基于离线卫星地图的移动导航定位服务应用

为实现精准的移动导航定位,将离线地图导航软件与web墨卡托投影格式影像图、DEM数据、OSM矢量交通图等数据相结合,借助离线地图导航软件的定位功能以及地形地貌、植被类型、通行通视条件等特征信息进行移动导航定位的现场解译,同时总结了移动导航定位在广西某输电线路和老挝某钾盐矿项目勘测中的导航应用效果。结果表明,基于离线卫星地图的移动导航定位既可以帮助野外工作人员宏观把握整体导航路线,又能通过现场解译对临场细节进行验证,从而优化导航线路顺利到达待测点位置。     

Mental maps of tourists: A study of Coffs Harbour,New South Wales

The paper reviews the rationale for the study of mental maps and sùggests that such maps have a role to play in tourism planning. Analysis of freehand sketch maps drawn by a sample of 145 visitors to Coffs Harbour, Australia, showed that visitors have quite limited knowledge of recreational opportunities. Clear differences emerged between the maps drawn by respondents living in caravan parks and motels and those staying with family friends, or in up-market resorts. The maps of the latter were very rudimentary and were characterised by a lack of connection between the map elements. The implications in terms of signposting, wayfinding, and planning are discussed.     

基于GIS技术环境影响评价的研究进展及展望

环境影响评价是确保经济社会发展与环境保护相协调的重要环节，传统环境影响评价(EIA)有很人的局限性，地理信息系统(GIS)以其强大的图形与数据处理功能在EIA上的应用，显示了其巨大的优势，介绍了在其基础上提出的数据库、模型库、方法库与GIS相结合的环境影响评价信息系统结构框图，在国内外学对GIS在环境影响评价研究现状分析的基础上，又对GIS在EIA中的研究前景做了展望。     

Use of satellite remote sensing data in the mapping of global landslide susceptibility

Satellite remote sensing data has significant potential use in analysis of natural hazards such as landslides. Relying on the recent advances in satellite remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this paper aims to map landslide susceptibility over most of the globe using a GIS-based weighted linear combination method. First, six relevant landslide-controlling factors are derived from geospatial remote sensing data and coded into a GIS system. Next, continuous susceptibility values from low to high are assigned to each of the six factors. Second, a continuous scale of a global landslide susceptibility index is derived using GIS weighted linear combination based on each factor’s relative significance to the process of landslide occurrence (e.g., slope is the most important factor, soil types and soil texture are also primary-level parameters, while elevation, land cover types, and drainage density are secondary in importance). Finally, the continuous index map is further classified into six susceptibility categories. Results show the hot spots of landslide-prone regions include the Pacific Rim, the Himalayas and South Asia, Rocky Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, Alps, and parts of the Middle East and Africa. India, China, Nepal, Japan, the USA, and Peru are shown to have landslide-prone areas. This first-cut global landslide susceptibility map forms a starting point to provide a global view of landslide risks and may be used in conjunction with satellite-based precipitation information to potentially detect areas with significant landslide potential due to heavy rainfall.     

Evaluating differences in spatial visual attention in wayfinding strategy when using 2D and 3D electronic maps

