Seismic profiles across the middle Tan-Lu fault zone in Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, eastern China

The stratigraphic architecture, structure and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Laizhou Bay, eastern China, are analyzed based on interpretations of 31 new 2D seismic lines across Laizhou Bay. Cenozoic strata in the study area are divided into two layers separated by a prominent and widespread unconformity. The upper sedimentary layer is made up of Neogene and Quaternary fluvial and marine sediments, while the lower layer consists of Paleogene lacustrine and fluvial facies. In terms of tectonics, the sediments beneath the unconformity can be divided into four main structural units: the west depression, central uplift, east depression and Ludong uplift. The two branches of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone differ in their geometry and offset: the east branch fault is a steeply dipping S-shaped strike-slip fault that cuts acoustic basement at depths greater than 8 km, whereas the west branch fault is a relatively shallow normal fault. The Tan-Lu fault zone is the key fault in the study area, having controlled its Cenozoic evolution. Based on balanced cross-sections constructed along transverse seismic line 99.8 and longitudinal seismic line 699.0, the Cenozoic evolution of the middle Tan-Lu fault zone is divided into three stages: Paleocene–Eocene transtension, Oligocene–Early Miocene transpression and Middle Miocene to present-day stable subsidence. The reasons for the contrasting tectonic features of the two branch faults and the timing of the change from transtension to transpression are discussed.     

郯庐断裂带莱州湾段新生代活动演变及其沉积-改造效应

本文根据对覆盖区地震、钻井等资料的精细解释和深入剖析,揭示在渤海莱州湾地区郯庐断裂带由东、西两条分支断裂带构成,二者又分别由两条主断层及多条次生断层和其间的断块组成。分支断裂带的两条主断层的间距因地而异,一般在5km左右;其结构构造和空间展布特征有别,西支表现为"两断夹一凸"的不对称地垒式,东支主要呈"花状"构造结构。通过古地质构造恢复和分期动态构造演化分析等综合研究,厘定了在新生代不同时期两条分支断裂带在该区不同单元的活动特点和构造-改造效应,进而总结了郯庐断裂带新生代主要阶段的构造属性及其演变。认为在古近纪早中期,研究区处于区域伸展沉降环境,郯庐断裂带对该区的沉积展布无明显控制作用;断裂带活动的明显控制沉积效应始于古近纪晚期,总体具伸展兼右行走滑属性,主要表现为切割和改造了研究区原近东西向展布的优势构造-沉积格局,同时控制了前期沉积地层的剥蚀强度及其分布范围和同期沉积。新近纪以来,郯庐断裂带两条分支断裂带的活动表现出差异显著的东强西弱;于第四纪,在东支断裂带出现正花状反转构造,可能与幕式走滑兼挤压活动有关。     

辽东湾坳陷新生代构造改造作用及演化

利用大量的渤海油气勘探资料与成果对辽东湾坳陷构造演化特点综合分析,揭示出辽东湾坳陷新生代构造改造作用主要表现在:断裂作用、地层抬升剥蚀及褶皱作用,对辽东湾坳陷构造演化过程具有重要的影响。其西部地区现今构造特征主要受前期伸展断层控制,构造改造作用较弱;而东部地区构造改造作用强烈,辽东凸起是在后期构造改造作用下形成的,分隔现今的辽中凹陷与辽东凹陷。郯庐断裂带辽东湾段新生代早期活动特征不明显,始新世末-渐新世主要以伸展作用叠加右旋走滑作用为主;渐新世末-新近纪晚期以右旋走滑作用为主,断裂带活动不控制辽东湾东部地区的沉积。辽东湾坳陷新生代的演化整体可划分为断陷期(孔店组沉积期-沙河街组三段沉积期)、断坳改造期(沙河街组二段沉积期-东营组沉积期)、走滑改造期(馆陶组沉积期至今)3个演化阶段。现今辽东湾坳陷构造格局与沙河街组三段沉积前古构造格局的差异性,对该区海域油气勘探具有重要意义。     

