阿尔金-西昆仑加里东中晚期构造作用在塔里木盆地塘古兹巴斯凹陷中的响应

对塔里木盆地塘古兹巴斯凹陷志留系与奥陶系(S/O3)、上泥盆统与志留系(D3d/S)2个区域角度不整合的三层结构特征及属性进行详细研究,分析了不整合面下构造变形特征、不整合面结构类型分布、不整合面上初始沉积砾岩成分及其物源.发现加里东中期该区形成了塔里木盆地独特的不整合结构,构造不整合(S/O3)明显地受北东东-南西西走向逆冲断裂系控制,在凹陷北部逆冲断裂系上盘发育中等角度单斜不整合和褶皱不整合,沿断裂带形成了多个角度不整合带;加里东晚期不整合(D3 d/S)区域上呈现由南向北的剥蚀特征,局部受继承性再活动的断裂控制存在北东东向的中角度单斜不整合带,且构成了加里东中期及晚期的叠合不整合.两期不整合面上的初始沉积砂砾岩有明显差异,加里东中期不整合面上初始沉积以近源的沉积岩为主、物源来自被动大陆边缘;晚期不整合面上的初始沉积砾岩主要为硅质岩和变质岩,物源主要来自较远的被动大陆边缘及大陆岛弧.综合分析表明,晚奥陶世末塘古兹巴斯凹陷主要受到阿尔金、西昆仑的构造作用;中志留世-晚泥盆世主要受到西昆仑及阿尔金碰撞造山活动共同作用.在加里东构造运动中晚期,凹陷中控制不整合发育的NEE向逆冲断裂系与南阿尔金断裂在活动时限、强度、区域应力场上具有可比性.加里东中、晚期不整合的三层结构及其属性是反映阿尔金-西昆仑早古生代构造运动发生、发展、终结动态演化过程的良好证据.     

塔里木盆地南部塘古孜巴斯坳陷发现晚新生代伸展构造

通过认真、系统的地震资料解释,在塔里木盆地南部的塘古孜巴斯坳陷及周缘首次发现晚新生代正断层。在塘古孜巴斯坳陷内部发现的晚新生代正断层走向为北西-南东向,剖面上组合成地堑或堑-垒构造,与巴楚隆起东北缘所发育的晚新生代正断层相似。塘古孜巴斯坳陷西北缘发现的两条晚新生代正断层走向为北东-南西,剖面组合成一地堑构造,与阿瓦提凹陷西北缘沙井子断裂带上发育的晚新生代张扭性正断层带走向一致,但不具备张扭性变形特征。正断层形成于上新世晚期(约3 Ma),持续演化至更新世早期(约2 Ma)。正断层的活动时间也与阿瓦提凹陷周缘的晚新生代正断层一致。它们形成于一个区域性弱伸展构造应力场内,代表印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,塔里木盆地脉式挤压(-冲断)过程中的一个构造间歇期。     

塔里木盆地早古生代晚期构造-沉积响应

摘要：伴随相对海平面由上升转为下降的周期变化,塔里木盆地在早古生代经历了一次大规模的扩张→挤压→隆升的开合旋回,早期(震旦纪—中奥陶世)处于拉张的构造背景下,呈现西台(碳酸盐台地)东盆(满加尔．库鲁克塔格深水盆地)的古地理格局。中西部广大地区沉积了巨厚的浅水台地相碳酸盐岩,以中晚寒武世的下丘里塔格群和早中奥陶世的上丘里塔格群为标志;东部的满加尔-库鲁克塔格则以厚度不大的远洋硅-灰泥沉积为主。盆地构造性质的转换及沉积古地理的巨大改变发生于中奥陶世中晚期,以塔中、塔北的隆起和塘古孜巴斯坳陷及阿瓦提-满加尔坳陷的形成为标志,呈近南北向隆-坳相问的盆地格局。沉积记录的响应表现为碳酸盐台地的消失、陆源物质的逐渐注入和向上变粗、火山活动和火山碎屑的出现以及巨厚砂泥质浊积岩在塔东盆地内的充填等。因此,中晚奥陶世—中泥盆世是塔里木盆地海域逐渐萎缩、盆地不断隆升和相对海平面逐渐下降的一个过程。     