With the evolution of mapping technology, electronic maps are gradually evolving from traditional 2D formats, and increasingly using a 3D format to represent environmental features. However, these two types of spatial maps might produce different visual attention modes, leading to different spatial wayfinding (or searching) decisions. This study designs a search task for a spatial object to demonstrate whether different types of spatial maps indeed produce different visual attention and decision making. We use eye tracking technology to record the content of visual attention for 44 test subjects with normal eyesight when looking at 2D and 3D maps. The two types of maps have the same scope, but their contents differ in terms of composition, material, and visual observation angle. We use a t test statistical model to analyze differences in indices of eye movement, applying spatial autocorrelation to analyze the aggregation of fixation points and the strength of aggregation. The results show that aside from seek time, there are significant differences between 2D and 3D electronic maps in terms of fixation time and saccade amplitude. This study uses a spatial autocorrelation model to analyze the aggregation of the spatial distribution of fixation points. The results show that in the 2D electronic map the spatial clustering of fixation points occurs in a range of around 12° from the center, and is accompanied by a shorter viewing time and larger saccade amplitude. In the 3D electronic map, the spatial clustering of fixation points occurs in a range of around 9° from the center, and is accompanied by a longer viewing time and smaller saccadic amplitude. The two statistical tests shown above demonstrate that 2D and 3D electronic maps produce different viewing behaviors. The 2D electronic map is more likely to produce fast browsing behavior, which uses rapid eye movements to piece together preliminary information about the overall environment. This enables basic information about the environment to be obtained quickly, but at the cost of the level of detail of the information obtained. However, in the 3D electronic map, more focused browsing occurs. Longer fixations enable the user to gather detailed information from points of interest on the map, and thereby obtain more information about the environment (such as material, color, and depth) and determine the interaction between people and the environment. However, this mode requires a longer viewing time and greater use of directed attention, and therefore may not be conducive to use over a longer period of time. After summarizing the above research findings, the study suggests that future electronic maps can consider combining 2D and 3D modes to simultaneously display electronic map content. Such a mixed viewing mode can provide a more effective viewing interface for human–machine interaction in cyberspace.     

1:100万中华人民共和国数字地质图空间数据库

中华人民共和国1∶100万数字地质图数据库是根据统一标准和要求编制的专题数字地质图,以中华人民共和国1∶50万数字地质图数据库为数据源,在综合研究的基础上,充分吸收近年来地质调查1∶25万、1∶20万、1∶5万等区调工作新成果、新资料,应用地质编图新技术、新理论和新方法编制而成。以年代地层单位为主、辅以岩石地层的表示方法,侵入岩按“岩性加年代”表示方法,进一步提高了基础地质的研究程度。地质图数据库内容丰富,信息量大,数据量约为1.2 GB,标示了岩石地层单位5347个图例,侵入体“岩性加时代”单位1780个图例,跨省区重要断裂93条,各省（市、自治区）内重要断层558条,同位素年龄数据1545个（组）,有代表性的钻孔382个。所有地质体的面元及线元、同位素年龄和钻孔都建立了相应的属性,相邻图幅之间进行了接图处理,编写了编图说明书和元数据。数据库采用统一的线型库、符号库、色标库等,成图过程全部采用MapGIS6.5平台计算机辅助成图,成图精度高,质量好,符合设计要求,全国64幅图采用分4个片区的工作方法,最后统一编制而成。该数字地质图是目前中国资料最全、内容最新的1∶100万地质图,是中国第一份应用GIS技术的1∶100万数字地质图的最新成果,充分反映了中国地质构造特点和当前地质研究的新水平。     

数字地质填图研究现状与发展趋势

数字地质填图是指区域地质调查数据的野外获取及其成果的数字化统一性再现.当前数字地质填图现状和发展趋势已基本上实现了数字填图系统的采集、存储、管理、描述、分析和再现地质实体在地球表面空间分布有关的数据信息.在计算机辅助下, 通过野外观测路线的调查, 对地质、地理、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等多源地学数据进行综合分析和地质制图.在掌上机WindowsCE平台上, 实现了数字填图所需的基本GIS基本功能(GPS定位路线采集、素描), 实现了遥感系统与数字填图系统的一体化整合.      

