沉积记录约束班公湖-怒江缝合带东巧蛇绿岩的仰冲过程

班公湖-怒江缝合带(班怒带)分割了北部的羌塘地体和南部的拉萨地体,代表曾经消失的大洋——班公湖-怒江洋(班怒洋)。蛇绿岩从西部的日土到东部的丁青断续分布,是记录班怒洋演化的重要载体。长期以来关于班怒带蛇绿岩何时形成、在哪里形成、如何就位的研究薄弱。本文基于对班怒带中段东巧蛇绿岩之上的一套海陆过渡相地层(东巧组)的地层学、沉积学和物源研究,认为东巧蛇绿岩在晚侏罗世Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian之前仰冲到一个亲拉萨的被动大陆边缘之上。在此基础上,结合蛇绿岩年代学和地球化学数据,重建了东巧蛇绿岩从形成到仰冲至地表的过程,探讨了东巧蛇绿岩仰冲的动力学机制及其大地构造意义。     

西藏东巧蛇绿岩中玄武质岩石成因和构造背景探讨

蛇绿岩记录了大洋裂解、俯冲消减和大陆增生的一系列过程,西藏北部班公湖-怒江缝合带中的蛇绿岩记录了青藏高原的地体拼合和隆升历史。班公湖-怒江缝合带中段的东巧蛇绿岩十分发育,地表出露较好,主要由地幔橄榄岩、堆晶杂岩、辉长辉绿岩和玄武岩组成。玄武岩呈多个露头产出,每个露头从十几平方米至数十平方米不等,辉绿岩呈脉状(或岩墙)产在玄武岩中。本文对东巧西出露的玄武岩和辉绿岩开展了详细的野外地质考察和室内岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究分析,探讨了该蛇绿岩的成因以及形成背景。研究表明,辉绿岩和玄武岩属低钾拉斑系列和钙碱性系列。辉绿岩轻稀土含量略高于N-MORB,兼具IAT和N-MORB的特征;玄武岩轻稀土相比重稀土稍富集,具有E-MORB的特征。样品的Nb/U值(30～48)均大于地壳平均值(10)以及(Th/Nb)N值(0.58～0.86)均小于1,表明岩石未遭受地壳混染。辉绿岩和玄武岩3个样品的锆石U-Pb年龄值均显示较大的变化区间,结合前人班怒带蛇绿岩年代学的研究成果,将其分为三组,第一组(156～239Ma)代表蛇绿岩自身的年龄,第二组(37～141Ma)为晚于蛇绿岩形成的年龄段,推测其为后期的岩浆事件成因,第三组(277～2454Ma)为早于蛇绿岩形成的年龄,推测其成因为原始地幔中残留的早期俯冲板片所携带的地壳中的锆石。通过岩石地球化学成分对比研究,认为辉绿岩和玄武岩为弧后盆地玄武岩(BABB)。结合前人地幔橄榄岩的研究,本文认为东巧玄武质岩石形成于俯冲带(SSZ)的弧后盆地扩张时期,并受到俯冲带流体不同程度的影响。     

班- 怒带东段丁青蛇绿岩中镁铁质岩石年代学及构造背景

丁青蛇绿岩位于班公湖-怒江缝合带东段,分为东、西两个蛇绿岩体,丁青西蛇绿岩体缺乏基性岩年代学研究。对丁青西地质填图显示,蛇绿岩主要由方辉橄榄岩、纯橄榄岩、辉绿岩、玄武岩及辉长岩组成。其中玄武岩、辉长岩及辉绿岩出露在宗白区域,玄武岩和辉绿岩与下侏罗统沉积岩呈构造接触,辉长岩呈岩脉侵入到下侏罗统沉积岩中。岩石地球化学研究表明,玄武岩和辉长岩同属于碱性基性岩石,其中玄武岩具有典型洋岛玄武岩的稀土和微量元素特征,可能形成于与地幔柱有关的洋岛环境。在玄武质凝灰岩中挑选出的锆石测年,获得U-Pb年龄为198.7±3.8Ma,属早侏罗世。辉长岩的稀土和微量元素含量低于典型洋岛玄武岩,但其REE和微量元素具有OIB的特征,与典型OIB相比,辉长岩的HREE发生了一定程度富集。辉长岩锆石的U-Pb年龄为164.3±2.6Ma,认为辉长岩在形成过程中受到了软流圈地幔和岩石圈下部LVZ中富集熔体的共同作用,其形成于大陆边缘裂谷环境;辉绿岩成分属于拉斑系列岩石,其REE和微量元素曲线显示辉绿岩同时具有N-MORB和E-MORB的特征。辉绿岩锆石U-Pb年龄为114.2±1.3Ma,其形成晚于玄武岩。结合区域地质,认为辉绿岩形成于受地幔柱影响的弧后扩张脊环境。本研究提供了丁青西蛇绿岩新的年代学和岩石学证据,为探讨丁青蛇绿岩的形成和演化历史提供了新的证据。     