塔里木盆地古生代重要演化阶段的古构造格局与古地理演化

塔里木盆地在古生代经历了中-晚奥陶世、晚奥陶世末、中泥盆世末等多个重要的盆地变革期,形成了多个重要的不整合,盆地构造古地理发生了重要的变化。中、晚奥陶世盆地的变革形成了由巴楚古斜坡-塔中隆起-和田河隆起构成的大型古隆起带、相对沉降的北部坳陷带以及由于挤压挠曲沉降形成的塘古孜巴斯坳陷带。中部古隆起带制约着晚奥陶世东窄西宽的弧立碳酸盐岩台地体系的发育,而开始形成于震旦纪的满加尔拗拉槽及东南侧的塘古孜巴斯坳陷接受了巨厚的中、晚奥陶世重力流沉积。奥陶纪末的盆地变革形成了北东东向展布的西南-东南缘和西北缘的强烈隆起带,总体的古构造地貌控制着早志留世北东东向展布的滨浅海陆源碎屑盆地的沉积格局。中泥盆纪世末期的盆地强烈隆升并遭受了夷平化的剥蚀作用,形成了大范围分布的角度不整合面,并以塔北隆起和塔东隆起的强烈抬升为显著特征。盆地古构造地貌从东低西高转为东高、西低,制约着晚泥盆和早石炭世由东向西南方向从滨岸到浅海的古地理分布。中、晚奥陶世主要不整合及其剥蚀量的分布反映出北昆仑向北碰撞和挤入是造成盆地南缘、东南缘及盆内隆起的主要原因。南天山洋的俯冲、碰撞在奥陶世末至早志留世已对盆地西北缘产生影响,导致塔北英买力隆起的抬升和遭受剥蚀。     

塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征

盆地原型研究有助于恢复盆地构造-岩相古地理和揭示盆山耦合,对油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。文中利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料,以沉积相为研究实体,运用盆-山结合的思路,由点→线→面进行分析,重建了塔里木盆地中奥陶世一间房组沉积时期的构造-沉积环境,研究了原型盆地特征及性质。一间房组沉积时期,巴楚—塔中和塘南台内隆起为暴露剥蚀区;顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东台内洼地区发育低能的泥晶灰岩相;塔北和古城台地区发育大面积的台内颗粒滩相;柯坪台盆区发育深水瘤状灰岩—黑色页岩相;塔东深水盆地区经历了黑色页岩相→陆源碎屑浊积岩相的演变;库鲁克塔格—罗西台地区为继承发育的开阔台地相。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积格局具有由早奥陶世东西分异的台盆格局向晚奥陶世南北分异的隆坳格局过渡的特征,表现为塔西台地古地貌的分异和塔东深水盆地沉积性质的反转。该时期塔里木盆地整体具有克拉通内拗陷与边缘拗陷复合的性质,但在塔西克拉通内坳陷的南部叠加了前陆盆地的性质(塘南前隆和顺南—塘古巴斯—玉东后隆坳陷),在其西北部叠加了裂陷盆地的性质(柯坪克拉通边缘裂陷)。该时期塔里木盆地构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征是其对周缘大地构造运动的响应。     

塔里木盆地晚奥陶世构造-沉积环境与原型盆地演化

塔里木盆地晚奥陶世构造-沉积环境经历了快速而剧烈的变化,恢复该时期盆地原型有助于揭示盆地充填演化和盆山耦合。利用最新的钻井、地震及露头资料以沉积相为研究实体,将盆地充填与周缘构造演化相结合,由点→线→面进行分析,恢复了塔里木盆地晚奥陶世不同时期(以组为单位)的构造-沉积环境,并建立了相应的盆地充填演化和盆山耦合样式。吐木休克组沉积期,塔里木盆地西部发育淹没台地-深水台盆沉积体系,巴楚—塔中和塘南为暴露剥蚀区;良里塔格组沉积期,盆地西部发育开阔台地-深水台盆沉积体系,其中玉北东部—塘古巴斯碳酸盐岩台盆反转为浊流盆地;桑塔木组沉积期,盆地西部发育混积陆棚-浊流盆地沉积体系,仅在柯坪发育欠补偿沉积;铁热克阿瓦提组沉积期,盆地西部广大地区为暴露剥蚀区,并发育碎屑滨岸-陆棚沉积体系。吐木休克组-桑塔木组沉积期,塔里木盆地东部持续发育深水浊流沉积体系;铁热克阿瓦提组沉积期,演变为碎屑陆棚沉积体系。研究认为塔里木盆地晚奥陶世在东西分异的台-盆格局基础上叠加了南北分异的隆-坳格局:吐木休克组沉积期,盆地西部差异升降显著,南北向隆-坳相间的格局初步形成;良里塔格组-桑塔木组沉积期,盆地发生整体的沉降与充填,沉积格局由西厚东薄反转为东厚西薄;铁热克阿瓦提组沉积期,盆地南部和北部发生强烈隆升,古地理格局具南北陆中间海的特征,南北向隆-坳相间的格局定型。在塔里木地块与南部岛弧耦合作用不断加强的背景下,大量陆源碎屑的注入和盆内差异升降作用使得晚奥陶世构造-沉积环境发生了快速变迁。奥陶纪末,在南北双向挤压背景下,大规模的海退和盆内物源区的出现使得塔里木盆地结束了震旦纪以来碳酸盐岩大面积发育的历史,标志着盆地演化进入一个新的阶段。     