辽中凹陷反转构造及其对郯庐断裂带走滑活动的响应

辽中凹陷发育多种样式的反转构造,其形成演化与郯庐断裂带辽东湾段新生代的脉动式活动有直接关系。通过最新的地震剖面、相干体切片等资料以及平衡剖面恢复等方法,对辽中凹陷反转构造的几何学形态、演化过程和反转期次进行研究,并结合区域板块活动背景,分析反转构造演化过程及其对郯庐断裂带新生代活动的响应。结果表明:辽中凹陷发育反转断裂、反转背斜、泥底辟、隐伏凸起等多种类型的反转构造,且沿郯庐断裂带呈带状展布。辽中凹陷在新生代主要曾经历了三期构造反转,分别发生在沙三段沉积末期、东营组沉积末期和明化镇组沉积末期。三期构造反转均与郯庐断裂带的走滑压扭活动有关,从根本上受控于周边板块活动背景的变化:第一期反转是由于太平洋板块俯冲方向和速率发生变化,导致郯庐断裂带由左旋走滑转为右旋走滑,由走滑张扭转为走滑压扭,形成反转构造的雏形;第二期反转的动力主要来源于太平洋板块对中国大陆向西的推挤作用,导致渤海湾地区受到整体挤压以及郯庐断裂带发生走滑压扭,使反转构造定型;第三期反转是由于太平洋板块的加速俯冲促使郯庐断裂带晚期再次发生走滑压扭活动,对早期反转构造进行改造。其中沙三段和明化镇组沉积末期的反转为局部反转,强度较弱,东营组沉积末期的反转为区域反转,强度最高。     

郯庐断裂带伊通段新生代构造演化特征及其控盆机制

郯庐断裂带伊通段的构造活动对伊通盆地的形成与油气分布具有重要控制作用。通过对最新的地震、钻井、物探、露头等资料分析,认为郯庐断裂带伊通段新生代以来的构造演化可划分为三个阶段,即:古新世-始新世中期的左旋走滑挤压阶段、始新世中期-渐新世末期的右旋走滑伸展阶段和中新世-第四纪的右旋走滑和隆升阶段。其中第二阶段为主成盆期,控盆断裂活动特征具有南早北晚、由南向北迁移的规律,盆地沉积中心因此也从南西向北东迁移并靠近西北缘主断裂;第三阶段为盆地反转期,控盆断裂发生右行压扭和隆升,盆地东南缘发生拱张使得万昌构造带等早期形成的构造高部位油气藏遭受破坏,而盆地西北缘受侧向挤压则形成宽2～4km的西北缘断褶带,具有良好油气成藏条件和勘探潜力,是盆地新的找油领域。     

郯庐断裂带早新生代的活动性质研究

郯庐断裂带是新生代以来中国东部大陆大地构造演化中最重要的构造带之一,对郯庐断裂的认识制约了大型盆地的形成演化的认识及油气资源的评价。本文在野外实地调查的基础上,从郯庐断裂带与地层的穿切关系入手,借助最新的地震反射剖面以及第一手野外资料,判定郯庐断裂带在新生代早期经历了强烈的活动,表现为左旋兼具逆冲的性质。通过分析覆盖在郯庐断裂带之上火山岩中的断裂发育样式和地震反射剖面上的地层覆盖关系,认为中新世以来,相当于渤海湾盆地的东营运动之后,构造应力场发生了变化,郯庐断裂带不再有显著的活动,发育了新的断裂体系。郯庐断裂新生代兼有垂向位移的走滑活动奠定了中国东部古近纪盆地形成、沉积演化和油气资源成藏的基本格局。     

