江苏淮安浅层地温能资源开发利用条件分析

通过对淮安市太阳能照射条件、气候条件、地形地貌等自然因素及构造、岩土体热物理特征、水文地质条件等地质因素的介绍,阐述了浅层地温能赋存条件、分布特点;结合不同地热泵系统应用条件,初步评价其适宜性。淮安市浅层地温能资源赋存条件优越,开发潜力巨大,地源热泵系统应用前景广阔,但在开发利用浅层地热能资源时,从保护地质环境、预防地质灾害的角度出发,不适宜采用地下水热泵系统,推荐选用垂直地埋热泵系统。     

惠民县城及周边地区浅层地温能赋存条件及特征

为研究惠民县城及周边地区浅层地温能的赋存条件和特征,运用钻探、现场热响应试验、实验室测试分析、动态观测等研究手段对岩土体的浅层地质结构、水文地质条件、物性和热物性参数、地温等数据进行了科学分析,探讨了浅层地温能的赋存条件以及各参数之间的相关性,总结了地温场在水平和垂向上的变化规律。结果显示,区内浅层地温能所赖以赋存的沉积地层岩性组合相对简单,有利于浅层地温能的开发利用;岩土体的热扩散系数与含水率呈现一定的负相关性,与比热容所呈现的负相关性规律明显,与导热系数呈一定的正相关性;岩性基本相同的地层的地温梯度基本保持不变,主要受地层岩性和地下水活动的控制,一般而言含水砂层厚的位置地温梯度较小,反之则高。     

基于层次分析法的浅层地温能适宜性研究——以南宁市为例

浅层地温能是一种可再生的新型绿色能源,也是一种特殊的矿产资源,利用前景广阔。文章根据南宁市地形地貌、气候特征、水文地质特征、地温场分布,对南宁市浅层地温能资源赋存状况进行了分析,并运用层次分析法确定了浅层地温能适宜性分区评价体系中的各评价指标的权重。在此基础上,基于GIS平台的空间分析模块进行地下水水源热泵和地埋管土壤源热泵适宜性分区研究。结果显示,地下水式地源热泵适宜区面积为109、8km^2,集中在地下水丰富、回灌能力强的地区;地埋管地源热泵适宜区面积为108．8km^2,分布在施工条件较好,并且岩土综合热传导系数和比热容较大的地区,这些地区地层的换热能力和蓄热能力较强,钻进条件良好,开发利用的经济效益较好。     

莱州市浅层地温能初步评价

莱州市经济条件良好,自然地理、气候条件适宜,采用浅层地温能资源,实现夏天制冷,冬季供暖,具有发展浅层地温能的基础条件。在已有的区域地质、水文地质、地热地质等资料的基础上,分析岩土体换热性能,评价浅层地温能开发利用潜力,并进行浅层地温能开发利用适宜性规划,划分出了地埋管热泵适宜性好、适宜性中等和适宜性差区。     

江苏徐州城市规划区浅层地温能潜力评价及环境效益分析

浅层地温能属于清洁、安全、可再生的地热资源,是国家重点支持开发利用的能源方向.徐州城市规划区总面积3157km²,主城区面积641km².通过调查规划区水文地质-工程地质钻探、热物性试验、施工钻孔热响应试验等工作手段,大致查明了规划区浅层地温能赋存的地质背景、形成条件、分布规律及地温场特征,进行浅层地温能开发利用适宜性分区,进而进行浅层地温能资源潜力评价及环境效益分析.根据评价分析结果,若徐州市城市规划区的浅层地温能资源全部开发利用,节能减排效益十分可观.     

关中盆地主要城市浅层地热能资源量赋存规律研究

具有无污染、可再生、分布广、能量大以及可就近利用等诸多优势的浅层地温能是一种建筑节能的洁净能源,具有广泛的应用前景。根据关中盆地主要城市工程地质、水文地质、环境地质条件等因素,分别建立了每个城市地下水热泵和地埋管热泵系统的适宜分区评价体系,并进行了适宜性综合分区。基于适宜性分区评价结果,对主要城市进行了浅层地热能资源量评价,包括热容量计算、换热功率计算和热能潜力计算,旨在有效地丰富浅层地温能勘察评价与开发利用的理论、奠定浅层地温能广泛开发利用的基础,为改善我国现有能源结构、构建环境友好型社会和节能减排的目标服务。     

南宁市浅层地温能赋存条件及资源量研究

在浅层地温能开发利用过程中,确定“热源体”的作用和资源量是地源热泵系统建设和设计的前提.文章通过分析南宁市浅层地温能赋存条件,进行室内测试获取各种岩土体热物性及物理性参数,并经过野外抽水、回灌及现场热响应等试验,获得了水文地质及各岩土层的热物性等相关参数,进而对南宁市浅层地温能可利用资源量和静态储量进行评估,为南宁市推广和利用地源热泵系统提供科学依据和技术支撑.     

