西藏乃东地区雅鲁藏布江缝合带中蛇绿混杂岩的变质作用及岩石学特征

雅鲁藏布江缝合带位于青藏高原南部,是印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲的产物,代表着新特提斯洋岩石圈的残片。文章对西藏乃东地区雅鲁藏布江缝合带中蛇绿混杂岩的变质作用及岩石学特征进行了研究。该带总体呈近东西向延伸,受变地质体主要为晚侏罗—早白垩世泽当蛇绿岩。通过野外地质调查、岩相学及岩石地球化学分析,结合岩石成因研究及构造环境判别,认为泽当蛇绿岩由地幔橄榄岩、辉长质杂岩、镁铁质杂岩、海相沉积物及伴生铬铁矿和斜长花岗岩等组成,属低绿片岩相—高绿片岩相区域变质岩。     

阿尼玛卿山早古生代和早石炭-早二叠世蛇绿岩的发现

阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂岩带位于东昆仑东段南缘,处于秦祁昆缝合系和古特提斯缝合系(Bian,1996)的交接部位。蛇绿岩带呈NWW向延展,长约400km,宽10—50km;由一系列构造岩片构成。在其西段的布青山-牧羊山蛇绿混杂岩带见有晚二叠-三叠纪砂板岩角度不整合在此蛇绿混杂岩之上,不整合面之上有底砾岩。有加里东末期岛弧型花岗-英云闪长岩侵入此蛇绿混杂岩中。前人认为该蛇绿岩的时代属晚二叠-中三叠世(姜春发等,1992;许志琴等,1996;王国灿等,1998)。最近,作者于此蛇绿岩带中发现了早古生代和早石炭-早二叠世蛇绿岩,证明阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带是一条包含有早古生代、早石炭-早二叠世和晚二叠-中三叠世三个时代蛇绿岩的复合蛇绿混杂岩带。     

金沙江缝合带弯岛湖蛇绿混杂岩带的岩石地球化学特征及其构造背景

弯岛湖蛇绿混杂岩带是金沙江缝合带西段的重要组成部分。蛇绿岩混杂于上三叠统变质碎屑岩夹变质火山岩中,成份主要为镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩,岩石类型有变质橄榄岩、变质堆晶质辉长岩及其伴生的岛弧型花岗岩系。岩石化学及地球化学特征表明:蛇绿岩主要为低Ti(岛弧-弧后)型、富集型洋中脊(E-MORB)拉斑玄武岩;与之共(伴)生的基性喷出岩、辉绿岩脉属板内洋岛型裂谷型碱性玄武岩及其过渡类型系列。在变质辉长岩获得全岩Sm-Nd等时线年龄值为232±11Ma,代表了镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩的形成年龄,可能为洋壳初始俯冲变质的时间。在蛇绿岩上覆的硅质岩中发现有中三叠世拉丁晚期至晚三叠世卡宁早期的放射虫化石,表明弯岛湖镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩可能形成于中三叠世多岛洋盆或弧后盆地构造环境。     

澜沧江缝合带吉岔蛇纹岩中闪长岩和俄咱辉长岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其地质意义

白济汛镁铁-超镁铁岩由吉岔蛇纹岩和俄咱辉长岩岩块组成,属澜沧江缝合带中的蛇绿岩块体.锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄测定表明,吉岔蛇纹岩(＞297Na)和俄咱辉长岩(303Ma)与金沙江缝合带中蛇绿岩的形成时间(300～294Ma)一致.说明金沙江缝合带和澜沧江缝带中的蛇绿岩,同为三江地区古特提斯洋盆扩张期形成的洋壳残片.     