中国东西部地貌边界带晚新生代构造变形历史与青藏高原东缘隆升过程初步研究

中国东西部地貌边界带横跨青藏高原东部与扬子地块,成为我国大陆Ⅰ级构造地貌陡变带和地球物理变异带。根据地表构造形迹的组合特征,地貌边界带由3个主要形变系统组成,从北到南它们是:东昆仑—岷山左旋走滑-冲断系统、龙门山—龙泉山冲断-推覆系统、鲜水河—安宁河左旋走滑-冲断系统等。在综合分析各构造系统的组成、变形特征、变形年代学和演化过程等基础上,提出了青藏东缘晚新生代阶段性构造演化模式。指出,晚中新世至早上新世时期,强烈的走滑-冲断变形主要发生在地貌边界带中南段,导致鲜水河—安宁河走滑-冲断系统和龙门山—龙泉山冲断-推覆系统的形成和发展,而东昆仑—秦岭断裂系则以走滑伸展变形为主,沿西秦岭构造带发育走滑拉分盆地和幔源火山喷发活动。晚上新世—早更新世时期,构造运动性质发生了南北反转,强烈的走滑挤压活动主要集中在北段东昆仑—岷山走滑-冲断系统,岷山隆起带在此时期强烈活动而快速崛起;青藏高原东南缘鲜水河—安宁河走滑断裂系统则以走滑伸展变形为主,在深切河谷中发育了昔格达河湖相沉积。中更新世以来,构造形变系统以挤压剪切为主,兼具正向倾滑活动,局部发生断陷作用。基于攀西地区深切河谷的构造地貌分析,提出了青藏东南缘晚新生代4-阶段隆升模式。     

渤海湾盆地垦东凸起构造特征与油气聚集

渤海湾盆地中南部地区垦东凸起是一个新的油气勘探领域。为了深入研究垦东凸起的构造特征与油气聚集规律,寻找有利的油气圈闭,就下列问题进行探讨:渤海湾盆地中、南部的区域构造特征,垦东凸起的构造演化和构造样式和油气圈闭类型和油气富集特征。通过对本区地质、地球物理和地球化学的综合研究认为,渤海湾盆地中南部区域由于成带状的伸展断陷-断凸和连接它们的横向调节带的存在,构造上呈现出南北分带、东西分段的断块构造格局。构造发展史表明,垦东凸起及北部斜坡带经历了裂谷期前、裂谷期和裂谷期后3大发育阶段,纵向上呈3层结构分布。垦东凸起可分为西段高凸起、东段低凸起,分别与北部斜坡带西段和东段相连。其中北部斜坡带的构造样式主要为同向的阶梯状正断层。凸起内部主要为背向正断层组合形成的地垒和面向正断层组合形成的地堑。垦东凸起圈闭可分为5种类型,其中构造圈闭主要有牵引背斜、逆牵引背斜、屋脊断块以及披覆背斜等。油气主要来自古近纪黄河口伸展断陷生油中心,自北向南沿砂体、不整合面和正断层呈阶梯状侧向和垂向运移至北部斜坡带和凸起,在新近纪和古近纪地层组成的有利圈闭处聚集。     

郯庐断裂带渤海段与沂沭断裂带衔接关系

以郯庐断裂带渤海段和沂沭断裂带的衔接点潍北凹陷为切入点,依据高精度大地电磁和地震剖面,解析了潍北凹陷的多条断裂,并结合地层发育等特征,研究渤海段中生代断裂活动及其与沂沭断裂带的构造关系。研究认为这些断裂可能属于不同的断裂体系。在潍北凹陷解析出的郯西(Fa)和郯东(Fb)两条断裂为古近纪正断裂系,呈现上陡下缓的勺状形态,消失在中地壳,切割部位较浅,主要控制新生界沉积。新生代正断裂系下部发育有6条显著的中生代断裂(F1—F6),为中生代伸展断裂系,其中东(F6)、西(F1)两条断裂的断裂面整体近直立,切穿深部的下地壳,并向下继续延伸,与中间4条断裂共同控制中生界沉积。结合区域地质背景和重磁延拓等资料,推断其向南分别与沂沭断裂带西支鄌郚—葛沟断裂和东支昌邑—大店断裂相衔接,向北伸入渤海湾盆地深部,并对浅部古近纪正断裂系的形成演化具有明显的约束作用。      

Structure,Timing, and Mechanism of the Pliocene and Late Miocene Uplift Process of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan,SE Tibet,China

