料调控对纤维制备和性能提升有重要影响，熔融反应的热力学分析是研究原料特征的重要手段。本文以代表性玄武岩样品为原料，分析其矿物组成，进而构建复杂硅酸盐体系热力学模型，研究其在1400℃时的熔融反应热力学。结果表明，单一矿物如长石、辉石熔融反应的吉布斯自由能为负值且相对较小；钛铁矿、磁铁矿、磷灰石等矿物熔融反应的吉布斯自由能为正数。所选玄武岩样品熔融反应的吉布斯自由能为-225～-257 kJ/mol,表明可自发进行；样品熔融过程的理论能耗为2.4～2.5 GJ/t,接近某些玻璃纤维池窑工艺能耗(考虑窑炉热效率)。纤维的制备条件和性能参数与原料的成分关系密切，以直径约9μm的纤维为例，其拉丝温度及缠绕机线速度等条件各不相同，纤维表面光滑，断裂伸长率约3%～4%,弹性模量59～66 GPa,抗拉强度1700～2400 MPa;采用Giordano的模型，计算出不同原料成纤粘度(lgη)约0.70～1.21 Pa·s。本研究的热力学模型及实验结果可为玄武岩纤维制备的原料优选、能耗计算、条件调控及性能预测提供参考。     

贵州赫章地区玄武岩拉丝试验研究

对采自贵州省赫章县不同地区的16件致密状和3件杏仁状玄武岩进行了拉丝试验,从化学成分、矿物成分、拉丝温度、试验转速、析晶上限温度等方面分析了拉丝成功的影响因素,讨论了本区玄武岩作为生产连续玄武岩纤维原矿石的可能性,同时探讨了生产连续玄武岩纤维的拉丝作业温度.结果 表明,赫章县不同地区19件玄武岩,16件拉丝成功、3件拉丝失败;16件致密状玄武岩有15件拉丝成功、3件杏仁状玄武岩有2件拉丝失败.该区致密状玄武岩化学成分和矿物成分绝大部分符合连续纤维用玄武岩标准,具有重要的开发利用价值;利用本区致密状玄武岩生产连续纤维过程中,拉丝作业温度应高于1350 ℃.     

四川省峨边县玄武岩特征及开发利用前景

四川省峨边县玄武岩矿资源丰富,但尚无开发利用纤维用玄武岩的矿山。从玄武岩的矿石组构、化学成分和玄武岩拉丝性能判别指标3个方面开展纤维用玄武岩评价工作。研究结果显示: 研究区致密块状玄武岩和杏仁状玄武岩多属拉斑系列与碱性系列的过渡型岩石,玻基玄武岩均为碱性系列; 拉斑玄武岩系列矿石的化学成分具有SiO₂含量较高、(K₂O+Na₂O)和TiO₂含量较低、FeO/MgO值较大的特征; 区内致密块状玄武岩适合连续玄武岩纤维生产,而杏仁状玄武岩的杏仁中含有石英和方解石等次矿物,玻基玄武岩具有火山玻璃成分含量高、杏仁状构造及酸度系数过高等特征,均不宜作为生产玄武岩纤维的原料。研究区玄武岩矿具备纤维用玄武岩资源储备地的潜力,建议采用综合开发的方式利用玄武岩矿资源。     

连续玄武岩纤维矿石中TiO2、MgO含量的探讨

玄武岩纤维是以天然玄武岩为生产原料，高温熔融后经漏板拉丝制备而成的纤维。玄武岩纤维中TiO₂、MgO组分含量较低，但对纤维形成的影响不可忽略。根据峨眉山玄武岩中TiO₂、MgO含量不同的斜斑玄武岩和致密玄武岩进行拉丝试验，从玄武岩纤维成丝率、纤维断裂强度、熔制性能等分析，结合已有研究成果对玄武岩中TiO₂、MgO含量进行讨论。结果表明，连续玄武岩纤维矿石中的TiO₂、MgO可增强玄武岩纤维的热性能和化学性能，在一定范围内TiO₂含量增加、MgO含量减少，可提高玄武岩纤维的稳定性和成丝率，增强纤维断裂强度。在现有的工艺条件下，根据不同类别的玄武岩，可将连续玄武岩纤维矿石中TiO₂含量扩大到4%，增加矿石原料的选取范围。     

