从甘肃玛曲大水金矿矿体规模数据导出的矿床吨-品位经验公式

大水金矿床是著名的超大型矿床,对其矿床地质及地球化学特征已有多项研究成果问世(王安建等,1998;高兰等,1998;Mao等,2002;刘晓春等,2003;闫升好等,2000a;闫升好等,2000b;陈衍景等,2004),本文通过对矿体规模数据的多重分形特征及吨-品位关系的研究,揭示了矿床在成矿过程中资源量增长的数量规律.     

甘肃玛曲大水金矿矿体地质数据中蕴涵的成矿信息

大水金矿是著名的超大型矿床,对于其地质地球化学特征已有许多较深入的研究,本文通过单因素直方图统计、关联分析、分形统计、曲线拟合等方法研究了矿体地质数据之间的关系。规模最大的主矿体与其他矿体相比,在顶板围岩、底板围岩、品位、矿体倾向、长度、延深等6个要素上均体现出奇异性,可见主矿体是在十分特殊的地质环境中形成的。控矿变量中,矿体长度、厚度、延深和倾向等变量之间具有相关性,倾向在20°~320°内变化,倾角、品位与其他变量之间的相关性不显著;由此推测,成矿作用的发生并不直接受控于浅层的构造因素,而与岩浆侵入及热液活动诱发的似环状、似锥状局部构造裂隙有关。矿体资源量具有明显的多重分形分布特征,而矿体的长度总体上呈简单分形分布,与前人的研究结果联系起来看,大吨位矿体的围岩以构造角砾岩或蚀变角砾岩为特征,属于充填成因;而中等规模的矿体则属于热液交代成因,一些小规模矿体可能与沉积作用有关;在成矿空间上,不同期次的成矿作用遵循了同位成矿规律。矿床的吨品位关系对幂律分布并不能很好地拟合,而是服从指数分布。     

新疆西天山松湖铁矿床叠加成矿过程——来自矿床地质和矿物地球化学的约束

松湖铁矿床是新疆西天山阿吾拉勒铁成矿带中的典型中型铁矿床,该矿床铁矿石资源量5506万吨,矿体品位22%~54%,平均品位42%。本文对松湖铁矿床进行了矿床地质和矿物地球化学特征研究,查明了蚀变和矿化特征,划分了矿石类型以及成矿期和成矿阶段,探讨了矿床的形成过程。对松湖铁矿区围岩蚀变分带特征进行了仔细的划分,根据矿物相互穿插关系以及矿物组合和结构构造特征,将成矿过程分为3个成矿期6个成矿阶段。矿浆期成矿温度500~650℃,而热液期成矿温度为接近400℃,蚀变矿物绿泥石的形成温度平均为312℃。两种成因类型磁铁矿稀土元素特征具有专属性,矿浆期磁铁矿ΣREE值明显高于火山热液期磁铁矿,表明热液演化过程中稀土元素分馏程度较高。耦合矿床地质和矿物地球化学特征,初步判断新疆松湖铁矿为矿浆-火山热液叠加型铁矿床。     

秘鲁Don Javier斑岩型铜钼矿床矿化蚀变特征及矿床三维勘查模型

Don Javier铜矿床位于秘鲁南部著名的古近纪铜钼矿床成矿带的北端,是该成矿带新发现的一个斑岩型铜钼矿床。初步探明其铜金属量为129.18万吨,平均品位0.43%;伴生钼金属量为5.23万吨,平均品位0.017%;伴生银金属量为800.56 t,平均品位2.64 g/t。文章重点分析该矿床成矿地质特征及成矿规律,明确矿床周边的找矿方向,以期增加资源量满足后续评价开发的需求。通过研究Don Javier矿床的成矿地质条件、矿化蚀变特征及其三维空间分布规律,认为其主要矿体发育于绢英岩化英安斑岩内。另外,通过建立矿床地质、蚀变三维模型,结合前人的地表物探、化探成果,认为矿体北东侧及南东方向具有很好的找矿前景。     