班公湖-怒江板块缝合带发现侏罗纪洋岛型岩石组合

那东洋岛大地构造位置位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带西段,洋岛型岩石组合平行于蛇绿混杂岩带南侧展布,夹持于侏罗系木嘎岗日群之中.那东洋岛玄武岩与木嘎岗日群复理石砂板岩呈过渡接触关系.那东洋岛岩石组合主要由3种岩石组成:玄武岩、玄武质砾岩、灰岩或礁灰岩,那东洋岛的岩石组合具有多旋回性.对那东洋岛中的玄武岩进行地球化学分析,玄武岩为OIB型玄武岩.以往研究认为班公湖-怒江洋盆在休罗纪处于大洋演化阶段,那东洋岛的发现对揭示班公湖-怒江洋在侏罗纪的演化历史具有重要意义.     

藏北班公湖-怒江缝合带侏罗纪洋岛型岩石组合--来自岩石学和地球化学的证据

那东洋岛位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带的中西段,前人已对其进行了初步报道,但未进行详细的研究。对那东洋岛的岩石组合进行岩石学、地球化学的研究,显示那东洋岛具典型的洋岛型岩石组合,其玄武岩和辉长岩的稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型OIB相似。通过对洋岛灰岩中珊瑚化石的鉴定,结合洋岛岩石组合与木嘎岗日岩组的野外接触关系,初步认为那东洋岛的时代为中侏罗世,这一时期班公湖-怒江带特提斯洋正处于大洋演化阶段。那东洋岛的发现对揭示班公湖-怒江洋在侏罗纪的演化历史具有重要意义。     

班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带时空结构——特提斯大洋地质及演化问题

班公湖—双湖—怒江（中北段）—昌宁—孟连对接带广泛出露特提斯大洋岩石圈俯冲消减过程中产生的不同时代、不同构造环境、不同变质程度、不同变形样式的洋板块构造地层系统、增生混杂的构造—岩石组合体,可识别出增生的远洋沉积岩、海沟浊积岩、古生代—中生代蛇绿岩、蛇绿混杂岩、洋岛-海山消减增生楔、洋底沉积增生杂岩,基底残块以及以蓝片岩、榴辉岩为代表的高压—超高压变质岩带,记录了青藏高原原古特提斯大洋形成演化的地质信息。班公湖—双湖—怒江—昌宁—孟连对接带是青藏高原中部一条重要的原古特提斯大洋自北向南后退式俯冲消亡的巨型增生杂岩带,构筑了冈瓦纳大陆与劳亚-泛华夏大陆分界带。     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带中西段早白垩世洋岛火山岩岩石学及地球化学特征

仲岗洋岛位于班公湖-怒江板块缝合带中西段,前人对仲岗洋岛的研究主要集中在东段,中段洞错一带尚未有人研究。对仲岗洋岛的岩石组合及岩石地球化学进行研究,并对洋岛火山岩的源区及构造环境进行分析。在仲岗洋岛中段洞错北部的一条剖面上采集了8个玄武岩和8个玄武安山岩地球化学样品,主量元素特征表明,二者皆为具有富Ti特征的碱性玄武岩,微量元素特征显示二者富集Nb、Ta元素。稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型洋岛玄武岩曲线相似。化学成分指示,仲岗洋岛玄武岩与玄武安山岩可能来自于同一岩浆源区,且二者来源于具有洋岛玄武岩特征的地幔,相容元素Cr、Ni的亏损表明,成岩过程中发生了橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用。洋岛形成于大洋板块内以洋壳为基底的洋岛环境。     