甘肃北山牛圈子蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境及构造意义

牛圈子蛇绿混杂岩是洗肠井—牛圈子—红柳河蛇绿岩带受阿尔金北东向左行走滑断裂分割后的其中一部分.该蛇绿混杂岩的岩石组合为辉长岩(堆晶辉长岩、块状辉长岩)、辉绿岩、基性熔岩(变玄武岩)及深海—次深海远洋、半远洋相沉积物(硅质岩、板岩)等.岩石地球化学特征表明,蛇绿混杂岩具有岛弧拉斑玄武岩和洋脊玄武岩的双重特征,其总体大地构造背景具弧后盆地性质,属SSZ型构造环境.同位素测年显示蛇绿混杂岩始于中—晚奥陶世,形成时代主体应为志留纪.根据上述特征并结合区域地质构造特征,认为本区在早古生代曾存在已消失的古洋盆与古碰撞缝合带.     

西藏泽当蛇绿岩玄武岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄 及其地质意义

雅鲁藏布江缝合带中各蛇绿岩体的准确定年对待提斯洋演化和青藏高原隆升的研究具有重要意义.泽当蛇绿岩是雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段最大的蛇绿岩块体,关于其形成年龄目前仍存在不同的认识.通过SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年得到蛇绿岩中玄武岩的形成年龄为154.9Ma±2.0Ma(95％置信度,MSWD=0.98).蛇绿岩中的玄武岩是洋脊扩张的产物,其形成年龄代表了扩张事件的时间,也代表了蛇绿岩的形成时代.结合已有的雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩的形成年龄,该年龄进一步反映出雅鲁藏布江缝合带蛇绿岩形成时间具有东早西晚的特点.泽当蛇绿岩与含有埃达克质英云闪长岩的泽当岛弧火成岩基本为同期形成的.地球化学特征显示定年的玄武岩形成于俯冲带之上,且具有指示洋内俯冲环境的地球化学特征.因此,泽当SSZ型蛇绿岩可能形成于洋内俯冲机制.     

北祁连山西段熬油沟蛇绿岩地质特征及其研究进展

北祁连是中国报道最早的蛇绿岩产地,北祁连缝合带也是中国研究程度最高的蛇绿混杂岩带之一.其中,熬油沟蛇绿岩就是北祁连蛇绿混杂岩带的典型代表.由于熬游沟蛇绿岩对北祁连山构造演化有着至关重要的作用,近年来,大量学者从矿物学,岩石成因、岩石地球化学、年龄学等方面对其进行了较为深入的研究,探讨了熬油沟蛇绿岩的源区、形成时代及其构造环境等方面的问题.但是由于不同的学者测试的岩石类型及其选取的测年方法不同,目前对于熬油沟蛇绿岩形成时代及构造环境方面的认识仍存在较大的分歧.     

青藏高原羌塘中部早古生代蛇绿岩——冈瓦纳大陆北缘早期洋壳信息

龙木错-双湖缝合带蛇绿岩研究程度远低于青藏高原其它缝合带的蛇绿岩[1～5],目前只有羌塘中部发现了蛇绿岩,已经识别出早古生代和早中二叠世两期.早古生代蛇绿岩仅见于桃形湖-果干加年山地区,其厚度较大,保存较好,剖面完整,关系清楚,尤其是堆晶杂岩的出露厚度在蛇绿岩中所占比例较大.     

柴北缘阿木尼克山北坡蛇绿混杂岩的发现及地质意义

阿木尼克山北坡蛇绿混杂岩是柴北缘蛇绿岩带的重要组成部分,具备较完整的彭罗斯型蛇绿岩结构,从下至上依次为堆晶超镁铁质杂岩、辉长杂岩、镁铁质席状岩墙杂岩群、喷出岩,深海沉积物有条带状放射虫硅质岩、页岩、结晶灰岩,蛇绿混杂岩带广泛发育英安岩、英安质凝灰岩、流纹岩。侵入岩、火山岩TiO_2含量低,玄武岩富Al_2O_3,LREE和HREE分异明显,大离子亲石元素Rb,Sr,Ba,Th富集,高场强元素Ta,Nb亏损,为岛弧玄武岩。斜长花岗岩富碱,相对富Na2O贫K_2O,w(Al_2O_3)含量较低,属于火山弧花岗岩。结合地质特征及岩石地球化学特征可判定,蛇绿岩类型属火山弧型(VA)。在蛇绿混杂岩的灰岩岩块中采集到了化石扭心珊瑚属(Streptelasma corniculum)、为正形贝(Orthis sp.),在斜长花岗岩中获得的锆石206Pb/238U年龄为(485.6±2.4) Ma,据此可确定阿木尼克山北坡蛇绿混杂岩的活动时代为早—中奥陶世。     