中国西北部含油气盆地的构造带类型及其复式油气藏(田)初探

中国西北部含油气盆地具有四大类型有利油气成藏构造带,包括前陆带、中央隆起带、凹陷背斜带和斜坡构造带。前陆带还可分为前陆隆起带、前陆逆冲断裂带及前陆逆冲前锋带三个亚类。这些构造带控制了油气藏的形成与聚集,构成了在垂向上相互叠置、平面上复合连片,形成不同的复式油气聚集区。前陆带主要分布在塔里木盆地西南缘和北缘、准噶尔盆地西北缘和南缘、吐哈盆地北缘、酒泉盆地南缘以及柴达木盆地北缘;中央隆起带仅在塔里木、准噶尔两个盆地发育;凹陷背斜带的典型实例为塔里木盆地英吉苏凹陷中部的英南构造带,另外还包括塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷哈德逊东河砂岩不整合超覆尖灭带和准噶尔盆地漠区坳陷的莫西断鼻等;斜坡构造带以柴达木盆地红柳泉斜坡构造带为代表,它由地层不整合圈闭和地层超覆圈闭形成复合构造样式。     

塔中地区中—上奥陶统构造—沉积模式

<正> 塔中隆起为一前石炭纪大型隆起构造,位于塔里木盆地现今中央隆起中段的广大地区,北界以斜坡形式与满加尔凹陷为邻,南界以逆冲断裂带形式与塘古孜巴斯坳陷为界,西界以吐木休克断裂东南段与巴楚断隆为界,面积2.75×10~4km~2。奥陶系碳酸盐岩是该区的重要勘探目的层。根据奥陶纪区域构造背景及特征,结合奥陶系岩性段划     

塔里木盆地鹰山组沉积期构造-沉积环境与原型盆地特征

盆地原型恢复有助于揭示盆地初始的构造-岩相古地理,是油气勘探的基础.利用最新的露头、钻井及地震资料,运用盆-山结合的思路,由点-线-面对沉积充填实体进行分析,重建了塔里木盆地鹰山组沉积期的构造-沉积环境,并在此基础上指出了其油气勘探方向.鹰山组沉积期塔里木盆地沉积具有东西分异的特征:西部为浅水台地相,东部为深水盆地相.塔西台地内沉积亦出现分异的特点:顺南-塘古巴斯-玉东一带鹰山组为潮下高能粒屑滩相,并间歇性受到风暴浪的改造;而其他地区鹰山组下段为局限潮坪-粒屑滩相组合、上段为开阔滩间海-台内滩相组合.该时期塔里木盆地构造环境经历了由伸展向南压北张的转变.受此影响,塔西台地构造古地理格局出现分异:顺南-塘古巴斯-玉东一带发育横卧人字形台洼（水深位于浪基面之上）,环台洼发育有台内坡折带.台洼内为高能沉积环境,而较浅水台地内为低能沉积环境.该时期塔西台地构造格局分异可能是响应于北昆仑和北阿尔金陆弧与塔里木克拉通拼贴产生的挠曲变形,在塔里木盆地南部表现出前陆盆地特征:北昆仑和北阿尔金为前渊区、塘南为水下前隆区和顺南-塘古巴斯-玉东为后隆坳陷区.      

塔里木盆地阿瓦提—满加尔低梁构造特征和形成演化

阿瓦提－满加尔低梁是介于阿瓦提凹陷与满加尔凹陷之间一个特殊的隆起构造，其在东西向上表现为宽缓的隆起形态，而在南北方向上则为凹陷面貌。该区沉积盖层可分为下、中、上3个构造层。下构造层由震旦系－泥盆系构成，所谓阿－满低梁主要即发育于该构造层。上构造层由白垩系－第四系构成，构造形态为－北西倾斜坡。由石炭系－三叠系构成的中构造层则是上、下构造层构造形态的过渡，总体上仍呈西北倾。阿－满低满自前震旦纪末塔里木运动以来经历了4大演化发展阶段：震旦纪－泥盆纪阿－满低梁形成发育阶段、石炭纪－三叠纪阿－满低梁改造阶段、侏罗纪－早第三纪北东倾斜坡发育阶段与晚第三纪－第四纪现今构造形成阶段。     