藏北班公湖—怒江缝合带侏罗纪洋岛型岩石组合——来自岩石学和地球化学的证据

那东洋岛位于班公湖—怒江板块缝合带的中西段,前人已对其进行了初步报道,但未进行详细的研究。对那东洋岛的岩石组合进行岩石学、地球化学的研究,显示那东洋岛具典型的洋岛型岩石组合,其玄武岩和辉长岩的稀土元素配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图与典型OIB相似。通过对洋岛灰岩中珊瑚化石的鉴定,结合洋岛岩石组合与木嘎岗日岩组的野外接触关系,初步认为那东洋岛的时代为中侏罗世,这一时期班公湖—怒江带特提斯洋正处于大洋演化阶段。那东洋岛的发现对揭示班公湖—怒江洋在侏罗纪的演化历史具有重要意义。     

青藏高原中部中生代OIB型玄武岩的识别:年代学、地球化学及其构造环境

目前对青藏高中部的蛇绿岩类型、形成环境及其深部地幔源区特征还缺乏很好的约束。在区域地质调查基础上,本文展示了青藏高原中部龙木错—双湖缝合带嘎错玄武岩、班公湖—怒江缝合带多玛、塔仁本玄武岩及那曲盆地西侧中生代玄武岩的单斜辉石Ar-Ar测年、锆石SHRIMP定年和地球化学及Sr,Nd,Pb同位素数据,以约束形成这些玄武岩的时代、构造环境和地幔源区特征。目前的数据表明:1羌塘双湖嘎错枕状玄武岩单斜辉石的中温坪年龄为232.5±2.4Ma,可能指示嘎错玄武岩浆活动发生于中三叠世晚期,班公湖—怒江缝合带多玛枕状玄武岩、塔仁本玄武岩浆活动时代大约在早白垩世中晚期(110Ma左右);2在这些蛇绿混杂岩带中的玄武岩显示OIB而不是MORB型地球化学特征,双湖嘎错玄武岩的地球化学特征介于峨眉山高Ti玄武岩与夏威夷碱性玄武岩之间;中晚三叠世那曲嘎加组玄武岩的地球化学特征非常类似于夏威夷碱性玄武岩;班公湖—怒江缝合带内的早白垩世多玛玄武岩和塔仁本玄武岩的地球化学特征在很大程度上可比于夏威夷碱性玄武岩;3双湖嘎错OIB型玄武岩可能形成于以增生楔为基底的裂谷环境而不是以洋壳为基底的大洋板内环境,那曲嘎加组OIB型玄武岩很可能形成于以弧内—弧前沉积物为基底的陆棚—陆坡环境下的裂谷背景,塔仁本和多玛OIB型玄武岩形成于以洋壳为基底的洋岛环境,这表明班公湖—怒江洋壳在大约110Ma时尚未彻底消亡,可能暗示班公湖—怒江洋盆的关闭时间明显晚于晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期闭合的早期认识;4地球化学指标显示青藏高原中部中生代玄武岩未受到地壳物质或很少受到陆下岩石圈物质改造,一些相对新鲜样品的Nd,Pb组成似乎可以用来代表其地幔源区的成分特点,其高206Pb/204Pb比值(>18.5)指示羌塘双湖中晚三叠世嘎错玄武岩、班公湖—怒江缝合带早白垩世洋岛玄武岩所代表的中生代特提斯地幔很可能不具“Dupal”异常。然而,由于研究程度的限制和缺乏更多的可靠数据,这种观察还需要进一步确认。     