分形理论与成矿作用

总结近年来分形理论在成矿作用研究中的应用及取得的主要成果 ,主要表现在 :矿床的空间分布具分形和多重分形性质 ,表明成矿作用在一定的空间范围内具标度不变性 ;钻孔中金属品位的频率分析表明品位的分布具分形和多重分形结构 ,其结构与品位高低有关 ,对预测深部矿体有指导意义 ;矿床的规模、品位的分布也具分形和多重分形结构 ,不同规模的矿床具有不同的分形结构 ,暗示不同规模的矿床具有不同的成矿地质背景和机制 ;元素在微观矿物表面及区域大面积的分布也具有分形和多重分形结构 ,其结构类型与其成因条件及机制有关。     

黑龙江省逊克县高松山金矿床地质分形特征及成矿预测

高松山金矿床是中国人民武装警察部队黄金第一支队在小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带北段发现的大型浅成低温热液矿床,随着研究的深入,发现其具有优越的成矿地质条件和良好的找矿前景。在总结前人成果的基础上,文章利用分形学理论对金矿资源量和品位进行了分析,结果显示资源量在大于250 kg标度区间时,分维数D值为1.69,表明资源量在该区段内的普查存在较好的前景,同时,品位分维数D值为1.10~1.40时,其成矿仅与细脉状烟灰色石英-细粒黄铁矿成矿阶段紧密相关。利用钻孔资料分析品位在垂向上的分形特征发现,分维数D值介于1~1.5时,表现为垂向不圈闭延伸,反映其深部可能存在隐伏矿体。在资源评价方面,通过对断裂构造似等距控矿规律的研究,结合帕累托定律（Pareto law）和阻尼曲线模型,对深部可能存在的矿体规模和部位进行了预测,资源量大于4960 kg的矿体仍有2处未发现,中等资源量规模的矿体存在巨大空间,同时,预测隐伏矿体可能在已有地表矿体相间部位的深部。     

浅析初裕沟铁矿床成矿地质条件与前景预测

本文以区域地质背景、地球物理特征和矿区地质特征及矿体地质特征为基础讨论了初裕沟铁矿床的成矿地质条件,认为该矿床为沉积变质铁矿床,预测资源量3亿吨。     

山东大磨曲家矿区成矿元素多重分形特征

通过矩方法,以无序数据集中不同品位级次内的频率为测度,研究了胶东大磨曲家金矿矿体及玲珑花岗岩、胶东群等近矿围岩的Au、Ag、As等主要成矿元素分布的广义谱曲线(D_q-q)和多重谱曲线(f(α)-α)特征。在权重-0.2≤q≤1. 6时,结果显示矿体与近矿围岩中成矿元素品位分布的广义谱和多重谱特征存在明显的区别。矿体中三种成矿元素的广义谱曲线近似直线,而多重谱曲线的宽度较小,显示成矿元素品位级次密集,较为均匀,接近简单分形;近矿围岩中广义谱曲线弯曲明显,多重谱曲线的宽度较大,显示近矿围岩中元素品位级次范围较宽,相对不均匀。同时,矿体中多重谱曲线f(α)的极值所对应的α比近矿围岩中的小,代表最或然子集的品位增加,指示成矿元素在矿体中富集。多重分形分析显示矿体中的成矿元素较近矿围岩中变得更为富集而均匀。     

山东寺庄金品位参数统计和分形特征及其对矿化信息的指示

采集寺庄金矿区82个钻孔的金品位数据4597个,按照100m的标度分析其在垂向上的均值、标准差、变异系数和大于工业品位的矿石所占比例等统计参数,对比其在垂向上的分形分维值特征,发现如下规律：寺庄金矿区深部矿体明显优于浅部矿体,以-700- -800m区间为矿化中心,垂直分布至少500m以上;通过围岩蚀变分带特征、矿石组合特征、井下脉体相互穿插关系和金品位分形分维值研究,说明该区金成矿时间上至少经历了3次地质成矿作用的叠加,其中显著成矿作用发生在后2次,在空间上深部（-1000m以下）具有较大的找矿潜力;金品位分形分维特征能较好地划分成矿阶段,在同一个成矿阶段,分维值越小,矿化作用越好,在同一个成矿区间,分维值越大,成矿作用越好。     

早子沟金矿品位—吨位模型、品位—资源量分形特征探讨

西秦岭地区是我国重要的金成矿区带之一,甘南早子沟金矿位于西秦岭西端,发现于1996年。近年来随着勘查程度的不断加大,矿区资源量有很大幅度的增加,目前提交资源量已达52.8t,本文通过单因素直方图统计、曲线拟合、分形统计等方法研究了矿区矿体资源量变化的规律与关系,通过不同函数拟合品位—吨位关系,幂函数分布的品位—吨位模式更好地反映了矿区品位—吨位关系,运用分形理论解释了矿体资源量与品位之间的关系,认为矿体资源量是各阶段矿体资源量的线性叠加。并对分维数D值的地质意义进行了阐述。     