The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin and its adjacent areas (NW China) during the late Early and Middle Paleozoic

Tarim Basin is the large, very complex, oil-bearing basin in China, surrounded by the Tianshan–Beishan, West Kunlun and Altyn Tagh mountain belts to the north, south, and southeast, respectively. Understanding the processes and evolution of this complex superimposed basin, especially with respect to the effects of single tectonic movements, is a difficult challenge, which concerns the tectonic and dynamic interrelationships between the basin and the orogenic belts during the different stages of the Paleozoic in the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan tectonic systems and for the evaluation of the resource potentials in Tarim Basin. In this study, we focused on 3-dimensional, basin-scale structural architecture and the properties of two regional unconformities that occur within the basin and its adjacent areas. Here, we outline the structural deformations underlying the unconformity, the structural architecture styles and the distributions of the unconformity, and the stratigraphic sequence and nature of the sedimentary rocks immediately overlying the unconformity. During the late Early and Middle Paleozoic tectonic movements, disconformities developed mainly in the northern and the central parts of the basin, and angular unconformities which beneath layers were monocline and faulted-fold deformations developed in the southern, or the southern and northern parts of the basin, respectively. Before the Silurian, the Low Hotian Uplift, the NE-trending faulted-folded belts of the Tangguzibas Depression and the southern Tazhong Uplift underwent intense deformation related to SE–NW-directed tectonic compression. In addition, the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression developed during periods of activity on the South Altyn Tagh Fault. The structural deformation, as well as the depositional facies, formed in response to the subduction and closure of the South Altun Ocean and West Kunlun–Kudi Ocean, and the resulting collisional orogeny. Prior to deposition of Upper Devonian sediments, structural deformation and erosion occurred in two marginal parts of the basin. The extent and intensity of deformation on the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression were also reduced, whereas the NE-trending folds developed in the Manjiaer Depression. The Tabei Uplift experienced uplift and deformation. The closure of the North Altun Ocean and the eastern part of the South Tianshan Ocean with south-subduction may be the main driving forces for the tectonic activity. Extensive areas in the northern and southern margins of the basin were uplifted and denudated by orogenic activity as a prelude to the molasse basin that developed in the early Late Devonian in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the basin. The structural architecture of the unconformities reveals the geometry and dynamics of the basin–orogen system in single tectonic movements.     

Distribution of Palaeozoic tectonic superimposed unconformities in the Tarim Basin,NW China: significance for the evolution of palaeogeomorphology and sedimentary response

Seismic and drilling well data were used to examine the occurrence of multiple stratigraphic unconformities in the Tarim Basin, NW China. The Early Cambrian, the Late Ordovician and the late Middle Devonian unconformities constitute three important tectonic sequence boundaries within the Palaeozoic succession. In the Tazhong, Tabei, Tadong uplifts and the southwestern Tarim palaeo‐uplift, unconformities obviously belong to superimposed unconformities. A superimposed unconformity is formed by superimposition of unconformities of multiple periods. Areas where superimposed unconformities develop are shown as composite belts of multiple tectonic unconformities, and as higher uplift areas of palaeo‐uplifts in palaeogeomorphologic units. The contact relationship of unconformities in the lower uplift areas is indicative of truncation‐overlap. A slope belt is located below the uplift areas, and the main and secondary unconformities are characterized by local onlap reflection on seismic profiles. The regional dynamics controlled the palaeotectonic setting of the Palaeozoic rocks in the Tarim Basin and the origin and evolution of the basin constrained deposition. From the Sinian to the Cambrian, the Tarim landmass and its surrounding areas belonged to an extensional tectonic setting. Since the Late Ordovician, the neighbouring north Kunlun Ocean and Altyn Ocean was transformed from a spreading ocean basin to a closed compressional setting. The maximum compression was attained in the Late Ordovician. The formation of a tectonic palaeogeomorphologic evolution succession from a cratonic margin aulacogen depression to a peripheral foreland basin in the Early Caledonian cycle controlled the deposition of platform, platform margin, and deep‐water basin. Tectonic uplift during the Late Ordovician resulted in a shallower basin which was followed by substantial erosion. Subsequently, a cratonic depression and peripheral or back‐arc foreland basin began their development in the Silurian to Early–Middle Devonian interval. In this period, the Tabei Uplift, the Northern Depression and the southern Tarim palaeo‐uplift showed obvious control on depositional systems, including onshore slope, shelf and deep‐water basin. The southern Tarim Plate was in a continuous continental compressional setting after collision, whereas the southern Tianshan Ocean began to close in the Early Ordovician and was completely closed by the Middle Devonian. At the same time, further compression from peripheral tectonic units in the eastern and southern parts of the Tarim Basin led to the expansion of palaeo‐uplift in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous interval, and the connection of the Tabei Uplift and Tadong Uplift, thus controlling onshore, fluvial delta, clastic coast, lagoon‐bay and shallow marine deposition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木盆地震旦系—寒武系不整合面特征及油气勘探意义