班公湖中特提斯洋向南俯冲的时限:来自SSZ型辉长岩的制约

班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋的俯冲极性和俯冲时间一直存在争议。作者通过野外地质调查、岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学研究,从西藏班公湖蛇绿混杂岩带中识别出一套早白垩世SSZ型蛇绿岩,岩石组合上主要由辉长岩和玄武岩组成,还有少量的硅质岩和超基性岩。本文对辉长岩进行了全岩主、微量元素地球化学及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究。地球化学组成特征显示,辉长岩富集轻稀土元素,重稀土元素平坦,相对富集大离子亲石元素,高场强元素存在一定亏损;Th/Ta比值与岛弧玄武岩相似(Th/Ta1.6),Ta/Hf比值较高(0.1),显示其既保留了俯冲环境的地球化学特征,也提供了伸展构造环境的信息。辉长岩中锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为129.2±0.4 Ma(MSWD=0.36),该年龄是班公湖-怒江缝合带中迄今报道的最年轻蛇绿岩年龄。结合区域地质背景,认为这套蛇绿岩形成于班公湖-怒江古洋盆西段向南俯冲形成的弧前盆地,而班公湖-怒江古洋盆北向俯冲可能始于早侏罗世,晚侏罗世形成双向俯冲格局,直到早白垩世洋盆关闭,晚白垩世进入陆内构造环境。     

Study on the geochemical characteristics of ocean-ridge and oceanic-island volcanic rocks in the Nan-Uttaradit zone,northern Thailand

Field investigations and laboratory integrated research as indicated that ophiolite mélange in the Nan-Uttaradit zone, northern Thailand, consists of fragments of tectonites such as metamorphic peridotite (extremely silicified serpentinite), cumulates (pyroxenolite, gabbro, and gabbro-diorite), ocean-ridge basalt, oceanic-island ba-salt and radiolarian silicalite, and it was formed during D3-P. The rock series, rock types and petrogeochemical characteristics of metamorphic tholeiites in the Nan area of the Nan-Uttaradit zone are similar to those of ocean-ridge basalts (C1) in China's Ailaoshan zone. As for the Hawaiites in the Nan area of the Nan-Uttaradit zone, their major elements, REEs and trace elements are similar to those of oceanic-island basalts in China's Jinshanjiang zone (P11). In the Uttaradit area of this zone the metamorphic alkaline basalts show transitional petrogeochemical characteristics between ocean-ridge basalts and oceanic-island basalts, which were still formed in oceanic-island environments. The above-described basalts are all oceanic volcanic rocks and they are the most important part of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust in the Nan-Uttaradit zone.     

西藏班公湖地区竟柱山组时代及其构造意义

上白垩统竟柱山组呈近EW向分布于班公湖–怒江缝合带内,该组以陆相磨拉石建造为特征,角度不整合在蛇绿岩及老的海相地层之上,从早到晚由河流相向湖泊相演化。本文以班公湖–怒江缝合带西段的班公湖地区出露的竟柱山组为主要研究对象,对其岩性特征、沉积环境及形成时代进行了分析,认为竟柱山组为班公湖–怒江特提斯洋全面闭合后的陆相山间盆地沉积,是洋陆转换全面完成之后的陆相沉积。本文首次对班公湖地区竟柱山组进行了ESR年代学、磁性地层学研究,得出了研究区竟柱山组底部砾岩的ESR年龄为92.0±9.0 Ma,古地磁测年显示该组的底界年龄约为96 Ma。班公湖地区在96 Ma左右全面完成了由洋到陆的转换,进入了陆内环境。     

西藏羌塘南缘热那错早白垩世流纹岩锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素及其意义

在青藏高原的演化历史中,班公湖-怒江洋的俯冲方向一直存在争议。现有的岩浆作用时空展布表明,大量早白垩的岩浆作用分布在班公湖-怒江缝合带(以下简称为班怒带)以南,但是近年来在该缝合带以北也发现了少量同时代的岩浆作用。本文研究了靠近班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带以北、改则县北部热那错地区的流纹岩,获得了岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素成分。热那错流纹岩年龄为~110Ma,与相邻地区报道的岩浆岩活动和缝合带以南的北拉萨地体地区大范围出露的早白垩世岩浆岩同期产出。岩石具有不均一且偏正的ε_Hf(t)特征,与北拉萨地体同期岩浆岩Hf同位素成分相似。本文综合考虑了班怒带两侧发育同期岩浆活动、且南侧极大量而北侧很少量发育的特征,认为热那错流纹岩的成因可以置于班公湖-怒江洋向南俯冲的总体模式中,南向俯冲的班公湖怒江岩石圈在~110Ma发生板片断离,可以同时解释分布于缝合带两侧的早白垩世岩浆活动。     

