1:20万区域化探方法核心技术"取样粒级"的讨论

内蒙古区域化探扫面采用水系沉积物测量(或土壤测量),取粗粒级样品,取得了较好的地质找矿效果,但局部景观区找矿效果受到了一些影响.我国南北方水系沉积物中元素含量呈"U"形分布,反映了南北方不同的风化类型,以及所取不同粒级样品的物质成分也不同;取粗粒级和细粒级样品均可能有化探异常显示,采用-5～+20目(0.9 mm≤A＜4 mm)和-120目(A＜-0.125 mm)组合粒级作为采样粒级.为提高工效,取样时可以采用-5目(或-20目)全粒级物质,也能获取更多的找矿信息.这种取样粒级技术,也适宜于全国各种不同的景观区的不同尺度的水系沉积物测量和土壤测量的化探工作.     

冀北火山岩型铀矿地球化学评价指标研究

冀北地区是火山岩型铀矿的有利产出区域,本文以该区的水系沉积物区域化探数据与典型铀矿矿区岩石和土壤地球化学数据为研究基础,建立适用于火山岩型铀矿的地球化学勘查评价指标。含矿围岩富铀、钍、硅、钾。铀富集于粗粒级(-4～+20目)水系沉积物和细粒级(-100目)土壤。因此,粗粒级水系沉积物是区域测量的有效采样介质,细粒级土壤是矿区测量的有效采样介质。火山岩型铀矿直接的特征指示元素为U和Mo,其它伴生元素还有Th、La、Hg、Sb、Zr、B、F等。该指标的建立对冀北地区及北方火山岩型铀矿勘查评价具有实际意义。     

黑龙江逊克霍吉河地区地球化学找矿方法

水系沉积物和土壤采样分析研究表明, 在研究区地球化学找矿工作中可采用两者相结合的采样方法。水系沉积物样品过筛粒级为- 10～ + 60目, 其中- 10～ + 20目和- 20～ + 40目粒级样品比较发育, 含量较高, - 40～ + 60目粒级样品含量最低, - 60目样品含量上下波动较大。样品中Au、Bi 和Sn含量变化大, 变异系数在各粒级中分别为0.41～1.41、1.84～2.49和1.40～1.50, 其他元素在各粒级中变异系数为0.31～0.94, 含量变化较小。土壤测量发现, 在B层发育部位采集B层中部土壤, 在B层不发育地段采集B +C层土壤样品, 能较好反映异常。元素含量从浅到深有增加趋势, 异常强度有所变化, 但对发现异常没有影响。     

广东北市地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量粒级试验

在广东北市地区选择310 km2试验区开展1∶5万水系沉积物测量粒级试验。在同一采样点位分别采集-10~+80目和-60目两种粒级的样品,进行多元素含量测试,从水系沉积物粒级分布特征、元素含量分布特征、富集倾向性和地球化学特征4方面对上述两种粒级试验效果进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)水系沉积物中-10~+80目粒级段样品占全部样品的86.59%,质量上占有绝对优势;(2)除W、Sn、Pb外,试验区多数元素在两种粒级总体上具有相似的含量分布特征,且在高背景区或矿(化)区均不同程度富集于-10~+80目粗粒级,在低背景区或非矿(化)区则正好相反;(3)包括Au、Ag、Zn、Mo、Sb在内,多数元素-10~+80目粗粒级显示的区域地球化学分布与区域地质吻合度更高,地球化学分布界线与地质界线更为接近;(4)多数元素-10~+80目粗粒级显示的地球化学高背景-正异常区的规模和强度整体上大于-60目细粒级,Mo、Sb等尤为明显。因此,广东北市地区1∶5万水系沉积物的最佳采样粒级为-10~+80目。     

新疆西昆仑地区干旱荒漠景观区域化探方法技术初步研究

西昆仑地区地处中国风成沙的沉降区，与其它区相比较，风成沙粒级偏细。风成沙中主要颗粒成分为石英长石，但偏粗粒级混有一定比例近源岩屑；细粒级云母和暗色矿物颗粒增多，导致风成沙各粒级元素含量人布从粗粒至细粒级呈两头偏高，中间偏低的趋势。该区水系中普遍见风成沙掺入，水系沉积物从粗至细粒级石英长石颗粒逐渐增多，岩屑颗粒逐渐减少，石英长石主要来自风成沙。水系沉积物中，元素含量以80目级为界出现明显差异，－80目粒级元素含量明显受到风成沙干扰。因此，在该区开展区域化探采样粒级应为－10－＋80目粒级。奥依且克地区－10－＋80目和－80目两种粒级试点测量结果，表明－10－＋80目粒级的正确性。     