The uplift of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan(ASDS) along the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR) shear zone is an important geological event in the southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonic domain in the Late Cenozoic,and it preserves important information on the structures,exhumational history and tectonic evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The uplift structural mode and uplift timing of the ASDS is currently an important scientific topic for understanding the ASDS formation and late stage movements and evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The formation of the ASDS has been widely considered to be the consequence of the strike-slip movements of the ASRR shear zone.However,the shaping of geomorphic units is generally direct results of the latest tectonic activities.In this study,we investigated the timing and uplift structural mechanism of the ASDS and provided the following lines of supportive evidence.Firstly,the primary tectonic foliation of the ASDS shows significant characteristic variations,with steeply dipping tectonic foliation developed on the east side of the ASDS and the relatively horizontal foliation on the west side.Secondly,from northeast to southwest direction,the deformation and metamorphism gradually weakened and this zone can be further divided into three different metamorphic degree belts.Thirdly,the contact relationship between the ASDS and the Chuxiong basin-Erhai lake is a normal fault contact which can be found on the east side of the ASDS.40Ar/39 Argeochronology suggests that the Diancang Shan had experienced a fast cooling event during 3–4 Ma.The apatite fission track testing method gives the age of 6.6–10.7 Ma in the Diancang Shan and 4.6–8.4 Ma in the Ailao Shan,respectively.Therefore the uplift of the ASDS can be explained by tilted block mode in which the east side was uplifted much higher than the west side,and it is not main reason of the shearing movements of the ASRR shear zone.The most recent uplift stages of the ASDS happened in the Pliocene(3–4 Ma) and Late Miocene(6–10 Ma).     

沂沭断裂带莱州湾海域重力场特征

沂沭断裂带是郯庐断裂带的山东段,该断裂带不仅规模大,而且活动性强,具有"两堑夹一垒"的构造格架。利用实测1：20万海底高精度重力测量数据对沂沭断裂带莱州湾海域重力场特征进行了研究,采用欧拉反褶积、纹理分析等边界识别方法对数据进行处理解释,旨在对研究区进行构造格架的细化。根据重力场特征,推断断裂22条,以NE-NNE向和近EW向为主,推断沂沭断裂带4条主干断裂在莱州湾呈NNE向近平行舒缓波状展布;初步划分了3个三级构造单元,5个四级构造单元,12个五级构造单元;推断昌邑-大店断裂以西重力高反映了基底凸起,重力低主要反映了中、新生代凹陷,断裂以东重力高主要反映了早前寒武纪变质岩分布,重力低主要反映了中生代花岗岩体分布。     

郯庐断裂新生代构造演化及其对烃源岩生排烃的影响:以辽东湾坳陷辽中凹陷为例

郯庐断裂带是渤海海域重要的活动断裂带,控制着该地区油气成藏的生储盖运圈保条件。以辽东湾坳陷辽中凹陷为研究对象,利用三维地震资料、平衡剖面分析对郯庐断裂几何学特征、演化特征进行研究;在此基础上,分析郯庐断裂走滑活动对烃源岩发育、分布、演化及生排烃的影响。辽东湾坳陷新生代构造演化分为为五个构造演化阶段、三个构造演化旋回。郯庐断裂走滑活动可错开先期、同期发育的烃源岩,改变烃源岩位置及生烃潜力的空间分布,有利于形成局部水体更深的还原环境,发育生烃潜力更大的烃源岩。走滑活动使断裂带附近地温梯度和大地热流升高,有利于降低生烃门限。郯庐断裂不同时期不同部位具有不同的活动性质,对油气运移起封闭或者运移通道作用。东营组沉积期晚期和明化镇组下段沉积期至今的断裂走滑活动与烃源岩大量生排烃期、油气成藏时期具有良好的匹配关系,提出郯庐断裂走滑活动可形成"拖曳"生排烃现象,使与走滑断层相关的圈闭中即使烃源岩条件较差亦可能具有勘探价值,从而突破了传统的油气勘探思路。     

Seismic evidence of divergent rifting and subsequent deformation in the southern Japan Sea, and a Cenozoic tectonic synthesis of the eastern Eurasian margin

Neogene rift system configuration for the back-arc of southwest Japan, southern rim of the Japan Sea, is argued on the basis of reflection seismic interpretation. Divergent rifting and subsequent contraction provoked by an arc–arc collisional event are manifested by the formation of faulted grabens and their inverted deformation, respectively. We identified the following four Cenozoic tectonic epochs as a decomposition process of the eastern Eurasian margin based on reliable paleomagnetic data: (1) Plate margin rearrangement on a regional left-lateral fault through southwest Japan and Sikhote Alin, which constituted a continuous geologic province before the early Tertiary differential motion; (2) Early Tertiary clockwise rotation (>20°) of the east Tan-Lu block relative to the North China block; (3) Oligocene to early Miocene divergent rifting and spreading of the Japan Sea, which divided southwest Japan from the east Tan-Lu block; (4) Middle Miocene bending and back-arc inversion of southwest Japan caused by collision with the Izu-Bonin arc. According to the estimation of relative motions during these events, a paleogeographic reconstruction is presented through Cenozoic time.     