山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征及开发利用研究

玄武岩纤维是国际上重点发展的新材料之一,附加价值极高。以天然玄武岩拉制的连续纤维是一种新型无机环保绿色高性能纤维材料,具有强度高,电绝缘、耐腐蚀、耐高温等多种优异性能。笔者等通过对山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征、岩相学特征及岩石地球化学特征进行分析研究,发现产出于中新世临朐群牛山组偏基性火山岩的致密块状橄榄玄武岩,是拉丝纤维用的理想原矿石。笔者等梳理了国内部分生产企业和学者研究关于天然玄武岩成功拉丝的研究进展,分析研究了山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩影响连续纤维用玄武岩矿拉丝性能的七大参数指标,结果表明,研究区橄榄玄武岩除酸度系数偏低外,各项参数均符合连续拉丝纤维生产各项指标,可为后续开展纤维用玄武岩地质调查工作提供参考,助力资源的开发利用研究。     

山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征及开发利用研究

玄武岩纤维是国际上重点发展的新材料之一,附加价值极高。以天然玄武岩拉制的连续纤维是一种新型无机环保绿色高性能纤维材料,具有强度高,电绝缘、耐腐蚀、耐高温等多种优异性能。笔者等通过对山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩地质特征、岩相学特征及岩石地球化学特征进行分析研究,发现产出于中新世临朐群牛山组偏基性火山岩的致密块状橄榄玄武岩,是拉丝纤维用的理想原矿石。笔者等梳理了国内部分生产企业和学者研究关于天然玄武岩成功拉丝的研究进展,分析研究了山东省临朐—沂水地区橄榄玄武岩影响连续纤维用玄武岩矿拉丝性能的七大参数指标,结果表明,研究区橄榄玄武岩除酸度系数偏低外,各项参数均符合连续拉丝纤维生产各项指标,可为后续开展纤维用玄武岩地质调查工作提供参考,助力资源的开发利用研究。     

西藏泽当蛇绿岩中角闪辉长岩矿物学特征及其成因启示

西藏泽当蛇绿岩位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段,由地幔橄榄岩、辉长岩、玄武岩等组成,地幔橄榄岩中发育有少量辉石岩、辉长岩、异剥钙榴岩、斜长花岗岩和角闪辉长岩。本文研究的角闪辉长岩侵入于泽当地幔橄榄岩的辉石岩中,主要由角闪石、葡萄石+绿纤石和少量Fe-Ti氧化物组成。岩石中角闪石呈自形,伟晶结构,褐色,均一的干涉色,与交代成因的角闪石相比具有较高的Al2O3(7.0%~11.0%)、Ti O2(1.0%~2.5%)和Na2O(1.0%~1.9%)含量,指示其为岩浆成因;Fe-Ti氧化物以磁铁矿为主(Ti O2=1.2%~13.2%;Fe2O3=40.6%~61.4%;Fe O=31.1%~43.6%),与钛铁矿(Ti O2=36.2%~50.8%;Fe2O3=2.5%~24.6%;Fe O=33.0%~43.7%)经常呈矿物对共生或出溶钛铁矿,磁铁矿—钛铁矿计算矿物平衡氧逸度(-logfo2)为12.4~22.8,约为NNO+1,比正常MORB氧化程度高,指示岩浆结晶时具有较高的水逸度。其锆石εHf(t)值为11.0~19.8,显示亏损地幔源区特征。岩石地球化学分析显示其具有高的Al2O3(20.4%~22.4%)、Ti O2(1.0%~1.5%),低的Mg O(4.1%~5.5%)含量类似高铝玄武岩的特征。泽当角闪辉长岩可能由亏损地幔部分熔融形成的含水岩浆经过演化(分离结晶作用等)形成的低镁高铝类似高铝玄武岩的岩浆结晶形成。然而样品严重亏损轻稀土(LREE),与常见于岛弧区的高铝玄武岩不同,可能为蛇纹石化的洋壳或地幔橄榄岩在俯冲早期脱水使得地幔楔发生部分熔融导致。对泽当蛇绿岩中侵入岩及地幔橄榄岩进行更详细的调查研究将对揭示泽当蛇绿岩的形成环境构造背景提供更多的线索。     