改进的模拟退火方法及其在电阻率图像重建中的应用

实际中的大量地球物理反演都是一个多参数、非线性优化问题,以往的局部方法只是利用有限的信息来改进初始模型,因此对初始模型有很大的依赖性,难以得到全局最优解。针对这一问题,本文选择全局反演方法中的模拟退火和单纯形的组合算法,改进了模拟退火和单纯形算法的匹配技术,并将它引入到电阻成像反演问题中。     

In Praise of Phosphates,or Why Vertebrates Chose Apatite to Mineralize Their Skeletal Elements

The geochemical abundance of phosphorus belies its importance as phosphate to life forms. As we explore the roles of microorganisms and humans in biogeochemical cycles, we are also enhancing our understandings of the phosphate control and the continuum that to a biomineralogist begins and ends in apatite. Well-crystallized apatite is utilized in geochemical studies for dating geologic events, and apatitic materials, such as marine phosphate deposits, contribute to the construction of the global phosphate cycle. The apatitic mineral in bones and teeth is a reservoir of information on diet, climate, and the environment. A unique group of samples that integrate biogeochemical information, the detailed chemical investigations of teeth and bone, are now utilized to investigate geochemical events and environments, but they also are sources of information in medical diagnosis and treatment. As we question the mechanisms of disease induction and hazards, both natural and anthropologically created or induced on a global scale over time, the record is being preserved in apatitic mineralized tissues.     

Localized deformation in intensely fissured clays studied by 2D digital image correlation

This paper represents a further step in a longstanding research on the influence of fissuring on the mechanical behavior of natural clays. The results of an experimental investigation into the influence of fissure orientation on the evolution of strain localization in the intensely fissured scaly clay from Santa Croce di Magliano (south of Italy) are reported. The experimental program involved plane strain compression tests where the effects of the combination of different factors, such as the specimen size and the orientation of fissuring, were investigated. A key aspect to this work is that the standard global stress–strain measurements were augmented by full-field displacement and strain measurements through 2D digital image correlation. Access to incremental strain fields provided information about slight details or anomalies as well as the complexity of deformation processes, which is of crucial importance for proper interpretation of test results at the global, macroscopic level.     

地质钻孔信息形化管理系统框架设计与关键技术研究

钻孔是重要的地下信息获取手段, 为了有效地存储和管理青藏铁路建设中大量使用的钻孔信息, 讨论了一种适合野外单机工作环境下, 空间信息与复杂非空间信息结合存储和访问的机制, 即“混合数据模型”机制, 并基于该机制实现钻孔数据的存储与管理. 通过 UML方法和“设计模式”的思想,设计并实现了“地质钻孔信息图形化管理系统”的核心架构, 采用 GIS和自动生成柱状图的方法, 解决了传统钻孔数据维护和表现的难点.     

Contested diamond certification: Reconfiguring global and national interests in Zimbabwe’s Marange fields

This study examines the political uses of “conflict diamond” discourse in global debates about commodity certification and socially responsible mining in Zimbabwe. Engaging critical literature on “conflict-free” corporate branding initiatives, the study focuses on representations of conflict in Marange, in Zimbabwe’s eastern highlands. In 2006, a diamond rush in Marange drew in tens of thousands of artisanal miners from across Zimbabwe as well as foreigners, and the government initiated military crackdowns in 2008. In a highly contested vote in 2009, the international government delegates who comprised the voting members in the Kimberley Process Certification System (KPCS) ruled that conflict in Marange did not meet the KPCS definitions of “conflict diamond.” The study examines discourses of key stakeholders in the multinational diamond industry, human rights organizations, policymakers as well as artisanal miners in Zimbabwe between 2006 and 2014. The article argues that advocacies against diamond certification as well as advocacies favouring certification both tended to overlook the interests of artisanal miners, focusing narrowly on certain forms of conflict while associating artisanal mining with illicitness. The Marange case illustrates how conventional discourses on “conflict diamonds” not only obscure the complex nature of conflicts in contemporary capitalist accumulation processes; they also risk contributing to new forms of structural violence. This analysis highlights the need to pay careful attention to how global commodity certification discourses inter-relate with political agendas at multiple scales. The study draws attention to dilemmas for geographers when portraying the interests of marginalized groups in – and affected by – the diamond mining sector.     

Place,culture, and peace; treaty cities and national culture in mediating contemporary international disputes

Many changes in the political map are the result of negotiation between disputing states. Those discussions are held in states acceptable to the parties themselves and in sites selected by the host. Two significant cultural and political features of those discussions are the selection of the treaty site and the negotioting styles of the disputing parties and negotiator. We examine these themes with examples and suggest their importance in regional and global peace processes.     