南通主城区浅层地温能赋存特征

通过对地质、钻探、岩土体热物性参数测试等资料的研究,结合勘查技术方法和对已有资料的二次开发,基本查明了南通地区浅层地温能赋存条件和岩土体的热物理参数变化规律。借助多元统计分析软件SPSS和办公软件Excel,采用数理统计方法对岩土体热物性参数的变化进行分析。结果表明,区内第四系松散岩土体的热导率变化受岩性及物理性质影响大,与深度关系不大。研究成果可作为开展浅层地温能资源评价和开发利用适宜性分区的依据。     

江苏丹阳市滨江新城浅层地温能开发利用适宜性分区研究

为了实现丹阳市滨江新城浅层地温能的有效开发和可持续利用,在丹阳市滨江新城基础地质条件和岩土体热物性特征综合分析的基础上,结合浅层地温能资源开发利用现状,采用层次分析法进行地下水地源热泵和地埋管地源热泵系统开发利用适宜性分区。在此基础上完成了地源热泵系统开发利用总适宜性分区。丹阳市滨江新城面积139km~2,地下水地源热泵的适宜区、较适宜区的总面积为101.93km~2;将地下水和地埋管所得出的适宜性分区图叠加到一起,从而得出地下水地源热泵适宜区和较适宜区均为地埋管地源热泵的适宜区,二者均适宜的区域面积为36.27km~2,主要分布在长江古漫滩、古河道平原区;仅地埋管地源热泵适宜的区域面积约为29.73km~2,主要分布在长江坡积平原地区。成果可为丹阳市滨江新城浅层地温能资源合理开发利用提供借鉴。     

高寒地区浅层地温能开发利用条件研究及多种能源联用探讨

深入研究高寒地区建筑物供暖制冷需求及浅层地温能开发利用条件,可发挥浅层地温能在建筑能源供应中的最大效益; 探讨多种能源在供暖中的联合应用,能够更好地解决高寒地区能源紧缺问题。通过对高原气候特点分析,浅层地温能开发利用条件的调查、勘探、评价及多种能源联用的研究认为: 高寒地区对浅层地温能需求主要为冬季供暖和生活热水供应,且热量需求大; 高寒地区浅层地温能资源品位低,主要体现为换热温差小; 换热方式以地下水水源热泵最为经济实用; 城市中可供开发利用的空间小。鉴于当地深部地热、太阳能资源丰富,可充分利用这些可再生能源及常规能源,尽可能采用“基础负荷+调峰负荷”的方式,解决热量需求大的问题,从而提高能源的利用效率。     

中国参与北极油气资源开发利用前景与方向

北极地区丰富的油气资源近年来引发全世界的广泛关注。评估结果显示,北极油气资源分布不均,主要集中在俄罗斯、美国阿拉斯加、挪威、加拿大和丹麦格陵兰。不同国家和地区北极油气资源勘探开发特点不同,在新形势下可能还会发生变化。中国是油气消费大国和进口大国,俄罗斯北极地区已日渐成为中国重要油气供应地之一。综合分析几个主要北极国家北极油气开发利用现状和未来发展前景,与中国目前参与北极油气开发利用的情况,对未来中国如何参与北极油气资源开发利用提出建议,将俄罗斯作为中国北极油气开发的长期合作伙伴,与其开展项目投资、技术入股、航道建设等多个方面的合作。      

Relative contribution of various climatic processes in disintegration of clay-bearing rocks