西藏班公湖—怒江缝合带中段东巧地幔橄榄岩岩石成因及构造环境分析

东巧蛇绿岩位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中段,根据地理位置特征并以强玛镇为中心将东巧岩体划分为东西两个岩体。其中西岩体相对面积较大,由地幔橄榄岩、枕状玄武岩、辉长辉绿岩等组成;而东岩体面积较小,仅含地幔橄榄岩部分,各个不同单元之间呈断层接触关系。对东巧地幔橄榄岩开展岩石学、矿物学及地球化学研究发现:(1)东巧地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩为主,纯橄岩所占比例较小,约15%。豆荚状铬铁矿主要呈条带浸染状赋存在厚层且延伸较远的纯橄岩中。(2)东巧地幔橄榄岩中单斜辉石含量小于3%,矿物地球化学和全岩地球化学特征显示其来源于尖晶石相地幔源区的部分熔融,且部分熔融程度较高,估算在22%～28%,高于深海地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融程度(10%～22%)。(3)东巧地幔橄榄岩中的副矿物铬尖晶石Cr#值较高大于60,全岩具有U型球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式,同时Rb、U、Zr和Sr相对富集,Hf和Nb相对亏损。全岩的地球化学特征指示了俯冲带之上的残余地幔与流体/熔体发生了反应,致使轻稀土元素以及部分微量元素选择性富集。综合东巧地幔橄榄岩的矿物化学组成成分以及全岩的地球化学特征,认为东巧地幔橄榄岩形成于大洋中脊的扩张环境中,后受到洋内俯冲作用的影响,导致俯冲带之上高度部分熔融的地幔橄榄岩与流体/熔体发生相互作用。     

Os-isotope constraints on the dynamics of orogenic mantle: The case of the Central Balkans

We used Os isotopic systematics to assess the geochemical relationship between the lithospheric mantle beneath the Balkans (Mediterranean), ophiolitic peridotites and lavas derived from the lithospheric mantle. In our holistic approach we studied samples of Tertiary post-collisional ultrapotassic lavas sourced within the lithospheric mantle, placer Pt alloys from Vardar ophiolites, peridotites from nearby Othris ophiolites, as well as four mantle xenoliths representative for the composition of the local mantle lithosphere. Our ultimate aim was to monitor lithospheric mantle evolution under the Balkan part of the Alpine-Himalayan belt. The observations made on Os isotope and highly siderophile element (HSE) distributions were complemented with major and trace element data from whole rocks as well as minerals of representative samples. Our starting hypothesis was that the parts of the lithospheric mantle under the Balkans originated by accretion and transformation of oceanic lithosphere similar to ophiolites that crop out at the surface.Both ophiolitic peridotites and lithospheric mantle of the Balkan sector of Alpine-Himalayan belt indicate a presence of a highly depleted mantle component. In the ophiolites and the mantle xenoliths, this component is fingerprinted by the low clinopyroxene (Cpx) contents, low Al₂O₃ in major mantle minerals, together with a high Cr content in cogenetic Cr-spinel. Lithospheric mantle-derived ultrapotassic melts have high-Fo olivine and Cr-rich spinel that also indicate an ultra-depleted component in their mantle source. Further resemblance is seen in the Os isotopic variation observed in ophiolites and in the Serbian lithospheric mantle. In both mantle types we observed an unusual increase of Os abundances with increase in radiogenic Os that we interpreted as fluid-induced enrichment of a depleted Proterozoic/Archaean precursor. The enriched component had suprachondritic Os isotopic composition and its ultimate source is attributed to the subducting oceanic slab. On the other hand, a source–melt kinship is established between heterogeneously metasomatised lithospheric mantle and lamproitic lavas through a complex vein + wall rock melting relationship, in which the phlogopite-bearing pyroxenitic metasomes with high ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and extremely radiogenic ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os > 0.3 are produced by recycling of a component ultimately derived from the continental crust.We tentatively propose a two-stage process connecting lithospheric mantle with ophiolites and lamproites in a geologically reasonable scenario: i) ancient depleted mantle “rafts” representing fragments of lithospheric mantle “recycled” within the convecting mantle during the early stages of the opening of the Tethys ocean and further refertilized, were enriched by a component with suprachondritic Os isotopic compositions in a supra-subduction oceanic environment, probably during subduction initiation that induced ophiolite emplacement in Jurassic times. Fluid-induced partial melts or fluids derived from oceanic crust enriched these peridotites in radiogenic Os; ii) the second stage represents recycling of the melange material that hosts above mantle blocks, but also a continental crust-derived terrigenous component accreted to the mantle wedge, that will later react with each other, producing heterogeneously distributed metasomes; final activation of these metasomes in Tertiary connects the veined lithospheric mantle and lamproites by vein + wall rock partial melting to generate lamproitic melts. Our data are permissive of the view that the part of the lithospheric mantle under the Balkans was formed in an oceanic environment.     

Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust

Two geochemical proxies are particularly important for the identification and classification of oceanic basalts: the Th–Nb proxy for crustal input and hence for demonstrating an oceanic, non-subduction setting; and the Ti–Yb proxy for melting depth and hence for indicating mantle temperature and thickness of the conductive lithosphere. For the Th–Nb proxy, a Th/Yb–Nb/Yb projection demonstrates that almost all oceanic basalts lie within a diagonal MORB–OIB array with a principal axis of dispersion along the array. However, basalts erupted at continental margins and in subduction zones are commonly displaced above the MORB–OIB array and/or belong to suites with principal dispersion axes which are oblique to the array. Modelling of magma–crust interaction quantifies the sensitivity of the Th–Nb proxy to process and to magma and crustal compositions. For the Ti–Yb proxy, the equivalent Ti/Yb–Nb/Yb projection features a discriminant boundary between low Ti/Yb MORB and high Ti/Yb OIB that runs almost parallel to the Nb/Yb axis, reflecting the fact that OIB originate by melting beneath thicker lithosphere and hence by less melting and with residual garnet. In the case of volcanic-rifted margins and oceanic plume–ridge interactions (PRI), where hot mantle flows toward progressively thinner lithosphere (often becoming more depleted in the process), basalts follow diagonal trends from the OIB to the MORB field. Modelling of mantle melting quantifies the sensitivity of the Ti–Nb proxy to mantle potential temperature and lithospheric thickness and hence defines the petrogenetic basis by which magmas plot in the OIB or MORB fields. Oceanic plateau basalts lie mostly in the centre of the MORB part of that field, reflecting a high degree of melting of fertile mantle. Application of the proxies to some examples of MORB ophiolites helps them to be further classified as C (contaminated)-MORB, N (normal)-MORB, E (enriched)-MORB and P (plume)-MORB ophiolites, which may add a useful dimension to ophiolite classification. In the Archean, the hotter magmas, higher crustal geotherms and higher Th contents of contaminants all result in widespread crustal input that is easy to detect geochemically with the Th–Nb proxy. Application of this proxy to Archean greenstones demonstrates that almost all exhibit a crustal component even when reputedly oceanic. This indicates, either that some interpretations need to be re-examined or that intra-oceanic crustal input is important in the Archean making the proxy less effective in distinguishing oceanic from continental settings. The Ti–Yb proxy is not effective for fingerprinting Archean settings because higher mantle potential temperatures mean that lithospheric thickness is no longer the critical variable in determining the presence or absence of residual garnet.     

Role of melting process and melt–rock reaction in the formation of Jurassic MORB-type basalts (Alpine ophiolites)