青海都兰县色德日辉绿岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

为探讨青海都兰县沟里地区基性脉岩的成岩时代与构造环境,理解早古生代东昆仑地区的地质演化历史,对沟里地区发育的色德日辉绿岩进行了系统的岩石学、岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。岩石学观察显示,色德日辉绿岩蚀变强烈,但仍保留明显的辉绿结构。岩石地球化学分析表明,辉绿岩的SiO_2含量(45.70%~46.70%)与基性岩相当,属亚碱性玄武岩系列;全岩的CaO含量较高(19.64%~21.50%),与碳酸盐化、云母化等蚀变特征吻合;全岩稀土总量较低(64.53×l0-6~182.99×l0~(-6)),具有轻稀土元素富集特征,其δEu为0.80~0.96、δCe为0.84~0.92,均呈负异常;富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Th和U),而亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti和Y)。全岩地球化学特征呈现岛弧玄武岩特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为417.4±3.2Ma,形成于晚志留世。研究表明,色德日辉绿岩是俯冲板片的消减作用引发地幔物质产生部分熔融的产物,其形成与晚志留世东昆仑地区古特提斯洋壳俯冲消减作用有关。     

浙江嵊县—新昌新生代玄武岩及包体的研究

浙江新生代玄武岩主要岩石类型为橄榄拉斑玄武岩.矿物组合、岩石化学和REE特征表明为碱性玄武岩系列,是非原生岩浆的结晶产物(M=36-60,SI=15-37)。K-Ar同位素年龄4—10Ma.碱性橄榄玄武岩内赋存幔源包体和高压巨晶,其中尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体熔融程度8％,形成温度975℃,压力15.7×10~8Pa。     

Formation of plagioclase-bearing peridotite and plagioclase-bearing wehrlite and gabbro suite through reactive crystallization: an experimental study

Plagioclase-bearing peridotites are commonly associated with gabbroic rocks sampled around the Moho Transition Zone. Based on mineral chemistry, texture, and spatial relations, the formation of plagioclase-bearing peridotites has been attributed to impregnation of basalt into residual peridotites. We conducted reactive dissolution and crystallization experiments to test this hypothesis by reacting a primitive mid-ocean ridge basalt with a melt-impregnated lherzolite at 1,300 °C and 1 GPa and then cooling to 1,050 °C as pressure decreased to 0.7 GPa. Crystallization during cooling produced lithologic sequences of gabbro–wehrlite or gabbro–wehrlite–peridotite, depending on reaction time. Wehrlitic and peridotitic sections contain significant amounts of plagioclase interstitial to olivine and clinopyroxene and plagioclase compositions are spatially homogeneous. Clinopyroxene in the wehrlite–peridotite section is reprecipitated from the melt and exhibits poikilitic texture with small rounded olivine chadacrysts. Mineral composition in olivine and clinopyroxene varies spatially, both at the scale of the sample and within individual grains. Olivine grains that crystallized close to the melt–peridotite interface are enriched in iron due to their proximity to the basaltic melt reservoir. Consistent with many field studies, we observed gradual spatial variation in olivine and clinopyroxene composition across a lithologically sharp boundary between the gabbro and wehrlite–peridotite. Plagioclase compositions show no obvious dependence on distance from the melt–rock interface and were precipitated from late-stage trapped melts. Compositional trends of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase are consistent with previous experimental results and natural observations of the Moho Transition Zone. Different lithological sequences form based primarily on the melt–rock ratio, composition of the melt and host peridotite, and thermochemical conditions, but are expected to grade from gabbro to wehrlite or troctolite to peridotite. Plagioclase-bearing peridotite represents the low melt–rock ratio end member where pyroxene is only partially replaced by olivine and melt, whereas dunite is expected to form where melts overwhelm and consume all other phases. This study confirms that under nominally anhydrous conditions, the gabbro–wehrlite–plagioclase-peridotite sequence can be formed by reaction between basalt and lherzolite and subsequent crystallization at intermediate to low pressures. Melt–rock reaction is a fundamental process in the formation of new crust at the shallowest part of the melting column where pyroxene-undersaturated melts percolate through depleted peridotite.     