塔里木盆地震旦系—寒武系不整合面在盆地内部及周边露头区广泛发育。通过地震资料追踪及露头地质剖面研究,认为震旦系—寒武系不整合面主要有两种类型:平行不整合和角度不整合。平行不整合主要分布在库鲁克塔格、柯坪露头区及盆地北部坳陷及其以北的广大地区;角度不整合分布在中央隆起带(英东构造带—塔东低凸起—塔中低凸起—巴楚断隆)的北翼附近,自东向西地震剖面结构表现清晰。震旦系白云岩受该期不整合面影响,遭受大气淡水溶蚀作用,形成古岩溶型储层,中央隆起带北翼角度不整合分布区为震旦系白云岩古岩溶型储层的有利勘探部位。     

塔里木盆地中-上奥陶统浊积岩物源分析及大地构造意义

通过地表露头及钻井取心的浊积岩沉积特征观察及古流向分析、砂岩主量元素化学成分分析及地震相分析,提出塔里木盆地奥陶系陆源碎屑浊积岩主要发育于塔东地区及塘古兹巴斯坳陷的上奥陶统之中,其浊流沉积物源主要来自盆地东南侧的阿尔金岛弧、其次来自盆地西南侧的库地活动陆缘隆起;仅盆地东北缘却尔却克山地区出露的中奥陶统顶部的却尔却克组下部陆源碎屑浊积岩的物源区,主要来自其北侧的库鲁克塔格被动陆缘隆起(台地隆起剥蚀区)。综合分析认为,晚奥陶世发生于板块南缘的阿尔金岛弧及库地活动陆缘隆起与塔里木板块的碰撞挤压运动产生的大量陆源碎屑物源,导致了板块内部多个孤立碳酸盐台地的逐步消亡及板块南部浊流盆地群的形成。     

塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格志留纪海退沉积和构造背景

塔里木盆地东北缘的库鲁克塔格断隆区志留系土什布拉克组顶部的河流沉积是本区古生界第一次出现的陆相地层,表明志留纪本区发生了大规模的海退事件,由滨--浅海转变为陆相冲积环境。向上变粗的沉积序列反映出盆地的快速充填。志留系顶部的大规模角度不整合、志留系由海相转变为陆相的充填特征、前陆隆起和火山弧造山带的物源区背景反映出盆地发育的挤压构造背景。隆升的库鲁克塔格北缘的前陆隆起和火山弧造山带成为库鲁克塔格志留纪盆地的物源区。该区志留纪的海退事件是在前陆隆升的背景下发生的。志留纪盆地是在震旦-奥陶纪裂谷盆地基础上发育的,这种前陆性质盆地的形成与南天山洋自东向西逐渐闭合和塔里木板块顺时针旋转有关; 志留纪盆地的发育与消亡代表了塔里木盆地震旦纪-志留纪-泥盆纪的拉张--挤压成盆旋回的结束。     

塔里木盆地早古生代构造古地理演化与烃源岩

塔里木陆块为一具前寒武系基底的克拉通盆地,早震旦世—寒武纪陆块内和边缘发生裂解,至中奥陶世转为被动大陆边缘,组建塔北和塔中两个遥相对应的碳酸盐台地和边缘斜坡,其间的阿瓦提—满加尔地区为克拉通内浅海—深水盆。满参1井以东至满加尔为欠补偿的深海槽盆,早期沉积了富生物营养链的烃源岩,晚奥陶世克拉通转为前陆碎屑岩沉积,满加尔坳陷反转为浊流盆地。碎屑岩由东向西、由南东向北西迁移,造成向塔北和塔中海侵上超,结束碳酸盐台地演化的同时,沉积了局限台地型和台缘斜坡灰泥丘相的烃源岩。奥陶纪时塔里木盆地演化和沉积相的配置,是加里东期盆山转换的重要反响,形成多个沉积-构造转换面。早加里东运动,造成下早奥陶统与寒武系的假整合;中加里东运动即晚奥陶世始,塔里木转为前陆盆地,塔北和塔中分别为前陆隆起,阿瓦提—满加尔为复合隆间盆地;晚加里东运动(始于早志留世)发生了大规模的海退。