中国古地理图研制发展的脉络与前景

早期的中国古地理图,是在地球大陆固定概念的基础上着重于海陆分布、形态、变化特征的描绘。后来注意了全球构造的“活动论”与历史演化的“阶段论”相结合,开始了多种类型图件的表达,再后通过板块构造、古地磁学资料的更多积累,预期下一代的中国古地理图将呈现各地质时期的古地理单元恢复到原始位置进行描绘的前景。从第四纪大冰期冰川作用的深入研究,使其极大影响下的各种古地理事件及古地理单元的形成、分布和变化得到深入的了解和更合理的解释,可编制出该时期新一代更符合实际的中国古地理图来。     

An objective method to rank the importance of the factors predisposing to landslides with the GIS methodology: application to an area of the Apennines (Valnerina; Perugia, Italy)

The present work aims at contributing to further our knowledge on the predisposing factors to landslides as well as proposing a method that allows us to weigh up, as objectively as possible, the influence that the various factors have on landslides in order to construct a realistic map of potential landslide hazards. In order to assess the differential incidence of very predisposing factor to landslides, maps of the various factors considered were drawn up with the aid of IDRISI software (1997). The factors were as follows: the distance from faults, parallelism between the fractures and the landslide scarps, land use, lithology, distance from the streams, orientation and steepness of slopes, orientation of layers compared to the slope. The global analysis of the different incidence of the factors analyzed on the landslides present in the study area was carried out by comparing the respective maps with that of the scarps; in this way the number of pixels forming the scarps which fell into the various classes of the maps was calculated. The result thus obtained can form the basis of an objective assignation of the different ratings to be attributed to the various factors under consideration. In fact, the analysis carried out in this study has shown that the factors act differently and, for every factor, only some of the classes considered have marked importance.     

A new approach for forest fire risk modeling using fuzzy AHP and GIS in Hyrcanian forests of Iran

The presented research was performed in order to model the fire risk in a part of Hyrcanian forests of Iran. The fuzzy sets integrated with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a decision-making algorithm using geographic information system (GIS) was used to model the fire risk in the study area. The used factors included four major criteria (topographic, biologic, climatic, and human factors) and their 17 sub-criteria. Fuzzy AHP method was used for estimating the importance (weight) of the effective factors in forest fire. Based on this modeling method, the expert ideas were used to express the relative importance and priority of the major criteria and sub-criteria in forest fire risk in the study area. The expert ideas mean was analyzed based on fuzzy extent analysis. Then, the fuzzy weights of criteria and sub-criteria were obtained. The major criteria models and fire risk model were presented based on these fuzzy weights. On the other hand, the spatial data of 17 sub-criteria were provided and organized in GIS to obtain the sub-criteria maps. Each sub-criterion map was converted to raster format and it was reclassified based on risk of its classes to fire occurrence. Then, all sub-criteria maps were converted to fuzzy format using fuzzy membership function in GIS. The fuzzy map of each major criterion (topographic, biologic, climatic, and human criteria) was obtained by weighted overlay of its sub-criteria fuzzy maps considering to major criterion model in GIS. Finally, the fuzzy map of fire risk was obtained by weighted overlay of major criteria fuzzy maps considering to fire risk model in GIS. The actual fire map was used for validation of fire risk model and map. The results showed that the fuzzy estimated weights of human, biologic, climatic, and topographic criteria in fire risk were 0.301, 0.2595, 0.2315, and 0.208, respectively. The results obtained from the fire risk map showed that 38.74% of the study area has very high and high risk for fire occurrence. Results of validation of the fire risk map showed that 80% of the actual fires were located in the very high and high risk areas in fire risk map. It can show the acceptable accuracy of the fire risk model and map obtained from fuzzy AHP in this study. The obtained fire risk map can be used as a decision support system for predicting of the future fires in the study area.