黄河三角洲不同类型湿地稀土元素配分模式

本文利用ICP-MS对2006—2008年采自黄河三角洲湿地系统的208个表层土壤(沉积物)样品进行了14项稀土元素(REE)分析,研究了黄河三角洲不同植被覆盖下REE的配分模式特征。结果表明:上三角洲平原湿地表层土壤稀土元素总量(ΣREE)分布范围为137.29×10-6~267.82×10-6,平均值为166.73×10-6。碱蓬湿地和光滩湿地的配分曲线比较接近;芦苇湿地和柽柳湿地的配分曲线也比较接近,具有配分曲线整体低于碱蓬湿地和光滩湿地的趋势。研究区浅海湿地表层沉积物ΣREE为143.11×10-6~222.48×10-6,平均值为180.80×10-6。黄河上三角洲平原各类湿地稀土元素配分曲线高于黄河浅海湿地的稀土元素配分曲线,黄河浅海湿地的稀土元素配分曲线高于黄河沉积物的稀土元素配分曲线,且其配分曲线LREE较分散,而HREE较集中甚至重合。由此证明,稀土元素与植物分带具有成因关系,即黄河三角洲湿地系统LREE较多的参与到了植被的生物地球化学循环,而HREE在湿地生态系统呈生物化学惰性。     

花岗闪长岩风化层土壤及其盐水与酸不溶物元素变化行为研究:以热液成矿指示元素为例

从土壤到水系沉积物风化过程中微量元素含量的变化行为对化探异常的圈定和解释具有重要参考价值。以北京西南房山花岗闪长岩体发育的土壤为研究对象,通过盐水及盐酸溶液去除土壤中的活动态微量元素,以模拟含盐水系及酸性水系,实验查明从土壤到水系沉积物风化过程中微量元素的变化行为。实验结果发现从土壤到盐水不溶物再到酸不溶物,花岗岩风化指数(WIG值)逐渐降低,表明WIG是表征其风化程度的良好地球化学指标。样品粒度越细其风化程度越高,热液成矿元素含量从粗粒级到细粒级含量逐渐升高,建议采样粒度为80~100目。     

渤海西部表层沉积物的稀土元素分布特征与物源约束

对渤海西部44个表层沉积物样品进行电感耦合等离子体质谱法测试,分析了稀土元素(REE)含量,探讨了渤海西部稀土元素分布特征及其物源约束。结果表明,渤海西部表层沉积物的稀土配分模式与中国黄土的接近,表明研究区沉积物主要来自于周边大陆。渤海西部表层沉积物稀土元素富集与粒度效应研究表明,∑REE与Mg、Ti、Co、Cr、Li和细粒沉积物呈明显正相关,而与砂质沉积物呈显著负相关,与Zr无明显正或负的相关性。渤海西部表层沉积物稀土元素参数特征值离散图和Q-型聚类分析结果,可将研究海域沉积物划分为3个不同的地球化学分区,研究区中部和西北部海域为∑REE高值区,其物质主要来源于海河和黄河;研究区南部、东南部沉积物主要来源于黄河物质输入;研究区东北部滦河口外沉积物主要来源于滦河物质。     

冲绳海槽中部Jade热液活动区中块状硫化物的稀土元素地球化学特征

用ICP－MS对冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区中6个块状硫化物样品进行了稀土元素分析。除一个样品表现出极微弱的正Eu异常外(δEu=1.09)，其他样品均表现出负Eu异常(δEu=0.58-0.71)和LREE相对富集((La/Yb)N=1.29-47.87)的球粒陨石标准化配分模式。块状硫化物样品之间稀土元素组成的变化是由于热液流体－岩石的相互作用以及海水和热液流体不同程度混合的结果，与深海沉积物，火山岩和海水稀土元素配分模式对比，表明块状硫休物的REE部分来自沉积物和火山岩，海水的混合作用对块状硫化物的REE配分模式具有一定的影响。海底热液硫化物稀土元素组成的变化可以一定程度的反映在出热液流体的演化特征。     

大兴安岭北部森林沼泽区1∶5万水系沉积物测量方法研究

通过对在大兴安岭北部森林沼泽—冻土景观区的1∶5万水系沉积物测量方法技术的研究,发现以水系沉积物中较粗粒级的碎屑(-10～+60目)作为采样介质,可有效地排除有机质的干扰,强化异常;并提出在水系沉积物不甚发育的地区,以水系沉积物为主,辅以网格法土壤测量,则能更有效地提高找矿效果。     

The lignin component of humic substances: Distribution among soil and sedimentary humic,fulvic, and base-insoluble fractions

Vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols occur as CuO oxidation products of humic, fulvic and base-insoluble residual fractions from soils, peat and nearshore marine sediments. However, none of these lignin-derived phenols were released by CuO oxidation of deepsea sediment or its base-extractable organic fractions. Lignin analysis indicated that peat and coastal marine sediments contained significantly higher levels of recognizable vascular plant carbon (20–50%) than soils and offshore marine sediments (0–10%).Although accounting for less than 20% of the total sedimentary (bulk) lignin, lignin components of humic acid fractions compositionally and quantitatively resembled the corresponding bulk samples and baseinsoluble residues. Recognizable lignin, presumably present as intact phenylpropanoid units, accounted for up to 5% of the carbon in peat and coastal humic acids but less than 1% in soil humic acids. Fulvic acid fractions uniformly yielded less lignin-derived phenols in mixtures that were depleted in syringyl and cinnamyl phenols relative to the corresponding humic acid fractions.Within the vanillyl and syringyl families the relative distribution of acidic and aldehydic phenols is a sensitive measure of the degree of oxidative alteration of the lignin component The high acid/aldehyde ratios and the low phenol yields of soils and their humic fractions compared to peat and coastal sediments indicate extensive degradation of the lignin source material. Likewise, the progressively higher acid/aldehyde ratios and lower phenol yields along the sequence: plant tissues (plant debris)-humic acids-fulvic acids suggest that this pattern represents the diagenetic sequence for the aerobic degradation of lignin biopolymers.     

森林沼泽景观元素次生分散富集特征

得尔布干森林沼泽区的景观特征是冬季寒冷,夏季降雨集中,中低山沟谷长而平缓,植被发育,土壤A层和水系沉积物中富泥炭,土壤呈弱酸性、弱还原环境.铅锌矿床形成的异常从岩石、土壤C层、土壤A层到水系沉积物元素含量降低,呈逐步分散.水系沉积物中Pb、Zn元素含量随粒度变细而降低,Ag、有机碳含量增高.水系中泥炭沉积物可吸附活动态金属元素,在背景地段可形成次生富集和"假异常".有机质影响水系沉积物异常,为干扰因素,应消除有机质影响.水系沉积物中碎屑沉积物能较好反映矿化异常.确定合理采样介质、密度,采样到位,可提高中大比例尺地球化学勘查效果.     

冀东南地区稀土元素演化特征及基准值研究

从冀东南地区系统采集了地表水(n=37)、地下水(n=31)、水系沉积物(n=81)、土壤(n=242)和岩石(n=472)的稀土样品,利用统计学和岩性岀露加权方法分别对14个稳定的稀土元素(REE)含量及各类稀土基准值和分布模式方面进行了研究。对岩石—土壤—水系沉积物—地下水和地表水系统中稀土元素迁移和分布模式的研究表明,随土壤的发育,REE出现富集,并出现分异,HREE比LREE更易在土壤中富集;Eu在岩石和土壤中由负异常到地下水和地表水的正异常演化特征。地表水和地下水中REE的含量和分布模式相近。     

Effects of organic matter heterogeneity on sorption and desorption of organic contaminants by soils and sediments

This review highlights the major progress over the last decade on characterization of geochemically heterogeneous soil/sediment organic matter (SOM) and the impacts of SOM heterogeneity on sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) under equilibrium and rate limiting conditions. Sorption and desorption by soils and sediments are fundamental processes controlling fate and transport of less polar and nonpolar organic pollutants in surface aquatic and groundwater systems. Recent studies have shown that soils and sediments exhibit an array of HOC sorption phenomena that are inconsistent with an early partition model based on an assumption of homogeneous gel-like SOM. Increasing data have revealed that isotherm nonlinearity, varied sorption capacity, sorption–desorption hysteresis, and slow rates of sorption and desorption are characteristics for HOC sorption by soils and sediments. These phenomena have been shown to result from different types of condensed SOM that exhibit capacity limiting sorption processes. Recent findings of glass transition phenomena and the nonlinear HOC sorption by humic acids provide a scientific foundation for drawing an analogy between humic acids and synthetic organic polymers that supports a dual mode model for sorption by soils and sediments. Humic acid is glassy or rigid at temperatures lower than its glass transition temperature and exhibits relatively nonlinear sorption isotherms for HOCs. Fractionation and quantification of SOM indicate that soils and sediments contain significant amounts of black carbon and kerogen of different origins. These particulate organic materials have rigid 3-dimensional structures and are often less polar compared to humic substances. Limited studies show that black carbon and kerogen exhibit nonlinear sorption for HOCs and may dominate the overall nonlinear sorption by soils and sediments.     