This study reports a geochemical investigation of two thick basalt sequences, exposed in the Bracco–Levanto ophiolite (northern Apennine, Italy) and in the Balagne ophiolite (central-northern Corsica, France). These ophiolites are considered to represent an oceanward and a continent-near paleogeographic domain of the Jurassic Liguria–Piedmont basin. Trace elements and Nd isotopic compositions were examined to obtain information about: (1) mantle source and melting process and (2) melt–rock reactions during basalt ascent. Whole-rock analyses revealed that the Balagne basalts are slightly enriched in LREE, Nb, and Ta with respect to the Bracco–Levanto counterparts. These variations are paralleled by clinopyroxene chemistry. In particular, clinopyroxene from the Balagne basalts has higher Ce_N/Sm_N (0.4–0.3 vs. 0.2) and Zr_N/Y_N (0.9–0.6 vs. 0.4–0.3) than that from the Bracco–Levanto basalts. The basalts from the two ophiolites have homogeneous initial Nd isotopic compositions (initial ε_Nd from +?8.8 to +?8.6), within typical depleted mantle values, thereby excluding an origin from a lithospheric mantle source. These data also reject the involvement of contaminant crustal material, as associated continent-derived clastic sediments and radiolarian cherts have a highly radiogenic Nd isotopic fingerprint (ε_Nd at the time of basalt formation?=???5.5 and ??5.2, respectively). We propose that the Bracco–Levanto and the Balagne basalts formed by partial melts of a depleted mantle source, most likely containing a garnet-bearing enriched component. The decoupling between incompatible elements and Nd isotopic signature can be explained either by different degrees of partial melting of a similar asthenospheric source or by reaction of the ascending melts with a lower crustal crystal mush. Both hypotheses are reconcilable with the formation of these two basalt sequences in different domains of a nascent oceanic basin.     

Variably evolved gabbroic intrusions within the Xigaze ophiolite (Tibet): new insights into the origin of ophiolite diversity

Ophiolites worldwide show striking diversities in their rock assemblage and structure (i.e., ophiolite diversity), raising a question whether ophiolites are originally similar before intense tectonic dismemberment. Comparison between ophiolites and oceanic lithospheres at modern mid-ocean ridges may provide key constraints on the origin of ophiolite diversity, because oceanic lithospheric structures are inherently controlled by spreading rates. Here, we present a case study of the Xigaze ophiolite in southern Tibet focusing on its gabbroic intrusions outcropping in three localities, i.e., Dazhuqu, Baigang and Jiding. Compared to the Jiding sequence, the Dazhuqu and Baigang gabbroic rocks are less evolved, characterized by higher Cr₂O₃ contents but lower contents of TiO₂ and rare earth element in both clinopyroxene and bulk compositions. It is evident, hence, that the Xigaze ophiolite is characterized by variably evolved and discontinuously distributed gabbroic intrusions, rather by a continuous lower oceanic crust between the mantle and sheeted dike complex as the Penrose-type ophiolites. Our study, along with the identification in previous studies of oceanic detachment faults within the Xigaze ophiolite, demonstrates that the Xigaze ophiolite shows close similarities to oceanic lithospheres at modern slow- and ultraslow-spreading ridges. Hence, the significant structural distinctions between the Xigaze ophiolite and the Penrose-type ophiolites (e.g., the Oman ophiolite) may be inherently associated with different spreading rates of paleo-ridges. Considering the limited scale of the Xigaze gabbroic rocks, here we suggest the Xigaze ophiolite as a typical representative of fossil ultraslow-spreading ridges.     

西藏冈底斯成矿带与俯冲-碰撞作用相关的斑岩铜矿的找矿方向

本文从构造-岩浆演化、典型矿床特征、构造-岩浆产物空间分布特征等方面,对冈底斯成矿带形成于195~80Ma的与俯冲-碰撞作用相关的斑岩(-矽卡岩)型铜矿的找矿方向进行了探讨。认为研究区与俯冲-碰撞作用相关的斑岩型铜矿大致可分为早-中侏罗世、晚侏罗-早白垩世、晚白垩世3个成矿时期,分别对应于雅鲁藏布江洋向北、班公湖怒江洋向南相向俯冲、班公湖怒江洋碰撞关闭、雅鲁藏布江洋向北持续俯冲、雅鲁藏布江洋向北晚期俯冲等构造-岩浆事件。与早期相向俯冲相关的雄村式矿床,在拉萨东部达孜-工布江达一带具有良好找矿前景;与中期俯冲-碰撞相关的多龙式矿床,在昂龙岗日、东恰错、桑日等火山岩浆弧区成矿条件较佳;与晚期俯冲相关的尕尔穷式矿床,在冈底斯东段和西段具有较大的找矿潜力。