Risk quantification with combined use of lithological and grade simulations: Application to a porphyry copper deposit

The uncertainty in the recoverable tonnages and grades in a mineral deposit is a key factor in the decision-making process of a mining project. Currently, the most prevalent approach to model the uncertainty in the spatial distribution of mineral grades is to divide the deposit into domains based on geological interpretation and to predict the grades within each domain separately. This approach defines just one interpretation of the geological domain layout and does not offer any measure of the uncertainty in the position of the domain boundaries and in the mineral grades. This uncertainty can be evaluated by use of geostatistical simulation methods. The aim of this study is to evaluate how the simulation of rock type domains and grades affects the resources model of Sungun porphyry copper deposit, northwestern Iran. Specifically, three main rock type domains (porphyry, skarn and late-injected dykes) that control the copper grade distribution are simulated over the region of interest using the plurigaussian model. The copper grades are then simulated in cascade, generating one grade realization for each rock type realization. The simulated grades are finally compared to those obtained using traditional approaches against production data.     

Effects of intrusions on grades and contents of gold and other metals in volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits

The reason some VMS deposits contain more gold or other metals than others might be due to the influence of intrusions. A new approach examining this possibility is based on examining the information about many VMS deposits to test statistically if those with associated intrusions have significantly different grades or amounts of metals. A set of 632 VMS deposits with reported grades, tonnages, and information about the observed presence or absence of subvolcanic or plutonic intrusive bodies emplaced at or after VMS mineralization is statistically analyzed.Deposits with syn-mineralization or post-mineralization intrusions nearby have higher tonnages than deposits without reported intrusions, but the differences are not statistically significant. When both kinds of intrusions are reported, VMS deposit sizes are significantly higher than in the deposits without any intrusions. Gold, silver, zinc, lead, and copper average grades are not significantly different in the VMS deposits with nearby intrusions compared to deposits without regardless of relative age of intrusive. Only zinc and copper contents are significantly higher in VMS deposits with both kinds of intrusive reported. These differences in overall metal content are due to significantly larger deposit sizes of VMS deposits where both intrusive kinds are observed and reported, rather than any difference in metal grades.     

Mineral Deposit Densities for Estimating Mineral Resources

Estimates of numbers of mineral deposits are fundamental to assessing undiscovered mineral resources. Just as frequencies of grades and tonnages of well-explored deposits can be used to represent the grades and tonnages of undiscovered deposits, the density of deposits (deposits/area) in well-explored control areas can serve to represent the number of deposits. Empirical evidence presented here indicates that the processes affecting the number and quantity of resources in geological settings are very general across many types of mineral deposits. For podiform chromite, porphyry copper, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit types, the size of tract that geologically could contain the deposits is an excellent predictor of the total number of deposits. The number of mineral deposits is also proportional to the type’s size. The total amount of mineralized rock is also proportional to size of the permissive area and the median deposit type’s size. Regressions using these variables provide a means to estimate the density of deposits and the total amount of mineralization. These powerful estimators are based on analysis of ten different types of mineral deposits (Climax Mo, Cuban Mn, Cyprus massive sulfide, Franciscan Mn, kuroko massive sulfide, low-sulfide quartz-Au vein, placer Au, podiform Cr, porphyry Cu, and W vein) from 108 permissive control tracts around the world therefore generalizing across deposit types. Despite the diverse and complex geological settings of deposit types studied here, the relationships observed indicate universal controls on the accumulation and preservation of mineral resources that operate across all scales. The strength of the relationships (R ²=0.91 for density and 0.95 for mineralized rock) argues for their broad use. Deposit densities can now be used to provide a guideline for expert judgment or used directly for estimating the number of most kinds of mineral deposits.     