The climatic processes of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing affect the disintegration characteristics of clay-bearing rocks (shales, claystones, mudstones, and siltstones) to varying degrees. Although heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing are known to be the main processes responsible for physical disintegration of rocks under natural conditions, most of the previous investigators have used methods based only on water content variations (e.g., jar slake, slake index, and slake durability index tests) to assess the disintegration of clay-bearing rocks. Such assessments may not be adequate to explain the field behaviour of clay-bearing rocks subjected to a full range of climatic processes. In order to evaluate the combined effects as well as relative contributions of various climatic processes on the disintegration behaviour, samples of selected clay-bearing rocks, consisting of 5–6 particles, each weighing 85–150 g, were subjected to multiple cycles of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing. These treatments resulted in fragmentation of samples with fragments ranging from 50 to 2 mm and finer in dimensions. A new approach, referred to as the disintegration ratio, and defined as the area under the grain size distribution curve of the disintegrated material to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the samples, was used to account for fragmentation into varying sizes. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between fragmentation, mineralogical composition, and physical properties.     

长白山天池火山天文峰期黄色浮岩成因研究

长白山天池火口北侧天文峰之上,一套醒目的黄色浮岩引起广泛的关注,其颜色成因问题更是讨论的热点。本文通过野外地质调查、显微形貌和地球化学分析等方法,探索了黄色浮岩的颜色成因问题,并对此次喷发活动(天文峰期喷发)有了更进一步的认识。黄色浮岩与其下部灰白色浮岩应为同一期喷发所形成,两者成分一致且特征相似。黄色浮岩初始颜色为灰白色,后期受所处环境(降水丰富)与本身气孔特征的影响,浮岩内发生了元素析出和元素沉淀的过程。首先,浮岩内Si与H2O结合形成弱硅酸(H2Si O3),而大气中CO2与H2O结合形成弱碳酸(H2CO3),在弱酸环境下火山玻璃逐渐析出Si、K、Al、Ca和Fe等阳离子,而析出的元素易溶于水的部分被流水带走,难溶于水的Fe与Al富集并粘附在火山玻璃壁上,同时由于Fe可与H2O络合形成黄色的Fe的水合物(Fe2O3·n H2O),而Al与H2O络合形成凝胶状白色水合物(Al2O3·n H2O),两者混合形成了黄色胶状物粘附在火山玻璃壁上,改变了浮岩原本的灰白色,形成了黄色浮岩。因此,天文峰期浮岩的黄色是由于后期风化淋滤作用所造成,属于次生色。本研究提高了对火山喷发堆积物风化淋滤作用过程的认识,也为其他地区相似颜色变化问题的讨论提供了借鉴。     

Indosinian Tectonic Setting of the Southern Yidun Arc： Constraints from SHRIMP Zircon Chronology and Geochemistry of Dioritic Porphyries and Granites

A mass of granitoid and dioritic intrusions are distributed in the southern Yidun Arc, among which the representative Indosinian intrusions include the Dongco and Maxionggou granitoid intrusions in Daocheng County and hypabyssal intrusions intruding into arc volcanic rocks near the Xiangcheng town. The Dongco and Maxionggou granitoid intrusions consist mainly of porphyraceous monzogranites, megacryst monzogranites and aplite granites. The Xiangcheng hypabyssal intrusions are composed dominantly of dioritic porphyries. SHRIMP zircon ages of 224±3 Ma and 222±3 Ma have been obtained for the Dongco granitoid intrusion and the Xiangcheng dioritic porphyries, respectively. The Xiongcheng dioritic porphyries show a cak-alkaline geochemical feature, and are characterized by higher Sr/Y ratios, depletive Nb, Ta, P and Ti, enriched LILEs, and lower εNd (t) (= -3.27), suggesting that they might be derived from mantle source magmas that were obviously contaminated by continent crustal materials. However, the Dongco and Maxionggou granitoids belong to high-potassium calc alkaline series with a per-metaluminous feature, and are characterized by higher CaO/(∑FeO+MgO) and Al2O3/(∑FeO+ MgO) ratios, lower (La/Yb)n and Sr/Y ratios, depletive Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti, enriched LILEs, and very low εNd (t) (= -8.10), indicating that the granitoids might be derived from partial melting of continental crust materials mainly of graywacke. Petrogenesis of Dongco and Maxionggou granitoids implies that there was an oceanic crust between the Zongza continental block (ZCB) and western margin of the Yangtze Craton (WMYZC). And the oceanic crust slab subducted westward during the Indosinian Epoch, producing an Andes-type continent marginal arc and a back arc basin at the WMSCC. Then the oceanic basin closed and a sinistrally lateral collision occurred at ca. 224 Ma-222 Ma between the ZCB and the WMYZC, causing partial melting of sediments in the back-arc basin to generate granitoid magmas of the Dongco and Maxionggou intrusions.     