营口—潍坊断裂带对辽东湾坳陷东部凸起的形成及构造分段的控制作用——来自物理模拟实验和断层几何学特征的证据

辽东湾坳陷是渤海湾盆地的重要组成部分,其发育受营口—潍坊断裂带控制。其东支的两条分支断层大体沿其次级构造单元辽东湾东部凸起的两侧延伸。本文应用大量地震测线的构造几何学特征分析,结合构造物理模拟试验,认为辽东湾坳陷东部凸起是在先期存在的低凸起的基础上,在渐新世东营组沉积期因营口—潍坊断裂带的右行走滑形成的。以Lz205测线和Lz185测线之间为界可分为类似的两段,各自经历了一个自南而北的右旋走滑伸展—剪切走滑—右旋走滑挤压的变化过程。这种变化由北东向的基底断裂与由之派生的新生代内的北北东内断裂间的关系造成,在两者的交汇点(如Lz151)或走向发生转折处(如Lz255)右旋走滑作用发生变换,其南侧拉张下沉,正断层发育,表现为右旋走滑伸展,北侧则挤压隆升,表现为右旋走滑挤压。南、北两侧相反的力学性质是走滑活动派生的局部差异应力场造成的。构造物理模拟试验证实了右旋走滑伸展—剪切走滑—右旋走滑挤压的变化过程。     

Spatial distribution and temporal evolution of sediment transport pathway of deltaic deposits in a rift basin: an example from Liaodong Bay sub-basin,Bohai Bay,China

The Liaodong Bay sub-basin is a classic non-marine rift sub-basin in the Bohai Bay, northeastern China. The study area is located on the east side of Liaoxi uplift in the west slope of Liaodong Bay sub-basin. It sits on a draped anticline zone above the paleo-uplift and contains the second biggest offshore hydrocarbon field found in China to date. The sub-basin is bound to the west by the TanLu fault zone, the most active and largest fault active zone in eastern of China, and has been active from the Mesozoic to present. The spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the depositional systems in the lacustrine rift basin were significantly controlled by topography of paleo-uplift and the distribution of sediment transport pathways. Using 3D seismic and densely spaced well data, we systematically analysed the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of sediment transport pathway of the deltaic deposits in the SZ36-1 oilfield in the eastern slope of the Liaozhong sag. Two types of sediment transport pathway, including the fault relay ramps and erosional valleys, were recognised: (i) the fault relay ramps between two sub-parallel faults; and (ii) a series erosional valleys on the uplift, with ‘V-’, ‘U-’ or ‘W-'shaped cross-sectional patterns. Seismic stratal slices reveal that the erosional valleys branch and converge from upstream to downstream. The paleomorphology of the Liaoxi uplift (e.g., erosional valleys and sub-uplifts) and their evolution control the depositional systems and the pattern of sediment dispersal in the rift lacustrine basin area. The research indicates that paleogeomorphology controlled the direction of sediment transport, the capacity and position of sediment accommodation, influenced the type of sedimentary micro-facies and the spatial distribution pattern of the sediments. Seismic stratal slices and paleogeography maps reveal the erosional valleys shrunk progressively with sedimentary fills, resulting in decreasing gradients of the depositional slope, and provide a gentle geomorphology for a large-scale fluvial-delta depositional system to develop.     