关于地质灾害与地质环境关系的探讨

本文主要介绍了地质灾害与地质环境的分布关系,并得出地质环境对地质灾害易发程度的影响等级,为地质灾害易发区划或预警区划因子权重的确定提供参考。     

Evaluation of the uncertainty in estimation of metal resources of skarn tin in Southern China

This study is concerned with the problem of how many undiscovered mineral deposits can be expected to occur in the vicinity of any known deposit, especially if the deposit is nearly mined out. Skarn tin deposits in southern China were chosen to demonstrate that fractal modeling can be a useful tool to characterize the spatial–temporal distribution of mineral deposits, and to quantify their grades and tonnages. The results show that the spatial–temporal distribution of skarn tin deposits as well as their grades and tonnages satisfy fractal statistic, and suggest that 14 skarn tin deposits could be found around a known skarn tin deposit within a radius of 80 km. Monte Carlo simulation was used to combine the number of deposits and the frequency distributions of grade and tonnage and to capture the uncertainty in estimation of metal resources. At the 90%, 50% and 10% confidence levels, tin metal resources amount to 6 ton, 200 ton, and 1.0 × 10⁴ ton around a known tin deposit within a radius of 80, respectively.     

生产探矿实践对前常铁矿矿体的重新认识

前常铁矿地质条件较复杂,摸清矿体形态,满足矿山生产三级矿量平衡是一项十分迫切的任务。通过对前常铁矿-360m水平以上生产勘探揭露与原地质资料对比,发现矿体的分布、形态、产状、规模、连续性及资源储量变化极大,为典型的"鸡窝"状矿体,生产中必须重新认识和圈定矿体。     

A Study of the Influence of Measurement Volume,Blending Ratios and Sensor Precision on Real-Time Reconciliation of Grade Control Models

The mining industry continuously struggles to keep produced tonnages and grades aligned with targets derived from model-based expectations. Deviations often result from the inability to characterise short-term production units accurately based on sparsely distributed exploration data. During operation, the characterisation of short-term production units can be significantly improved when deviations are monitored and integrated back into the underlying grade control model. A previous contribution introduced a novel simulation-based geostatistical approach to repeatedly update the grade control model based on online data from a production monitoring system. The added value of the presented algorithm results from its ability to handle inaccurate observations made on blended material streams originating from two or more extraction points. This contribution further extends previous work studying the relation between system control parameters and algorithm performance. A total of 125 experiments are conducted to quantify the effects of variations in measurement volume, blending ratio and sensor precision. Based on the outcome of the experiments, recommendations are formulated for optimal operation of the monitoring system, guaranteeing the best possible algorithm performance.     

疏勒河流域中下游盆地地下水功能区划

按地下水目标功能单项评价分级和主导功能综合评价的组合特征,对疏勒河流域中下游盆地地下水目标功能在5级分区的基础上,结合各自的属性与具体条件进行了功能区划:地下水资源功能划分为11种类型;生态功能划分为12种类型;地质环境功能划分为8种类型。地下水功能综合区划依据资源功能区和生态功能区,分别划分为4种类型的资源利用区和3种类型生态环境保护利用区。     

地质灾害预报预警方法探讨--以岫岩县气象预报预警为例

岫岩县存在着以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流为主的多种地质灾害.文章野外地质灾害调查和收集的各种资料,建立Acess数据库,并运用MAPGIS软件平台投影转换、空间分析等功能,对岫岩县地质灾害易发程度进行分区.结合地质灾害发生与气象因素的相互关系,提出了各易发区的群发性地质灾害临界降雨量,初步建立了地质灾害气象预报预警和信息的发布程序.     

A Multistep Methodology for Building a Stochastic Model of Gold Grades in the Disseminated and Complex Deposit of Casas Novas in Alentejo,Southern Portugal

This paper proposes a multistep approach for creating a 3D stochastic model of gold grades in a complex disseminated auriferous deposit located in the Alentejo region, southern Portugal. The approach involves the following steps: (i) the creation of a 3D low‐resolution vector object model of two geological domains that better discriminate gold grades; (ii) the definition of three intervals for gold grades (low, intermediate, and high values); (iii) the estimation of the probability of each grid block belonging to each interval constrained by the geological domains; (iv) the calculation of local conditional cumulative distribution functions (CCDFs) of gold grades, for each block, taking into account the geological domains and the borehole data; and finally (v) the simulation of images of gold grades. The results demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of the proposed procedure, as they are in compliance with the conceptual model, the distribution laws are conditioned by the geological domains, and the transition of grades between domains is continuous.