塔里木河上游水资源开发利用有关问题探讨

塔里木河是我国最大的内陆河．流域位于欧亚大陆腹地，气候极端干燥，有丰富的光、热、水资源。本文对塔里木河上游水资源地表水和地下水径流量进行了总量分析，指出了水资源在开发利用过程中存在的问题并提出了合理的开发利用措施(工程和非工程措施)。     

类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应性的制约机制

铁(氢)氧化物矿物对环境物质的地球化学行为有着重要的制约作用。相比于其他铁氧化物,磁铁矿具有一些独特的结构特征与表面性质,而赋予其良好的氧化还原活性。天然磁铁矿结构中广泛存在类质同象置换,探讨类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应的制约机制,有助于深刻理解磁铁矿族矿物在环境自净化过程中的作用机制。本文介绍了典型置换离子在磁铁矿结构中的赋存状态,及其对磁铁矿物化性质影响,重点阐述类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应性(如吸附、氧化、还原等性能)的制约机制,最后针对已有的相关研究现状以及面临的挑战,为未来的研究方向提出了一些设想和建议。     

Trace element and isotopic studies of Permo-Carboniferous carbonate nodules from Talchir sediments of peninsular India: Environmental and provenance implications

Syngenetic carbonate nodules constitute an interesting feature of the glaciogene sediments of various Talchir basins in peninsular India. Petrographic, cathodoluminescence and sedimentary results suggest that many of these nodules contain primary carbonate precipitates whose geochemical signatures can be used for determining environment of deposition and provenance of the sediments and drainage source. Several nodules were collected from Gondwana basins of east-central India and analyzed for stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, REE and trace element composition, and Sr isotope ratio. The mean δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of the calcites in the nodules are — 19.5% and-9.7% (w.r.t. PDB) respectively suggesting a freshwater environment (probably lacustrine) for formation of these objects. Trace element ratios (Eu/Eu * and La/Yb) of the nodule samples show that the source of the sediments in the Damodar valley basin was the granites, gneisses and intrusives in the Chotanagpur region. The sediments in the Mahanadi valley were derived from granulites, charnockites and granites of the eastern ghat region. The Sr concentration of the carbonate phase of the nodules is low, ranging from 10–60 ng/g. The⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the samples from the west Bokaro basin and Ramgarh basin vary from 0.735 to 0.748 (mean: 0.739) and from 0.726 to 0.733 (mean: 0.730) respectively. These values are consistent with our proposition that water of these basins drained through the granitic rocks of the Chotanagpur region. In contrast, the⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the samples from the Talchir basin (Type area) of Mahanadi valley vary from 0.718 to 0.723 (mean: 0.719). These⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are close to those of the granulites in the adjoining eastern ghat belt suggesting that area as the drainage source.     

黄渤海有机碳的分布特征及收支评估研究

陆架边缘海是陆海相互作用研究中最为关键的区域,也是全球重要的碳储库,在区域物质循环过程中发挥着重要的作用。基于2012年5月和11月对黄渤海海域的综合调查,对该海域水体和沉积物中有机碳的含量与分布进行了分析,并结合相关文献资料对黄渤海有机碳的收支进行了估算。主要结论为:黄渤海溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳均呈近岸河口区域高、离岸低的分布趋势;有机碳的组成以溶解有机碳为主,颗粒有机碳由海洋自生的有机碳和陆地来源的有机碳组成;黄渤海沉积物有机碳高值区主要分布在河口和泥质区,其组成也是由海洋自生和陆源混合而成,其中渤海以陆源为主,而黄海以海源为主。黄渤海有机碳收支评估表明,有机碳的主要来源为初级生产力产生的有机物,其贡献为(6 760±971)×104t/a,占有机碳输入总量的(74±10)%,沉积物再悬浮的通量为(884±200)×104t/a,东海向黄海输入的通量为(679±107)×104t/a,河流及陆源输入的通量为(643±63)×104t/a,大气干湿沉降的通量为(141±39)×104t/a,其贡献分别占有机碳输入总量的(10±2.2)%,(7.5±1.2)%,(7.0±0.7)%和(1.5±0.4)%;黄渤海有机碳的主要支出为呼吸消耗,其贡献为(5 190±746)×104t/a,占有机碳输出总量的(57±8.2)%,黄海向东海输出的通量为(2 150±370)×104t/a,有机碳沉积通量为(1 030±225)×104t/a,有机碳降解通量为(737±191)×104t/a,其贡献分别占有机碳输出总量的(24±4.1)%,(11±2.5)%和(8.0±2.1)%。有机碳收支评估表明黄渤海有机碳以海洋自生来源为主,且具有潜在碳的"汇"的特性,水体中外源输入和海洋自生有机碳的(1.6±0.3)%埋藏于该海域内。     