甘肃玉门昌马地区蛇绿混杂岩地质特征

昌马地区蛇绿混杂岩位于玉门市昌马乡南锅底坑山一带 ,是北祁连山西段加里东期俯冲杂岩的重要组成部分。带内发育早寒武世裂谷火山—沉积岩系、中寒武世蛇绿岩、蓝片岩等。地球化学特征显示蛇绿岩形成于微洋盆环境 ;蓝片岩为微洋盆有限俯冲之产物。蛇绿混杂岩经历了 4次变形变质作用。     

Suturing of the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys oceans in the western Kunlun (Xinjiang, China)

The Proto-Tethys Ocean between the North and South Kunlun began to form during the Sinian. Remnants of this ocean are preserved at the Oytag-Kudi suture. The presence of Paleozoic arc batholiths in the northern South Kunlun and their absence in the North Kunlun indicates southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean beneath the South Kunlun. Opposite subduction polarity can be demonstrated for the Late Paleozoic to mid-Mesozoic when the southerly located Paleo-Tethys Ocean was consumed beneath the South Kunlun and generated a Late Carboniferous to mid-Jurassic magmatic arc in the southern South Kunlun. Arc magmatism affected the southern South Kunlun and the large Kara-Kunlun accretionary prism (a suture sensu lato) which formed as a result of Paleo-Tethys’ consumption. The dextral shear sense of ductile faults which are located at the margins of the arc batholiths, and which parallel the South Kunlun/Kara-Kunlun boundary, suggests oblique plate convergence with a dextral component. Different lines of evidence encourage us to interpret the Proto-Tethys ophiolites of the Oytag-Kudi zone as at least partly derived from an oceanic back-arc basin. In contrast, we assume that Paleo-Tethys was a large ocean basin which was eliminated directly at the southern margin of the South Kunlun where no oceanic back-arc region existed.     

西昆仑库地蛇绿岩的成因及构造意义

库地蛇绿岩位于康西瓦大型走滑断裂带的北侧,主要由裂解的变质橄榄岩,堆晶岩和块状枕状玄武岩组成,其上覆岩石为杂色火山碎屑岩和具浊流沉积的碎屑岩系。前人对库地蛇绿岩已作过较系统的报道[1]。震旦纪-早奥陶纪为本区蛇绿岩的洋盆发育时代,其侵位可能代表了晚元古代到早古生代的重要板块运动的记录。本文通过变质橄榄岩的矿物学、熔岩的地球化学等研究,表明库地蛇绿岩经历了洋中脊(MOR)到俯冲带(SSZ)的构造环境转变过程,致使地幔橄榄岩达到~30%的部分熔融程度。     

Tectonics of the ophiolite belt from Naga Hills and Andaman Islands,India

The ophiolitic rocks of Naga Hills-Andaman belt occur as rootless slices, gently dipping over the Paleogene flyschoid sediments, the presence of blue-schists in ophiolite melange indicates an involvement of the subduction process. Subduction was initiated prior to mid-Eocene as proved by the contemporaneous lower age limit of ophiolite-derived cover sediment as against the accreted ophiolites and olistostromal trench sediment. During the late Oligocene terminal collision between the Indian and Sino-Burmese blocks, basement slivers from the Sino-Burmese block, accreted ophiolites and trench sediments from the subduction zone were thrust westward as nappe and emplaced over the down-going Indian plate. The geometry of the ophiolites and the presence of a narrow negative gravity anomaly flanking their map extent, run counter to the conventional view that the Naga-Andaman belt marks the location of the suture. The root-zone of the ophiolite nappe representing the suture is marked by a partially-exposed eastern ophiolite belt of the same age and gravity-high zone, passing through central Burma-Sumatra-Java. The ophiolites of the Andaman and Naga Hills are also conventionally linked with the subduction activity, west of Andaman islands. This activity began only in late Miocene, much later than onland emplacement of the ophiolites; it further developed west of the suture in its southern part. Post-collisional northward movement of the Indian plate subparallel to the suture, also developed leaky dextral transcurrent faults close to the suture and caused Neogene-Quatemary volcanism in central Burma and elsewhere.     