非实比熔融中P值对熔融产物影响的讨论

非实比部分熔融模型中Ｐ值的大小取决于熔融模式，不同的Ｐ值会造成熔体成分的改变。当Ｐ值不同时，相容元素和弱不相容元素在熔体中的浓度出现大的变化，因此，在模型中这些元素的Ｐ值不能用Ｄ０代替；然而，Ｐ值的变化仅造成强不相容及中等不相容元素的浓度小的变化，可以认为强不相容与中等不相容元素的Ｐ值约等于Ｄ０。在部分熔融程度相同的条件下，不同的Ｐ值可以使同种源岩熔出稀土元素模式亏损或富集的不同岩浆类型。自然界地幔的部分熔融过程存在着不同的方式与作用，如实比熔融与非实比熔融［１，２］。然而，目前对部分熔融岩浆作用地球化学问题的讨论，一般只考虑实比熔融过程。本文主要讨论非实比熔融作用在自然界的普遍存在，以及在地幔部分熔融过程中Ｐ值对熔融产物的影响。     

On the Origin of High-Alumina Arc Basalt and the Mechanics of Melt Extraction

Most models of high-alumina arc basalt petrogenesis rely heavilyon the supposition that the abundances of certain trace elements,in particular the relatively unfractionated Rare Earth Element(REE) patterns and the unusually high concentrations of K, Rb,Sr, and Ba are incompatible with a garnet-bearing subductedoceanic crustal (quartz eclogite) source rock. We have carefullyexamined this apparently unequivocal evidence in light of recentprogress on the physics of melt extraction and the heat transferand mechanics of magma ascent. The weakest element of all traceelement models involving a quartz eclogite source is the assumptionthat the element concentrations are fixed at the source andonly later modified in the near-surface environment. We expandon such models by monitoring the concentrations of REE and majorand trace elements during initial melting, ascent, and extractionof magma. This is done by combining calculated cooling curvesfor ascending magmatic bodies with high pressure phase equilibria.The amount that each phase contributes to the melt is monitoredalong with the composition of the melt and residual solids.With quartz eclogite, initial melting initiates gravitationalinstability of the entire source material (melt plus solids)before melt extraction can occur. During ascent of this mush,melting increases until the solids can be repacked to free themelt. This extraction takes place some 15–20 km abovethe slab, after about 50 per cent melting, at which point themelt has a pattern of REE and other trace element concentrationsalmost identical to those observed in high-alumina arc basalts,assuming an initial composition equivalent to altered oceaniccrust plus 5 per cent pelagic sediment. Sr abundances are theonly ones which are not well-matched by this process. The majorelement concentrations of the extracted melt also closely matchthose of high-alumina arc basalt. A similar, but less detailedevaluation of both fertile and depleted peridotite source rocksyields good agreement for the REE and other trace element concentrationsassuming a LREE-enriched source rock strongly enriched in K,Rb, Sr, and Ba. Ni, Cr, and Co abundances are satisfied onlythrough substantial low pressure fractionation of mafic phases,in particular olivine. Though not rigorously tested, such aprocess may be compatible with the observed major element concentrationsof high-alumina basalt. However, the experimentally verifiedfact that high-alumina basalts could never have been in equilibriumwith either an olivine-bearing magma or source rock eliminatesthis possibility altogether. Thus, the simultaneous considerationof the mechanics of ascent and melt extraction along with phaseequilibria clearly shows that partial melting of quartz eclogitebest satisfies the chemical constraints of major, trace, andREE characteristics of high-alumina arc basalts.     