Geochemical characteristics of modern river sediments in Myanmar and Thailand: Implications for provenance and weathering

The elemental composition of organic matter and the major and trace element compositions of stream sediments from Myanmar (Ayeyarwady and Sittaung rivers) and Thailand (Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers, and their tributaries) were determined to examine their distributions, provenance, and chemical weathering processes. Higher total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the finer grained sediments indicate hydrodynamic energy may control their distributions. TOC/TN ratios indicate inputs of both aquatic macrophyte and higher vascular plant material to the river sediments. The major element abundances of the sediments are characterized by predominance of SiO₂ in coarser fractions and a marked negative correlation with Al₂O₃, representing primary grain size primarily control on SiO₂ content. Marked depletion of most labile elements (Na₂O, CaO, K₂O, Ba and Sr) relative to UCC (upper continental crust), indicate destruction of feldspar during chemical weathering in the source area or during transport. However, enrichment of some high field strength elements (Zr, Th, Ce and Y) relative to UCC and higher Zr/Sc ratios indicate moderate concentration of resistant heavy minerals in finer-grained samples. Discriminant diagrams and immobile trace element characteristics indicate that the Mekong, and Chao Phraya river sediments were largely derived from felsic sources with compositions close to typical rhyolite, dacite/granodiorite, UCC, I- and S-type granites. Relative enrichment of ferromagnesian elements (e.g. MgO, Cr, Ni) and high Cr/V and low Y/Ni ratios in Ayeyarwady and Sittaung sediments indicate the presence of a mafic or ultramafic component in their sources. The ICV (Index of Compositional Variability), CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration), PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration), α^Al, Rb/Sr and K₂O/Rb ratios indicate that the Ayeyarwady and Sittaung sediments record low to moderate degrees of chemical weathering in their source, compared to moderate to intense chemical weathering in the Mekong and Chao Phraya river basins. These results are compatible with existing major ion data for river waters collected at the same locations.     

The petrogenesis of basic and ultrabasic alkaline rocks of western Makhtesh Ramon,Israel: geochemistry,melt and fluid inclusion study

The basic and ultrabasic alkaline rocks of western Makhtesh Ramon, Israel crop out in numerous lava flows and subvolcanic bodies. The rock suite is composed of tephrite, basanite, basanitic nephelinite, analcimite, olivine nephelinite, and melilite-olivine nephelinite and in many outcrops is represented by glass-bearing varieties. Melt and fluid inclusions have been studied in olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase phenocrysts. The EP, SIMS and microthermometry methods were used for inclusion study. The geochemical data obtained on glasses of melt inclusions (major, REE, trace elements, volatiles) are compared with the data on whole-rock and groundmass glass compositions. The compositions of melt inclusions reflect the different stages of rock crystallization: the initial products of crystallization are similar to whole-rock compositions whereas final portions of melts are usually enriched in SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and alkalis, and depleted in mafic components. The data on contemporaneous melt and CO₂ inclusions were used for the evaluation of the P–T conditions of rock generation. The following parameters were obtained: tephrite: P = 6.3–7.7 kbar and T = 1,150–1,250°C; basanite: P = 6.6–9.2 kbar and T = 1,150–1,250°C; olivine and analcime-olivine nephelinite: P = 5.6–8.2 kbar and T = 1,150–1,250°C; melilite-olivine nephelinite: 4.0–5.4 kbar and T mainly between 1,150 and 1,200°C. Magma genesis was restricted to P–T conditions of spinel- and plagioclase-lherzolite fields. These data suggest the shallowest depth of magma genesis occurred in Makhtesh Ramon compared to other occurrences of Early Cretaceous magmatism at the Middle East. Differences in the degree of batch partial melting of the same source rocks best explain the diversity of the igneous suite in western Makhtesh Ramon.