东昆仑布喀达坂峰地区发现二叠纪冷温动物群

东昆仑西段布喀达坂峰地区发现了以单通道(Monodiexodina)为主的冷温动物群,产于东昆中缝合带与东昆南缝合带之间一套以浅海相碳酸盐岩为主的中下二叠统中,可与空喀山口加温达坂组及西藏吞龙共巴组对比     

东昆仑中部构造混杂岩带右行走滑韧性剪切变形特征

东昆仑中部构造混杂岩带是经历了新元古代、加里东末期和晚海西期3次碰撞事件而形成的多旋回复合的碰撞缝合带。通过对东昆中构造混杂岩带晚海西期右行走滑韧性剪切变形的几何学、运动学及流变学特征的研究，探讨了其形成的动力学背景，指出东昆中晚海西期的碰撞缝合带是不同陆块间斜向碰撞形成的转换挤压带。     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带西段达机翁地幔橄榄岩组成特征及其形成环境分析

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带自萨嘎以西分成南北两个亚带。对两个亚带蛇绿岩的各自特征及成因联系的研究,是探讨雅鲁藏布江西段的新特提斯洋构造演化的关键。北亚带蛇绿岩呈构造岩块产于冈底斯山前喀喇昆仑断裂带的南侧。其中,位于北亚带西北段的达机翁蛇绿岩,主要由地幔橄榄岩,玄武岩夹硅质岩组成,各单元间断层接触。对达机翁蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩开展的组成特征研究表明:(1)地幔橄榄岩主体为方辉橄榄岩,含少量的纯橄岩。方辉橄榄岩内产有豆荚状铬铁矿(呈豆状,块状以及浸染状),铬铁矿有一层纯橄岩的外壳;(2)达机翁方辉橄榄岩单斜辉石含量低,组成矿物以及全岩的地球化学特征均指示了这些样品经历了相对高的部分熔融作用;(3)方辉橄榄岩具有U型的球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素分配模式,Nb相对亏损,Ta,Zr和Hf具有弱的正异常,同时Sr和U具有强烈的正异常,这些特征可能与残余地幔和俯冲带熔/流体之间相互作用导致的轻稀土元素和部分微量元素的选择性富集有关。定量计算表明,达机翁地幔岩中的方辉橄榄岩来源于一个尖晶石相地幔源区的部分熔融,部分熔融程度大于25%,高于深海地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融程度(10%~22%)。这些橄榄岩形成时的氧逸度条件位于FMQ和FMQ+1之间,高于深海地幔橄榄岩(FMQ-1),与俯冲带环境的氧逸度条件一致。因此,我们认为达机翁蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩形成于大洋中脊的环境,随后发生了洋内俯冲作用,位于俯冲带上部的地幔橄榄岩经历了俯冲带流/熔体的交代作用。     

Geochemical Characteristics of the Gabbros from the Xinlin Ophiolite in the Great Xing'an Range,NE China