Catchment and in-stream influences on metal concentration and ochre deposit density in upland streams, Northern Ireland

Metal concentrations from stream waters in two geological blocks in Northern Ireland were compared to determine the contributions of catchment characteristics and in-stream conditions. One block is composed of metamorphosed schist and unconsolidated glacial drift with peat or peaty podzol (mainly humic) soils, while the other block consists of tertiary basalt with brown earth and gley soils. Water samples were collected from 52 stream sites and analysed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) as well as a range of other chemical determinands known to affect metal solubility. Densities of metal-rich ochre deposit were determined for stream bed stone samples. Higher conductivities and concentrations of bicarbonate, alkalinity, calcium and magnesium occurred on basalt than on schist. Despite higher Fe and Mn oxide concentrations in basalt-derived non-humic soils, stream water concentrations were much lower and ochre deposit densities only one-third of those on schist overlain by humic soils. Neither rock nor soil type predicted Al concentrations, but pH and dissolved oxygen did. Peat-generated acidity and the limited acid neutralising capacity of base-poor metamorphosed schist have resulted in elevated concentrations of metals and ochre deposit in surface waters.     

Geochemical dispersion from the Gamsberg Orebody, northwestern Cape, South Africa

The geochemical dispersion, in an arid environment, of Pb and Zn in stream sediments is examined with respect to size fractions and depth of sampling in a stream draining the Gamsberg Zn orebody.Sampling results indicate that there is a well-developed drainage train for approximately 8 km from the orebody for both Pb and Zn. The length of the drainage train is similar for both the minus 80 and minus 200-mesh size fractions but it is less for the minus 10, plus 40-mesh fraction.Higher metal values were obtained from samples taken from the surface of the stream bed. Metal values are generally lower in samples collected below the surface of the stream bed. The sampling position within the stream channel is not important.Sampling of the magnetite fraction from the stream sediments produced a well-defined Zn train for a distance of 14 km from the orebody. This train is more significant than the train found by normal sediment sampling.     

Soil resources of the Russian Arctic

The soil cover of the Arctic zone of Russia is ～330 million hectares. Permafrost restricts the thickness of the active layer but does not prevent the formation of significant diversity of soils and soil complexes, including Al–Fe humic and peat soils, gleysols, and others. The available data on soil resources are sufficient for organization and participation of Russia in scientific–practical international programs. At the same time, specific soil related targets and project tasks may require additional study of soils of the Arctic region.     

Geochemical survey of rare earth elements (REEs) in the concealed ore body of Hongcheon,Korea

Because of the risk of diminishing supplies of rare earth elements (REEs) worldwide due to China’s dominance over REE supply, the necessity of developing domestic resources of REE has been realized in other countries. To explore new ore bodies, a geochemical survey was conducted at one existing carbonatite REE deposit in the Hongcheon area of Korea. Proper sampling strategies and baseline data for the interpretation of the results were determined through a pilot study conducted in the area. Enrichment in the concentration of light REE (LREE) over that of heavy REE, which is typical in carbonatite-type deposits, was observed in stream sediments and heavy mineral samples collected during the geochemical survey. Maximum concentrations of LREE were 2,299 and 27,798 mg/kg for stream sediments and heavy minerals, respectively. Among LREEs, La and Ce are the dominant components of all REEs, comprising approximately 68 % of mean concentrations. Considering the distribution pattern of La + Ce contents and the associations with the existing outcropping ore bodies, the zone of prospective REE mineralization was determined to be in the south-western part of the area. A detailed follow-up soil survey of the zone found even higher concentrations of La and Ce (2,450 and 3,100 mg/kg, respectively), and suggested the possible extension of the existing ore bodies. Likewise, a systematic geochemical survey for REE is feasible for locating concealed ore bodies in the area, where the mineralization is mostly covered with soil, and rock outcrops are scarce.     

云南东川铜矿硅质白云岩稀土元素地球化学特征

根据东川铜矿钻孔岩芯样品的REE分析数据,表明硅质白云岩向辉绿辉长岩的方向ZREE逐渐富集,辉绿辉长岩的=REE为最高值。白云岩与辉绿辉长岩REE配分模式相似,说明它们的REE来源相同。北美页岩（NAAS）标准化配分模式中,硅质白云岩为Eu正异常（δEu：0．99～1．37）,δCe在0．90～0．94之间,REE分布模式与已经报道的现代大洋中脊喷口沉积物相似,表明其在形成过程中受岩浆热液影响。     

Geochemical prospecting for groundwater in the granitic terrain around Ghatkesar,A.P. (India)

Soil samples collected from a depth of 8 cm near open wells were studied. Finer (minus 80-mesh) fractions of soil from the A-horizon contain more Mn and Fe compared to coarser fractions and these elements show higher concentrations in soils around wells with a deeper water-table. Greater weathering due to percolation of larger volumes of water through soil results in thorough decomposition of all the minerals, liberating the elements. During this process iron hydroxides with very little Mn form large fragile fragments. Higher Fe/Mn ratios in the minus 44 plus 60-mesh fractions of these soils are characteristic of deeper, high-yielding wells and have a positive correlation with depth of water table.