高温高压条件下闪长岩部分熔融产物的反常现象

为了考察岩石熔融过程中熔体成分的变化规律,以细粒闪长岩为样品,进行了不同熔融程度的实验研究。通过对熔体成分的分析,得出以下结论:在初始熔融条件下,熔体的成分为玄武质,随着熔融程度的增高,熔体的成分由基性向中酸性,由富钾向富钠,由强碱性向亚碱性方向演化。     

高温实验研究火成岩成因的意义

通过对球粒陨石晚壳的分层及玻璃质的研究,探讨了类地行星的层圈构造划分及地球早期玄武岩与月岩形成的机理。论述了高温实验结果对火山岩、侵入岩、陨石及含水暗色矿物等有关成因研究的意义。根据酸性火山岩干熔与湿熔实验中矿物熔融顺序的不同,分析了花岗闻风而动 浆侵入酸度演经及浅色麻粒岩的 ,讨论了岩石熔点与酸度、结构的关系。根据玄武岩加花岗岩的熔融实验结果,排队了玄武岩浆同化花岗岩形成 白榴玄武岩的可能,并提出了高铝玄武岩浆与碱性苦橄岩浆分离结晶形成拉斑玄武系列岩石及出现跨越趋势的可能。通过不同酸度、不同温度熔体粘度的计算．阐述了同一温度下熔浆酸度愈大粘度增大率愈大的特点及其与火山相、喷发及火山类型的关系。通过轻度钠化、变质、风化的玄武岩熔融结晶实验与新鲜玄武岩的对比,指出具原岩显微结构的岩石．其化学成分仍可作为火山岩分类命名、系列划分的依据。通过玄武岩熔融结晶实验,研究了熔浆过冷度、成桉密度、晶体生长速度与矿物结晶程度的关系,并指出了白榴苦橄岩熔体在降温过程中,晶出矿物的共生组合、演化顺序及其意义。根据含水暗色矿物的升温研究,阐明了它们氧化、脱水与热光性的变化过程及其暗化、分解、熔融的变化阶段,阐述了它们在地质温度计、划分岩浆岩相等方面的作用,并由玄武岩的熔融结晶实验结果,研究了富钙单斜辉石在压力效应、淬火效应中Ti 与Al2含量的不同,还指出可能有“等温效应 的存在。     

The human impact on natural rock reserves using basalt,anorthosite, and carbonates as raw materials in insulation products

Typical crustal rocks such as basalt, limestone, and anorthosite are used in stone wool insulation products. The raw materials for stone wool production are not specific to any rare mineral source but depend upon the mixture of materials having the correct chemical composition, exemplified by 40 wt% basalt, 20 wt% anorthosite, and 40 wt% cement-bonded renewable materials. This study provides an overview of the natural cycle of these resources, including their abundances in nature, and sets the consumption by the stone wool industry and other human activities in perspective.

Basalt, anorthosite, and carbonates are widespread on all continents. Although basaltic rocks cover most of the ocean floor, these reserves are hidden below several kilometres of water and therefore are regarded as inaccessible. Instead, large igneous provinces on land constitute major basaltic reserves useful for human rock exploration. Globally, anorthositic provinces comprise smaller volumes than do limestone or basalt, but still occur in sufficient amounts to supply for the production of insulation materials indefinitely. An evaluation of the modern consumption rates and reserves shows that the crustal inventories of these rock types are so large that they could supply current human demand for millions of years.

The natural degradation of surface rocks occurs by physical and chemical weathering creating sediment that is transported along rivers and deposited in the ocean. Sediments are either obducted with continental lithosphere or subducted with oceanic crust and recycled through the mantle by plate tectonics. Insulation products have a chemical composition similar to average crustal rocks and participate in the natural rock cycle. However, these products need not accumulate in nature, inasmuch as old insulation materials serve as excellent source materials for new products. Moreover, current production lines exploit more than 30 natural and 20–30 synthetic source materials that circumvent regional depletion and contribute to the recycling of other industrial materials.