渤海海域郯庐断裂带新生代活动方式与演化规律——以青东凹陷为例

青东凹陷东边界为郯庐断裂带在渤海海域内西支断裂所在,平面上由4条北北东向断裂呈左阶雁列式排列,剖面上以上盘下降为主,局部具有张扭性和压扭性花状构造现象。青东凹陷东界上的郯庐断裂新生代经历了古近纪右行平移正断层活动、古近纪末盆地挤压反转中的逆右行平移、新近纪的弱拉张活动和第四纪以来的逆右行平移4个演化阶段。古近纪断陷期,先存的郯庐断裂带由于具有较低的强度,在南北向伸展应力场作用下复活并表现为具有右行平移分量的斜向拉张活动,在浅部新生4条左阶雁列式断层,并与盆地内北西向基底断裂系统和东西向新生正断层共同控制了古近系的沉积格局。古近纪末发生了盆地反转,结束了断陷盆地发育阶段,在北东东-南西西向区域挤压应力作用下郯庐断裂表现为逆右行平移活动。新近纪坳陷阶段,盆地内构造活动较弱,主要受控于岩石圈热沉降作用,但郯庐断裂仍具有较弱的伸展活动。第四纪以来,郯庐断裂再次转变为逆右行平移活动。     

Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Sahara,Northern Africa

This paper presents an overview of the Cenozoic stratigraphic record in the Sahara, and shows that the strata display some remarkably similar characteristics across much of the region. In fact, some lithologies of certain ages are exceptionally widespread and persistent, and many of the changes from one lithology to another appear to have been relatively synchronous across the Sahara. The general stratigraphic succession is that of a transition from early Cenozoic carbonate strata to late Cenozoic siliciclastic strata. This transition in lithology coincides with a long-term eustatic fall in sea level since the middle Cretaceous and with a global climate transition from a Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene “warm mode” to a Late Eocene–Quaternary “cool mode”. Much of the shorter-term stratigraphic variability in the Sahara (and even the regional unconformities) also can be correlated with specific changes in sea level, climate, and tectonic activity during the Cenozoic. Specifically, Paleocene and Eocene carbonate strata and phosphate are suggestive of a warm and humid climate, whereas latest Eocene evaporitic strata (and an end-Eocene regional unconformity) are correlated with a eustatic fall in sea level, the build-up of ice in Antarctica, and the appearance of relatively arid climates in the Sahara. The absence of Oligocene strata throughout much of the Sahara is attributed to the effects of generally low eustatic sea level during the Oligocene and tectonic uplift in certain areas during the Late Eocene and Oligocene. Miocene sandstone and conglomerate are attributed to the effects of continued tectonic uplift around the Sahara, generally low eustatic sea level, and enough rainfall to support the development of extensive fluvial systems. Middle–Upper Miocene carbonate strata accumulated in northern Libya in response to a eustatic rise in sea level, whereas Upper Miocene mudstone accumulated along the south side of the Atlas Mountains because uplift of the mountains blocked fluvial access to the Mediterranean Sea. Uppermost Miocene evaporites (and an end-Miocene regional unconformity) in the northern Sahara are correlated with the Messinian desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea. Abundant and widespread Pliocene paleosols are attributed to the onset of relatively arid climate conditions and (or) greater variability of climate conditions, and the appearance of persistent and widespread eolian sediments in the Sahara is coincident with the major glaciation in the northern hemisphere during the Pliocene.     

川西岷江松潘段第四纪与新构造运动特征分析

在已有调查研究的基础上,通过野外地质调查和剖面测量,重点分析了岷江松潘段的漳腊盆地、斗鸡台盆地地貌特征、第四纪沉积物类型、物质成分、空间分布等特征,并系统测量和研究了松潘段岷江干流及其支流的河流阶地特征。研究表明,新构造运动控制了松潘段第四纪盆地的形态和地貌演化过程,漳腊盆地和斗鸡台盆地形成于中新世末至上新世初,西侧控盆断裂为东倾正断层,东侧为西倾逆断层,盆地为断块发生西降东升的翘板式断块运动过程中形成的,称之为"翘板式箕状盆地"。松潘段岷江河谷地貌呈现出宽谷和窄谷交替出现的特点,岷江干流及其支流中发育多处湖相地层,沉积特征表现为堰塞湖。岷江上游松潘段最多发育6级阶地,以侵蚀阶地和堆积阶地为主,主要形成于中更新世晚期—全新世时期。阶地级数具有分段性特点,不同区段阶地阶面宽窄不一,受区内新构造活动控制明显。岷江上游新构造运动表现为南北条带性和东西向差异掀斜抬升的特点,红桥关以上整体为构造隆升区,至少具有3次构造隆升,岷江上游斗鸡台盆地构造隆升强度整体上大于漳腊盆地。在尕米寺地区可能发生了6次构造抬升,红桥关一带构造抬升明显要强于漳腊盆地。     