The Xinlin ophiolite in NE China is generally considered to mark the suture between the Erguna and Xing'an blocks. Compared with the Maihantewula ophiolite and Jifeng‐Gaxian ophiolite in the southern and central parts of the Xinlin–Xiguitu suture zone, the Xinlin ophiolite in the northern part of the suture has not been as thoroughly investigated. Many studies acknowledge the indicators of the Xinlin ophiolite as a suture, but detailed studies of this unit are scarce. In the present work, we provide the geochemical data to constrain the origin of the gabbros in Xinlin ophiolites. The gabbros from the Xinlin ophiolites are texturally heterogeneous, ranging from fine‐grained aplitic to coarse‐grained pegmatitic. The fine‐grained gabbros have flat to slightly enriched LREE patterns, which are geochemically comparable to transitional (T‐MORB) and enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalt (E‐MORB). The pegmatite gabbros exhibit slightly LREE‐depleted patterns, similar to typical N‐MORB that derived from a depleted mantle source. Generally, gabbros from the Xinlin ophiolites are MORB‐like, but also have some arc characteristics such as high Th and low Ta concentrations. Such features is typical in Supra‐subduction zone (SSZ) type ophiolites. Our data, combined with other regional results, suggest that the geochemical signatures of the Xinlin gabbros that vary between arc‐like and MORB‐like were possibly indicative of their derivation from a subduction‐modified depleted mantle.     

The tectonic-setting of ophiolites in the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

The study of geology, geochemistry, rare earth elements, trace elements, Pb and Sr isotopes of representative ophiolite bodies from four ophiolitic belts in the western Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, shows that the mantle peridotites of these ophiolites are mainly harzburgite in composition, with minor dunite. They are characterized by high magnesium (MgO) and low aluminum, calcium and alkali oxide contents. Enrichment of light rare earth elements in mantle peridotites may be due to two geological processes: relatively strong partial melting; and later metasomatism by the liquids released during the subduction of oceanic crust. Mantle peridotites are characterized by low contents of the trace elements Sr, Ti and Y and relatively high contents of Rb, Nb, Zr, Hf and Th, similar to metasomatic pyrolite. The isotopic compositions of Sr and Pb show evidence of contamination by a crustal component. All the evidence indicates that the four ophiolite belts in the western Qinghai-Tibetean Plateau have undergone metasomatism by liquids released during the subduction of oceanic crust, suggesting that they were formed in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) tectonic setting. The mantle peridotites in ophiolite belts located in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, e.g. Sanjiang and West Kunlun, may be compared with the Troodos, which is regarded as a typical SSZ complex, having the same geochemical characteristics, i.e. high MgO and LREE-rich. The geochemistry, combined with the occurrence of boninite and adakite rocks, which are associated with subduction magmatism, suggest that ophiolites formed at different times in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, including Sanjiang and West Kunlun, are all SSZ-type ophiolites formed in a supra-subduction zone tectonic setting.     

Geology Along the Line from Yecheng to Shiquanhe and Tectonic Evolution of the Region Involved

The geotraverse from Yecheng to Shiquanhe, on the western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, totalling 1056 km in length, passes the western Kunlun Mountains and the eastern end of the Karakorum Mountains. The Chinese and French scientists made a joint investigation along the line from July to August, 1989. Based on the outcropped ophiolites, palaeontology, sedimentary facies, magmatism, tectonic deformation and metamorphism, the region involved may be divided from north to south into five terranes and four ophiolitic suture zones. The ages of these terranes have a tendency to become increasingly younger from north to south.     

西藏东巧地区玄武岩地球化学特征及构造环境分析

东巧蛇绿岩出露于班公湖-怒江缝合带中段,是蛇绿岩组合单元出露较完整的地区。微量(稀土)元素分析结果表明,蛇绿岩中的玄武岩具有轻稀土元素(LREE)显著富集的右倾稀土元素配分模式。(La/Yb)N=7.05~12.02,Th、Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf略具有正异常的微量元素组成特征,属于典型的洋岛玄武岩(OIB),与洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)和板块汇聚环境下的岛弧玄武岩(IAB)存在明显差异。通过对其构造环境的判别,并结合蛇绿岩与相邻地质体的关系分析,认为东巧蛇绿岩中的玄武岩形成于大洋板内岩石圈上隆减压的洋岛环境,代表班公湖-怒江洋盆形成和发展阶段洋岛环境的大洋岩石圈残片。