Variation of palaeostress patterns along the Oriente transform wrench corridor, Cuba: significance for Neogene–Quaternary tectonics of the Caribbean realm

In this study, we address the late Miocene to Recent tectonic evolution of the North Caribbean (Oriente) Transform Wrench Corridor in the southern Sierra Maestra mountain range, SE Cuba. The region has been affected by historical earthquakes and shows many features of brittle deformation in late Miocene to Pleistocene reef and other shallow water deposits as well as in pre-Neogene, late Cretaceous to Eocene basement rocks. These late Miocene to Quaternary rocks are faulted, fractured, and contain calcite- and karst-filled extension gashes. Type and orientation of the principal normal palaeostress vary along strike in accordance with observations of large-scale submarine structures at the south-eastern Cuban margin. Initial N–S extension is correlated with a transtensional regime associated with the fault, later reactivated by sinistral and/or dextral shear, mainly along E–W-oriented strike-slip faults. Sinistral shear predominated and recorded similar kinematics as historical earthquakes in the Santiago region. We correlate palaeostress changes with the kinematic evolution along the boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Three different tectonic regimes were distinguished for the Oriente transform wrench corridor (OTWC): compression from late Eocene–Oligocene, transtension from late Oligocene to Miocene (?) (D₁), and transpression from Pliocene to Present (D₂–D₄), when this fault became a transform system. Furthermore, present-day structures vary along strike of the Oriente transform wrench corridor (OTWC) on the south-eastern Cuban coast, with dominantly transpressional/compressional and strike-slip structures in the east and transtension in the west. The focal mechanisms of historical earthquakes are in agreement with the dominant ENE–WSW transpressional structures found on land.     

Cenozoic uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the western Qaidam Basin

Geologists agree that the collision of the Indian and Asian plates caused uplift of the Tibet Plateau.However,controversy still exists regarding the modes and mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau uplift.Geology has recorded this uplift well in the Qaidam Basin.This paper analyzes the tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the western Qaidam Basin using sub-surface seismic and drill data. The Cenozoic intensity and history of deformation in the Qaidam Basin have been reconstructed based on the tectonic developments,faults growth index,sedimentary facies variations,and the migration of the depositional depressions.The changes in the sedimentary facies show that lakes in the western Qaidam Basin had gone from inflow to still water deposition to withdrawal.Tectonic movements controlled deposition in various depressions,and the depressions gradually shifted southeastward.In addition,the morphology of the surface structures in the western Qaidam Basin shows that the Cenozoic tectonic movements controlled the evolution of the Basin and divided it into(a) the southern fault terrace zone, (b) a central Yingxiongling orogenic belt,and(c) the northern fold-thrust belt;divided by the XI fault (Youshi fault) and Youbei fault,respectively.The field data indicate that the western Qaidam Basin formed in a Cenozoic compressive tectonic environment caused by the India—Asia plate collision. Further,the Basin experienced two phases of intensive tectonic deformation.The first phase occurred during the Middle Eocene—Early Miocene(Xia Ganchaigou Fm.and Shang Ganchaigou Fm.,43.8—22 Ma),and peaked in the Early Oligocene(Upper Xia Ganchaigou Fm.,31.5 Ma).The second phase occurred between the Middle Miocene and the Present(Shang Youshashan Fm.and Qigequan Fm., 14.9—0 Ma),and was stronger than the first phase.The tectonic—sedimentary evolution and the orientation of surface structures in the western Qaidam Basin resulted from the Tibetan Plateau uplift,and recorded the periodic northward growth of the Plateau.Recognizing this early tectonic—sedimentary evolution supports the previous conclusion that northern Tibet responded to the collision between India and Asia shortly after its initiation.However,the current results reveal that northern Tibet also experienced another phase of uplift during the late Neogene.The effects of these two stages of tectonic activity combined to produce the current Tibetan Plateau.